大鼠小肠缺血预适应对缺血-再灌注损伤保护作用及机制

目的:探讨小肠缺血预适应(ischemic preconditioning,IP)对缺血再灌注(ischemia／reperfusion,I／R)肠黏膜损伤的保护作用及可能机制。方法:以大鼠肠系膜前动脉制造I／R和IP模型;用分光光度法测血和肠组织二胺氧化酶(diamine oxidase,DAO)活性;用H-E和PAS特染显示肠黏膜的病理改变并进行Chiu CJ评分;用免疫组化方法显示肠绒毛CGRP、NPY肽能神经并用测微尺测定阳性神经纤维密度。结果:与对照组相比,I／R组及IP I／R组血DAO水平升高而肠黏膜DAO水平降低,肠黏膜损伤Chiu CJ评分数升高;肠绒毛CGRP阳性神经纤维密度降低而NPY阳性神经纤维密度升高;但IP轻于I／R的变化。结论:小肠IP能减轻I／R引起的肠黏膜机械屏障的组织病理损伤,其机制是通过肠黏膜局部CGRP、NPY肽能神经参与调节其微血管舒缩平衡而实现的。     

低氧预适应对移植大鼠肝细胞线粒体超微结构的影响

目的 观察低氧预适应(HP)对移植大鼠肝细胞线粒体超微结构的影响. 方法 采用改良的自体肝移植模型模拟肝移植过程,将72只SD大鼠随机分为正常对照(NC)、自体移植(AT)和低氧预适应(HP)3个组,每组24只.HP为术前用8%氮氧混合气体处理90min,分别于术后1、6、24h处死大鼠取肝脏标本,透射电镜观察肝细胞及线粒体的形态学改变,并用图像分析系统定量评判线粒体超微结构的改变程度. 结果 透射电镜下见AT组线粒体肿胀明显,膜模糊不清,部分膜破裂,线粒体嵴疏松溶解,有空泡形成;而HP组线粒体结构基本正常,仅有轻度肿胀,线粒体排列整齐,膜基本完整,线粒体嵴密集,未见空泡形成;定量分析线粒体的面积、周长及直径均和AT组有显著性差异(P<0.05),HP组线粒体损伤程度较AT组有明显改善. 结论 线粒体超微结构的改变是移植后肝细胞损伤的早期变化,HP可改善这一变化以减轻肝细胞损伤.     

活性氧在大鼠心肌细胞低氧预适应中的作用

目的 探讨活性氧在心肌细胞低氧预适应过程中的作用机制。方法 建立SD乳鼠心肌细胞的低氧预适应模型;检测不同阶段超氧阴离子和H2O2含量以及T-SOD、Cu,Zn-SOD和Mn-SOD活性变化,分析活性氧在低氧预适应不同窗口期的作用。结果 （1）超氧阴离子和过氧化氢均能明显提高心肌细胞在第一窗口期低氧1h后的存活率（P〈0．05）;（2）超氧阴离子可明显升高心肌细胞第二窗口期低氧1h后的存活率（P〈0．05）,而过氧化氢作用不明显;（3）低氧预适应可使超氧阴离子和过氧化氢含量明显升高,同时伴有第一窗口期Cu、Zn-SOD活性及第二窗口期Mn-SOD活性显著升高（P〈0．05）。结论 说明低氧预适应可提高大鼠心肌细胞在不同窗口期对长时间缺氧的耐受性,其作用机制可能与活性氧及SOD有密切关系。     

