共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 562 毫秒
1.
Stavros Sfoungaristos Ofer N. Gofrit Dov Pode Ezekiel H. Landau Mordechai Duvdevani 《World journal of urology》2016,34(8):1163-1168
Purpose
To identify independent predictors for postoperative stone-free status after percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) for staghorn stones and to compare Guy’s, CROES and STONE nomograms regarding their predictive ability and accuracy specifically for staghorn stones.Methods
Data of 286 patients who underwent PCNL in our department were collected and analyzed. Several parameters, including the three nomograms, were analyzed to reveal independent predictors for postoperative stone-free status. The area under the curve was used to assess the predictive ability of the independent predictors.Results
A total of 73 staghorn calculi were identified with mean stone burden of 1253.5 mm2. Mean Guy’s, CROES and STONE score was 3.34, 125.8 and 9.95, respectively. Postoperative stone-free rate was 65.8 %. In univariate analysis, all three nomograms were significantly associated with stone-free status. However, STONE was the only significant independent predictor in multivariate analysis. STONE also revealed the highest predictive accuracy compared to Guy’s and CROES nomogram.Conclusions
STONE nephrolithometry was found to be the only predictor for stone-free rate after PCNL for staghorn stones compared to Guy’s and CROES nomograms.2.
Andrea Gallioli Elisa De Lorenzis Luca Boeri Maurizio Delor Stefano Paolo Zanetti Fabrizio Longo Alberto Trinchieri Emanuele Montanari 《BMC urology》2017,17(1):104
Background
Computed Tomography (CT) is considered the gold-standard for the pre-operative evaluation of urolithiasis. However, no Hounsfield (HU) variable capable of differentiating stone types has been clearly identified. The aim of this study is to assess the predictive value of HU parameters on CT for determining stone composition and outcomes in percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL).Methods
Seventy seven consecutive cases of PCNL between 2011 and 2016 were divided into 4 groups: 40 (52%) calcium, 26 (34%) uric acid, 5 (6%) struvite and 6 (8%) cystine stones. All images were reviewed by a single urologist using abdomen/bone windows to evaluate: stone volume, core (HUC), periphery HU and their absolute difference. HU density (HUD) was defined as the ratio between mean HU and the stone’s largest diameter. ROC curves assessed the predictive power of HU for determining stone composition/stone-free rate (SFR).Results
No differences were found based on the viewing window (abdomen vs bone). Struvite stones had values halfway between hyperdense (calcium) and low-density (cystine/uric acid) calculi for all parameters except HUD, which was the lowest. All HU variables for medium-high density stones were greater than low-density stones (p?<?0.001). HUC differentiated the two groups (cut-off 825 HU; specificity 90.6%, sensitivity 88.9%). HUD distinguished calcium from struvite (mean?±?SD 51?±?16 and 28?±?12 respectively; p?=?0.02) with high sensitivity (82.5%) and specificity (80%) at a cut-off of 35 HU/mm. Multivariate analysis revealed HUD?≥?38.5 HU/mm to be an independent predictor of SFR (OR?=?3.1, p?=?0.03). No relationship was found between HU values and complication rate.Conclusions
HU parameters help predict stone composition to select patients for oral chemolysis. HUD is an independent predictor of residual fragments after PCNL and may be fundamental to categorize it, driving the imaging choice at follow-up.3.
Songzhe Piao Juhyun Park Hwancheol Son Hyeon Jeong Sung Yong Cho 《World journal of urology》2016,34(5):725-732
Purpose
To compare the perioperative relative renal function and determine predictors of deterioration and recovery of separate renal function in patients with renal stones >10 mm and who underwent mini-percutaneous nephrolithotomy or retrograde intra-renal surgery.Patients and methods
A main stone >10 mm or stones growing, high-risk stone formers and extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy-resistant stones were prospectively included in 148 patients. Patients with bilateral renal stones and anatomical deformities were excluded. Renal function was evaluated by estimated glomerular filtration rate, 99m-technetium dimercaptosuccinic acid and 99m-technetium diethylenetriamine pentaacetate prior to intervention and at postoperative 3 months. Logistic regression analyses were performed to find predictors of functional deterioration and recovery.Results
The overall stone-free rate was 85.1 %. A third of patients (53/148, 35.8 %) with renal stones >10 mm showed deterioration of separate renal function. Mean renal function of operative sites showed 58.2 % (36.8 %/63.2 %) of that of contralateral sites in these patients. Abnormal separate renal function showed postoperative recovery in 31 patients (58.5 %). Three cases (5.7 %) showed deterioration of separate renal function despite no presence of remnant stones. Improvement rates of the abnormal separate renal function did not differ according to the type of surgery. The presence of hydronephrosis and three or more stones were significant predictors for renal function deterioration. Female gender and three or more stones were significantly correlated with postoperative recovery.Conclusions
Mini-percutaneous nephrolithotomy or retrograde intra-renal surgery was effective and safe for renal function preservation. Patients with multiple large stones should be considered for candidates of active surgical removal.4.
