一期前路病灶清除后路内固定术治疗脊柱结核

目的：对胸腰椎结核行一期后路内固定，椎体侧前方病灶清除椎管减压，椎间植骨融合的疗效做临床分析。方法：对1999年～2001年间收治的22例胸腰椎结核病患者，采用同期后路椎弓根螺钉内固定，前路病灶清除，椎体间自体植骨融合治疗。结果：术后随访9～12个月，22例脊柱结核患者均治愈，症状消失，无局部结核复发，植骨全部骨性融合，融合时间为3～5个月，后凸矫正率80％。结论：在胸腰椎结核手术中，后路内固定和前路病灶清除、植骨可同期进行，能有效地稳定病椎，部分矫正畸形，消灭病灶，缩短卧床时间。     

前路一期病灶清除植骨内固定治疗胸腰椎结核的疗效观察

目的探讨前路一期病灶清除植骨内固定治疗胸腰椎结核的临床疗效。方法对31例胸腰椎结核患者在常规抗结核药物治疗的基础上,采取前路病灶清除、一期自体骨或人工骨植骨及内固定,术后继续抗结核药物治疗12～18个月。结果全组31例均治愈,无组织器官损伤、切口感染等并发症发生。平均随访时间为15个月,患者植骨融合满意,内固定牢靠,术后脊柱后凸Cobb角平均矫正13.4°,15个月植骨愈合率100%,随访期间无结核复发及窦道形成。结论前路一期病灶清除植骨内固定治疗胸腰椎结核具有后凸畸形矫正良好、重建脊柱稳定性好、可早期活动、术后并发症少等优点,可作为胸腰椎结核安全有效的治疗术式。     

一期前路病灶清除植骨内固定治疗胸腰椎结核

目的 探讨一期前路病灶清除加植骨内固定在脊柱结核治疗中的作用.方法 自2001年1月至2006年12月,采用一期前路病灶清除加植骨内固定治疗脊柱结核患者8例,对其进行分析、总结.结果 本组8例患者无术中并发症,切口均一期愈合.随访8～28个月,平均16个月,结核无复发,植骨全部成活,无侧弯后凸畸形,内固定无松动断裂,所有病人全身状况良好.结果 一期前路病灶清除植骨内固定治疗胸腰椎结核疗效确切,脊柱稳定性重建可靠,矫正后凸畸形较理想,是治疗胸腰椎结核的有效方法.     

前路病灶清除植骨内固定治疗胸腰椎结核

目的探讨一期前路病灶清除、植骨内固定治疗胸腰椎结核的临床效果。方法采用前路病灶清除植骨K-plate固定治疗9例胸腰椎结核。结果经随访1.5～3年,9例患者均治愈,无复发,植骨部位全部骨性融合,融合时间4～6个月,后凸畸形矫正角度平均15°。结论该术式对胸腰椎结核可彻底清除病灶,比较好地进行椎管减压和脊柱矫形,完成脊柱稳定性重建,有利于患者早期离床活动,提高治愈率。     

一期前路病灶清除后路椎弓根螺钉内固定治疗胸腰椎结核

[目的]探讨一期前路病灶清除、钛网植骨、后路经椎弓根螺钉内固定治疗胸腰椎结核的临床疗效.[方法]自2002年1月至2006年6月收治46例胸腰椎结核患者,采用一期前路病灶清除、钛网植骨、后路经椎弓根螺钉内固定.根据术前、术后X线片分析植骨融合情况以及脊柱后凸畸形矫正的效果.[结果]本组46例均获得随访,随访时间1～3年,平均26个月.术后内固定无松动,植骨愈合,病灶无复发;愈合时间3～7个月;术前Cobb角平均35°,末次X线片随访复查Cobb角平均16.5°.[结论]一期前路病灶清除、钛网植骨、后路经椎弓根螺钉内固定治疗胸腰椎结核,既能彻底清除病灶,又能有效矫正脊柱后凸畸形,重建脊柱稳定,临床效果满意.     