低氧预适应升高小鼠脑内JNK磷酸化水平和蛋白表达

目的探讨C-JUN氨基末端激酶或应激激活蛋白激酶(JNKs/SAPKs)在脑低氧预适应发生、发展过程中的作用。方法将小鼠整体低氧预适应模型中BALB/C小鼠随机分为正常对照(H0)、早期(H1~H4组)和延迟性(H5~H6组)低氧预适应等7组。应用SDS-PAGE和Western bolt方法,并结合Gel Doc凝胶成像系统,半定量检测大脑皮层和海马组织内JNK1和JNK2/3的磷酸化水平及其蛋白表达量的变化。结果在早期低氧预适应形成过程中,随低氧次数的增加,小鼠大脑皮层和海马组织内JNK1的磷酸化水平(未检测到磷酸化的JNK2/3)逐渐升高,且以皮层内(H1和H2组)和海马组织内(H1~H4组)的增高明显(P<0.05,n=6);而JNK1和JNK2/3只在延迟性低氧预适应(H5~H6组)发展过程中明显上调(P<0.05,n=6)。结论JNK1的激活以及JNK1和JNK2/3蛋白表达量的增高可能分别参与了脑早期低氧预适应和晚期延迟性低氧预适应的发生和发展。     

延迟预适应减少大鼠心肌缺血再灌注的细胞凋亡

目的 以SMAC和XIAP的表达变化为着眼点,探讨心肌缺血延迟预适应抗心缺血再灌注（MI/R）后细胞凋亡的机制。方法 SD大鼠分为对照组、假手术组、缺血再灌注组、延迟缺血预处理组。缺血再灌注组采用经典大鼠冠脉结扎,缺血1h,再灌1h。延迟缺血预处理组采用缺血5 min,再灌5 min,反复循环3次,24 h后缺血1 h,再灌1 h。流式细胞仪测定心肌细胞凋亡率,检测caspase-3活性,Western blot分析胞质SMAC及XIAP的表达。结果 与对照组相比,缺血再灌注组细胞凋亡率、caspase-3的活性及SMAC的表达明显升高（P<0.01）,XIAP的表达明显下降（P <0.01）。延迟缺血预处理组细胞凋亡率、caspase-3的活性及SMAC的表达较缺血再灌注组明显下降（P<0.01）,XIAP的表达较缺血再灌注组升高（P <0.01）。结论 心肌缺血延迟预适应可以减少MI/R造成的细胞凋亡,机制与其阻碍SMAC自线粒体释放,从而保护XIAP对caspase家族的抑制密切相关。     

缺血后适应对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤Bcl-2和Bax蛋白表达的影响

目的:研究缺血后适应预适应对Bcl-2蛋白和Bax蛋白表达的影响,以此探讨缺血后适应预适应可能的内源性保护机制。方法:40只雄性SD大鼠,随机分成假手术组,缺血再灌注预适应组,缺血再灌注后适应组和缺血再灌注组共4组。每个亚组10只。按Longa法制作局灶性脑缺血模型。免疫组化染色检测Bcl-2和Bax蛋白,计算细胞阳性率。结果:缺血后适应预适应组Bcl-2阳性率较缺血再灌注组显著增加;缺血后适应预适应组Bax阳性率较缺血再灌注组显著下降。结论:缺血后适应预适应能促进Bcl-2蛋白表达,抑制Bax蛋白表达,可能是缺血后适应预适应在脑缺血再灌注损伤中发挥内源性脑保护作用的机制之一。     

去甲肾上腺素对心肌细胞NF-κB活性的影响

目的:探讨去甲肾上腺素(NE)对心肌细胞核因子-κB(NF-κB)活性的影响及机制。方法:采用乳鼠心肌细胞培养模型,分别加入NE和哌唑嗪、普萘洛尔及维生素E等刺激,观察心肌细胞内活性氧水平和NF-κB核结合活性的改变。结果:NE刺激后,心肌细胞活性氧生成明显增加、NF-κB活性增强,维生素E、哌唑嗪和普萘洛尔可不同程度减少心肌细胞活性氧含量、降低NF-κB活性。结论:NE对心肌细胞的作用部分通过激活NF-κB实现,这与NE通过肾上腺素能受体介导活性氧过量产生有关。     