Jens Cordes Lisa Teske Felix Nguyen Wolfhard Pinkowski Karl-Dietrich Sievert Reinhard Vonthein 《World journal of urology》2016,34(9):1303-1309
Introduction
Endoscopic treatment of ureter stones and renal calculi relies on the surgeon’s estimation of the stone size for both lithotripsy and removal of stones or stone fragments. We therefore compared precision and reliability of the endoscopic estimation of stone size by the surgeon with measurements on a scale on a stone basket.Materials and methods
Two surgeons (one high experienced and one low experienced) first estimated, then measured the size of 12 stones differing in size and color using different stone baskets (2.5, 3.0, 4.0 Ch) each via a semirigid renoscope in an artificial ureter under water repeatedly on two different days. All together, we had 288 measurements and 288 estimations.Results
On the whole, the accuracy of the estimation diminished with bigger stones. There is an increasing underestimation with increasing stone size. Factors, which significantly influence the estimation, are the operating surgeon, the color of the stone, the time sequence, and the size of the closed basket, which was held beside the stone. The accuracy of the measurement of the stone baskets is not as good as the estimation. The small 2.5-Ch basket is the most accurate in measuring big stones (>6 mm), the 3.5 Ch in intermediate stones (3–6 mm), the big basket (4.0 Ch) in small stones (<3 mm).Conclusion
This first attempt at validation of a scale on stone baskets shows different results for each basket which could be systematically improved. Until now, the estimation of the surgeons is better than the measurement, but it is also influenced by factors like the surgeon or the color of the stone.5.
Necole M. Streeper 《Current urology reports》2018,19(5):29
Purpose of Review
There are no current guidelines on the optimal management of asymptomatic renal stones. This review summarizes the current literature, focusing on more recent studies that have been done to grow the body of evidence on this topic.Recent Findings
Recent studies have found that stone size is a significant predictor of need for future surgical intervention, with >?7 mm for pediatric population and >?4 mm for residual fragments after both PNL and ureteroscopy (URS). The role of URS has been better defined with a recent RCT concluding that URS and SWL had comparable outcomes for an asymptomatic lower pole stone <?1 cm.Summary
The treatment decision for asymptomatic renal stones should take into consideration a variety of relevant patient and stone factors; however, ultimately, a shared decision-making approach should be used. In the properly counseled patient, active surveillance or prophylactic surgical intervention may be appropriate.6.
Background
Patients with gallstone pancreatitis (GP) or choledocholithiasis (CDL) may have common bile duct (CBD) stones that persist until cholangiography. The aim of this study is to evaluate pre-cholangiogram factors that predict persistent CBD stones.Methods
Multiple logistic regression analyses were performed to identify demographic, laboratory, and radiologic predictors of persistent CBD stones and non-therapeutic cholangiography among adults with GP or CDL.Results
In 152 patients from 2010 to 2015, preoperative diagnosis, presence of a CBD stone on US, and age?≥?60 years were associated with persistent CBD stones. Two risk factors alone had a PPV of 88% and the absence of all risk factors had a NPV of 94%. Age?<?60 years and the absence of a CBD stone on US were most predictive of non-therapeutic cholangiography.Conclusion
Age, LFTs, and US help predict persistent CBD stones in patients initially presenting with GP or CDL and help minimize non-therapeutic preoperative cholangiography.7.