脊柱结核一期内固定治疗重建脊柱稳定性及其矫治后凸畸型的研究

目的:探讨根治脊柱结核和一期内固定重建脊柱稳定性的方法与内固定的选择。方法:36例脊柱结核患者均采用前路病灶清除术,除腰骶椎选择后路内固定外,其余均在病灶区直接内固定。35例行椎间植骨融合。结果:平均随访18个月,全部患者均治愈,植骨全部融合,后凸畸形矫正率为55%。结论:彻底的病灶清除联合一期内固定是提高脊柱结核疗效和后凸矫治的很好方法。     

脊柱结核一期内固定治疗重建脊柱稳定性及其矫治后凸畸型的研究

目的：探讨根治脊柱结核和一期内固定重建脊柱稳定性的方法与内固定的选择。方法：36例脊柱结核患者均采用前路病灶清除术，除腰骶椎选择后路内固定外，其余均在病灶区直接内固定。35例行椎间植骨融合。结果：平均随访18个月，全部患者均治愈，植骨全部融合，后凸畸形矫正率为55％。结论：彻底的病灶清除联合一期内固定是提高脊柱结核疗效和后凸矫治的很好方法。     

前路病灶清除钛网植骨融合内固定治疗胸腰椎结核24例

目的探讨前路病灶清除钛网植骨融合内固定治疗胸腰椎结核的疗效。方法对24例胸腰段、腰椎结核病患者,采用前路病灶清除钛网植骨融合钉板或钉棒系统内固定治疗。其中16例合并脊髓损伤,按Frankel分级：B级2例,C级3例,D级9例,E级2例。结果 24例患者手术均顺利,无大血管损伤,伤口全部愈合,无窦道形成。有2例患者术中有胸膜损伤,经术中一期排气缝合,术后未出现气胸。22例患者均随访12～36个月,平均16个月,2例失访。所有患者腰背痛及结核中毒症状消失,钛网植骨融合内固定位置良好,无松动、断裂等并发症,植骨获得骨性融合。术后侧凸及后凸畸形得到矫正,Cobb角平均4.6°,平均矫正16.7°。神经功能均有不同程度改善,Frankel分级：B级1例,C级1例,D级3例,E级11例。红细胞沉降率及肝功能在正常范围,恢复正常活动及从事轻工作。结论前路病灶清除钛网植骨融合钉板或钉棒系统内固定治疗胸腰椎结核可彻底清除病灶,重建和维持脊柱稳定性,骨融合率高。     

后外侧植骨椎弓根系统内固定同期病灶清除术治疗胸腰椎结核

目的探讨后外侧植骨椎弓根系统内固定同期病灶清除治疗胸腰椎结核的疗效。方法总结我科行后外侧植骨椎弓根系统内固定同期病灶清除治疗胸腰椎结核患者 48例 ,随访时间 1 5— 5 5年 ,平均 3 6年。内容包括植骨融合率、截瘫恢复情况和后凸畸形矫正状况。结果所有患者均显示骨性融合 ;38例合并截瘫的患者中 ,症状改善 35例 ;术后后凸畸形平均矫正 2 9 1° ,1 5— 5 5年后随访 ,后凸角度平均丢失 3 2°。结论后外侧植骨椎弓根系统内固定同期病灶清除可恢复脊柱的即刻稳定性 ,有利于骨融合 ,促进截瘫恢复和防止截瘫复发 ,矫正及预防后凸畸形     

经胸腔前路病灶清除植骨内固定治疗高龄胸腰椎脊柱结核

[目的]探讨胸腔前路病灶清除植骨内固定治疗高龄胸椎及胸腰段脊柱结核的临床疗效.[方法]采用胸腔前路病灶清除植骨内固定术治疗胸椎及胸腰段脊柱结核高龄（＞60岁）患者35例,术后以正规抗痨化疗.[结果]经12～36个月的随访,35例患者切口均正常愈合,植骨部分融合6～12个月,到末次随访时均已融合,脊柱后凸畸形得到明显改善,病变无复发,无钛网移位及内固定松动发生.[结论]胸腔前路病灶清除植骨内固定治疗高龄胸椎及胸腰段脊柱结核的临床疗效良好,植骨融合率好,固定效果可靠.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.