A. Spek F. Strittmatter A. Graser P. Kufer C. Stief M. Staehler 《World journal of urology》2016,34(9):1297-1302
Purpose
To retrospectively evaluate the accuracy of dual-energy CT (DECT) in the detection of the chemical composition of urinary calculi in correlation with infrared spectroscopic stone analysis.Methods
We reviewed the CT scans of 255 patients who underwent DECT due to a clinical suspicion of urolithiasis. Out of this group, we included 64 patients with clinically symptomatic urolithiasis requiring stone removal. After surgical removal of the stone by ureterorenoscopy, chemical composition was analyzed with infrared spectroscopy. We correlated DECT stone characterization results with chemical stone composition based on dual-energy indices (DEI). A total of 213 renal and ureteral stones could be removed and chemically analyzed.Results
A total of 213 calculi were evaluated. Thirty eight out of sixty four (59 %) patients had >1 stone. DECT was used to differentiate stones by using DEI. Stones harboring calcium (CA) were color-coded in blue, while stones containing uric acid (UA) were colored red. Median DEI in UA-containing stones were 0.001. Non-UA-containing stones had a DEI between 0.073 for pure CA stones and 0.077 containing CA and other substances (p = 0.001; p = 0.03, respectively). Sensitivity of DECT was 98.4 % for differentiation of UA from non-UA-containing calculi. Specificity was 98.1 %. Mean effective radiation dose of DECT was 4.18 mSv (0.44–14.27 mSv), thus comparable to conventional CT scans of the abdomen. Conventional measurement of Hounsfield units did not correlate with stone composition.Conclusion
DECT with image post-processing reliably discriminates UA-containing calculi from all other stones, but the study offered limitations. Discrimination within the non-UA stones cannot be reliably achieved but is clinically insignificant.8.
Introduction
Reducing the percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) tract size reduces the morbidity associated with the procedure. Prolonged procedure time is a concern. Modification in technique required is to fragment the stone into smaller particles and remove them using the vacuum cleaner effect. This prospective study compares the efficacy and morbidity of reducing the tract size from the standard 24–16.5 Fr for stones sized from 16 to 30 mm.Methods
123 patients were enrolled in this prospective study and distributed into 2 groups based on the tract size used (group A 16.5/17.5 Fr Miniperc, N = 61 and group B: 22/24 Fr standard PCNL, N = 62). Critical factors assessed were procedure time, fluoroscopy time, blood loss, pain score, stone clearance status and complications.Results
Both the groups were comparable with respect to age, creatinine and stone size. The blood loss (hemoglobin and PCV drop) was significantly less for group A (p < 0.001). Both the groups were comparable with regards to the pain score (p > 0.05). Nephrostomy was placed in 3 patients in group A and 14 patients in group B (p = 0.01). There was no significant difference in the procedure time amongst the 2 groups. A total of 9 patients (4 in group A and 5 in group B) had residual fragments greater than 3 mm.Conclusion
The 16.5 Fr Miniperc tract offers lower morbidity in terms of blood loss and maintains stone clearance comparable to larger 24 Fr tract size. It should be the ideal size used for medium sized renal stones.9.
Background
To provide some basis for the prevention of urinary stones in general population, we did a systemic analysis of urinary stones from Northern, Eastern, Central, Southern and Southwest China by a multi-center study.Methods
A total of 11,157 urinary stones from Northern, Eastern, Central, Southern and Southwest China were obtained and analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Combined with scanning electron microscopy and X-ray energy spectrometer, urinary stones were classified into different types. Furthermore, the correlation between stone types and clinical characteristics, as well as their regional distribution were elucidated.Results
Calcium oxalate stones were the most common type in each region, followed by calcium oxalate-calcium phosphate mixed stones, uric acid stones and calcium phosphate stones. The distribution of calcium oxalate stones were highest prevalence in Southwest China (67.9%, P?<?0.05), followed by Eastern and Northern China. Anhydrous uric acid stones, with a constituent ratio of 19.3% in Southern China, and 13.7% in Central China, were significantly higher than that in other regions (P?<?0.05). Elements analysis indicated varieties among stone types as well as distribution regions. Moreover, the clinical characteristics were highly correlated with stone types and anatomical locations but not their distribution regions.Conclusions
The material and elements composition of urinary stones among different regions showed some varieties. Calcium oxalate stone has the highest constituent ratio in Southwest China, while anhydrous uric acid stone has the highest constituent ratio in Southern China. Moreover, the clinical characteristics were highly correlated with stone types and anatomical locations but not their distribution regions.10.
Purpose of Review
Urinary risk factors, such as hypercalciuria, hypocitraturia, and hyperoxaluria, either in combination or alone, are associated with calcium stones. Dietary habits as well as underlying medical conditions can influence urinary risk factors. Evaluation of the conglomerate of patients’ stone risks provides evidence for individualized medical management, an effective and patient-supported approach to prevention.Recent Findings
Many patients with stones desire prevention to avoid repeated surgical interventions. Yet, recent practice pattern assessments and health care utilization data show that many patients are rarely referred for metabolic evaluation or management. Innovations in metabolic management over the past decade have improved its effectiveness in reducing risk and preventing calcium stones. Although no new pharmacologic agents for calcium stone prevention have recently become available, there is relatively new thinking about some diet-based approaches.Summary
This review will synthesize current evidence to support individualized metabolic management of calcium stones.11.
12.
Purpose
To investigate the performance of retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS) for the 1–2 cm renal stone size range in comparison to smaller stones.Materials and methods
From a data base of 3000 ureteroscopies between 2004 and 2014, 635 consecutive patients underwent RIRS for renal stones. Patients were divided to three groups according to their renal stone size (<10, 10–15, 15–20 mm). Preoperative, operative, stone free rate (SFR) and follow-up data were analyzed and compared.Results
The SFR for the three groups was 94.1, 90.1 and 85%, respectively. Patients with renal stone size above 15 mm had a statistically significantly lower SFR. The efficiency quotient calculated for stones larger and smaller than 15 mm was 83.9 vs. 91.8%, respectively (p < 0.01). The mean operative time and hospital stay were longer for patients with renal stones larger than 15 mm (73.6 ± 29.9 vs. 53 ± 19.4 min, p < 0.01 and 2.2 ± 2 vs. 1.8 ± 1.8 days, p = 0.031, respectively). Moreover, the complication rate was almost two times higher (10 vs 5.4%, p = 0.08). Concomitant ureteral stones and older age were independent predictors of failure in the large stone group.Conclusions
While the overall SFR following RIRS for renal stones up to 2 cm is generally high, the SFR for 15–20 mm stones is significantly lower, with a longer operating time and hospital stay, and a higher complication rate.13.
Theodoros?Tokas Martin?Habicher Daniel?Junker Thomas?Herrmann Jan?Peter?Jessen Thomas?Knoll Udo?Nagele
Purpose
To evaluate the stone-free rates (SFRs) and stone clearance rates (SCRs) of extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy (SWL), retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS), and percutaneous nephrolitholapaxy (PCNL) according to non-contrast computer tomography (NCCT) findings.Methods
Original articles were identified from PubMed. After exclusion of ineligible papers, twenty-three studies with 2494 cases were included in the review.Results
Six SWL, five RIRS and eight PCNL studies were selected. Additionally, four comparative articles were identified. SWL presents SFRs ranging 35–61.3 % and SCRs for residuals <4 mm being 43.2–92.9 %. RIRS studies report SFRs of 34.8–59.7 % and SCRs for residuals <4 mm ranging 48–96.7 %. Finally, PCNL presents SFRs of 20.8–100 % and SCRs for residuals <4 mm being 41.5–91.4 %. According to the comparative studies, SFRs are 17–61.3 % for SWL, 50 % for RIRS, and 95–100 % for PCNL.Conclusions
According to NCCT findings, it seems that PCNL provides better SFRs than ESWL and RIRS. However, further research with comparable and complete preoperative parameters and outcomes could reduce the heterogeneity of current data.14.
Mehmet Balasar Mehmet Mesut Pişkin Cemile Topcu Lütfi Saltuk Demir Mehmet Gürbilek Abdulkadir Kandemir Ahmet Öztürk 《World journal of urology》2016,34(9):1311-1316
Objective
To study kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) biomarker levels, indicating renal tubular damage, in patients with kidney stones and in those who underwent minimally invasive method stone treatment.Patients and methods
Sixty patients with renal stones between 10 and 20 mm were included into the present study. Patients who were divided into three cohorts underwent micropercutaneous nephrolithotomy (microperc), retrograde intrarenal stone surgery (RIRS), and percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PNL). Urine samples were obtained from all participants before, 4 h and 14 days after the procedure. In all the samples obtained, urinary KIM-1 and creatinine (Cr) levels were measured and KIM-1/Cr ratios (ng/mg creatinine) were calculated.Results
Preoperative urine KIM-1/Cr ratio was higher than postoperative 14th day. The bigger the renal stone size, the higher was the ratio (correlation coefficient 0.353, p = 0.006). According to preferred treatment procedure, there was a statistically significant decrease in preoperative and postoperative 4th hour and 14th day urine KIM-1/Cr rates in the RIRS and PNL, yet none in the microperc group (p = 0.010, p = 0.001, p = 0.212, respectively).Conclusion
In renal stone patients, the elevated urine KIM-1/Cr ratio levels increase further according to stone size. KIM-1/Cr ratio is a promising marker might be helpful in monitoring the damage created by stone disease.15.
Purpose
To share our 7-year experiences of a safe and effective method for tract creation in percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL).Methods
A total of 143 patients had received this kind of method for renal stone disease at our institute from May 2010 to December 2016. Finally, 130 patients with complete data were included. All patients underwent a bipolar resectoscope mounted with a plasma vaporization (PV) button electrode for tract creation. Data analysis included procedure time, length of hospital stays, blood transfusion rate, any early and late complications, renal function, and stone-free rate.Results
The mean age of patients was 56.5 years (range 26–84 years). Noticeably, no blood transfusion was necessary in this series. Mean length of post-operative stay duration was 2.6?±?1.1 days. The average operating time was 46 min. Stone-free rate was 93.3% in the non-staghorn calculi group. There was no significant difference in change in renal function after the operation (P?=?0.884). All posto-perative complications were Clavien grade 1 including fever (16.9%) and urine leak (1.5%) etc. There was no major complication.Conclusions
Based on zero blood transfusion rate, no major complication, and shorter post-operative stay duration (2.6 days), the PV technique is safe and effective for less blood loss in comparison with other techniques for creating the nephrostomy tract for PCNL.16.
Pietro Manuel Ferraro Matteo Vittori Giuseppe Macis Alessandro D’Addessi Gianmarco Lombardi Claudia Palmisano Jacopo Gervasoni Aniello Primiano Pier Francesco Bassi Giovanni Gambaro 《BMC urology》2018,18(1):101
Background
Previous studies have shown that, compared with non-stone formers, stone formers have a higher papillary density measured with computer tomography (CT) scan. The effect of increased hydration on such papillary density in idiopathic calcium stone formers is not known.Methods
Patients with recurrent calcium oxalate stones undergoing endourological procedures for renal stones at our Institution from June 2013 to June 2014 were considered eligible for enrolment. Enrolled patients underwent a baseline unenhanced CT scan before the urological procedure; after endoscopic removal of their stones, the patients were instructed to drink at least 2 L/day of a hypotonic, oligomineral water low in sodium and minerals (fixed residue at 180 °C?<?200 mg/L) for at least 12 months. Finally, the patients underwent a follow-up unenhanced CT scan during hydration regimen.Results
Twenty-five patients were prospectively enrolled and underwent baseline and follow-up CT scans. At baseline, mean papillary density was 43.2?±?6.6 Hounsfield Units (HU) (43.2?±?6.7 for the left kidney and 42.8?±?7.1 HU for the right kidney). At follow-up and after at least 12 months of hydration regimen, mean papillary density was significantly reduced at 35.4?±?4.2 HU (35.8?±?5.0 for the left kidney and 35.1?±?4.2 HU for the right kidney); the mean difference between baseline and follow-up was ??7.8 HU (95% confidence interval???10.6 to ??5.1 HU, p?<?0.001).Conclusions
Increased fluid intake in patients with recurrent calcium oxalate stones was associated with a significant reduction in renal papillary density.Trial registration
NCT03343743, 15/11/2017 (Retrospectively registered).17.
Introduction
Ureterorenoscopy (URS) is a popular and growing option for management of ureteric and renal stones. The CROES URS Global Study was set up to assess the outcomes of URS in a large worldwide cohort of patients involving multiple centres. In this paper, we analysed the database for intra-operative and post-operative complications associated with ureterorenoscopy.Methods
The CROES database was established via collaboration between 114 centres in 32 countries worldwide, and information on both intra-operative and post-operative complications was collected electronically between January 2010 and October 2012.Result
On analysis of a total of 11,885 patients, the overall complication and stone-free rates were found to be 7.4 and 85.6 %, respectively. The intra-operative and post-operative complication rates were 4.2 and 2.6 %, respectively, and in total 5 deaths were reported in the study period. Taking into account different world economies, there were no differences in the complication rates between the developing and developed nations or between different centres from different continents.Conclusion
Ureterorenoscopy is a safe and effective procedure for treatment of stones, the outcomes of which are broadly comparable in different parts of the world for similar patient and stone demographics.18.
Purpose
To compare the efficacy and safety of Super-mini percutaneous nephrolithotomy (SMP, F12-F14) and Miniperc (F18) in the treatment of renal stones of 2–4 cm in size.Methods
A prospective comparative analysis of outcomes of patients who underwent SMP and Miniperc for treatment of 2–4 cm renal stones was conducted between July 2014 and January 2017. Demographic data, stone criteria, operative technique, complications, blood transfusion, hemoglobin decrease, stone-free rate (SFR) and length of hospital stay were compared between the two groups. Propensity score-matching (PSM) analysis was performed to further compare the outcomes between the two groups.Results
79 and 257 patients underwent SMP and Miniperc, respectively. After matching, 73 patients in each group were included. The stone burden was comparable for both groups (3.0 ± 1.1 vs 3.2 ± 0.7 cm, p = 0.577). Mean operation time was not significant different between two groups (p = 0.115), while the hospital stay of SMP was much shorter than Miniperc (2.6 ± 1.4 vs 5.2 ± 1.8, p < 0.0001). Both groups had similar SFRs in postoperative 1 day and at 1 month follow-up (p = 0.326, p = 0.153), while SMP achieved a markedly higher tubeless rate than Miniperc (84.9 vs 47.9%, p < 0.0001). The total complication rate was significantly lower in SMP (16.4 vs 41.1%, p = 0.0001), and the SIRS rate was markedly lower in SMP group (1.4 vs 12.3%, p = 0.009).Conclusions
SMP is equally effective as Miniperc in the treatment of moderate renal calculi, and has the significant advantage in hospital duration and tubeless rate.19.
Bladder stones in vesicovaginal fistula: is concurrent repair an option? Experience with 87 patients
Steven N. Shephard Sunday J. Lengmang Carolyn V. Kirschner 《International urogynecology journal》2017,28(4):569-574
Introduction and hypothesis
The objective was to assess the outcomes of a one-stage approach to bladder stones in the setting of a vesicovaginal fistula, performing fistula repair concurrently with stone extraction.Methods
Retrospective review of urogenital fistula surgeries at Evangel VVF Center in Jos, Nigeria, between December 2003 and April 2014, identified 87 women with bladder stones accompanying their fistulas and 2,979 repaired without stones. Concurrent stone extraction and fistula repair were performed in 51 patients. Outcomes were compared with respect to fistula size, classification, and fibrosis.Results
Women presenting with bladder stones were older and had larger fistulas than those without stones (P?<?0.001). Additionally, their fistulas were more often classifiable as large and less often as high (P?=?0.02), and were more fibrotic (P?=?0.003). Twenty-six (51 %) patients with concurrent repair successfully became dry. Comparing results by classification, concurrent repair of high fistulas with stones was very likely to be successful (OR 8.8, 95% CI 1.0–78.2), whereas low fistulas were not (OR 0.2, 95% CI 0.02–0.7). Outcomes were similar to those of patients without stones, except for low fistulas, which were 5 times more likely to fail (P?=?0.04).Conclusion
Concurrent closure of vesicovaginal fistula at the time of bladder stone extraction is possible and, in many respects, preferable to a staged approach, particularly among high or midvaginal fistulas.20.
Piotr Bryniarski Sławomir Kasperczyk Paweł Rajwa Paweł Stelmach Małgorzata Cisowska-Babraj Andrzej Paradysz 《International urology and nephrology》2018,50(12):2145-2152