缺血预处置对大鼠肢体血再灌注损伤的影响

目的和方法 在大鼠肢体血再灌注（ＩＲ）损伤模型上观察了缺血预处置（ｐｒｅｃｏｎｄｉｔｉｏｎｉｎｇ，ＰＣ）的影响，结果：发现ＰＣ可以明显减轻ＩＲ引起的血压降低，血浆乳酸脱氢酶，组织蛋白酶Ｄ活性及脂质过氧化物丙二醛含量的升高，并抑制骨骼肌组织水肿及骨骼肌细胞线粒体钙超载的发生。同时还观察到，ＰＣ对ＩＲ时肢体微血管通透性升高，中性粒细胞浸润及血浆内皮素水平增高均有抑制作用，结论：ＰＣ对大鼠ＩＲ肢体有保护     

预适应和后适应对缺血/再灌注损伤大鼠心肌组织炎症因子的影响

目的:观察缺血预适应(IPC)、缺血后适应(IPOC)对大鼠心肌组织缺血/再灌注(I/R)损伤后Toll样受体(TLR)及下游炎症因子的影响。方法:SD大鼠60只,通过SPSS软件随机分为假手术组(冠状动脉前降支下置线不结扎,n=15);I/R组(冠状动脉前降支结扎30min,再灌注60min,n=15);IPC组(冠状动脉前降支3次3min/5min的缺血/再灌注循环,然后结扎30min后,再持续灌注60min,n=15);IPOC组(冠状动脉前降支结扎30min,3次10s的缺血/再灌注循环,再持续灌注60min,n=15)。实验结束后测定大鼠血清肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)和肌钙蛋白T(cTNT)水平;氯化硝基四氮唑兰(NBT)染色测定大鼠左室心肌梗死面积;免疫组织化学法测定心肌组织TLR-2、4的表达;酶联免疫吸附法测定心肌组织白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、单核细胞趋化蛋白-1(MCP-1)和肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)的含量。结果:与I/R组比较,IPC组、IPOC组大鼠血清CK-MB和cTNT水平显著降低(P<0.01),心肌梗死面积显著减小(P<0.01),心肌组织TLR-2、4表达和炎症因子IL-6、IL-1β、MCP-1、TNF-α含量显著下降(P<0.05,P<0.01);与IPC组比较,IPOC组减小I/R大鼠心肌梗死面积,降低血清CK-MB及心肌组织IL-6等作用和IPC组无显著差异(P>0.05)。结论:IPOC与IPC同样具有减轻心肌I/R损伤程度和缩小心肌梗死范围等作用,抑制TLR-2、4的表达可能是其保护I/R心肌的一个重要途径。     

缺血预处理对大鼠肝移植早期的保护作用

缺血预处理(ischemic preconditioning,IPC)可调动机体内源性保护机制对组织或器官提供保护作用,越来越多地引起人们的关注[1].本研究采用大鼠原位肝移植动物模型探讨IPC对肝脏及补体的作用.     

核因子κB 与恶性肿瘤

 核因子κB （nuclear factor kappa B，NF-κB）是由Rel/ NF-κB家族的多肽成员所形成的一组二聚体形式的转录因子的统称，首次被确认于1986年[1]。Rel/NF-κB家族成员包括NF-κB1（p50及其前体p105）、NF-κB2（p52及其前体p100）、Rel（c-Rel）、RelA（p65，或NF-κB3）、RelB蛋白，v-Rel以及果蝇蛋白dorsal和Dif。在人类，最先被确认且最为重要的NF-κB是p50/RelA（p50/p65），通常所说的NF-κB即指此。NF-κB/ Rel家族成员的共同特征是拥有一个高度保守的Rel同源区（Rel homology region，RHR，或称Rel同源结构域，Rel homology domain，RHD）。 NF-κB 在组织细胞中广泛存在，但在不同的组织细胞中，NF-κB 的活性状态存在生理性差异。NF-κB 通常以与其抑制蛋白 IκB （inhibitor of NF-κB）相结合的无活性状态贮存于细胞质中（由于 IκB 对 NF-κB 的位于 RHR 上的核定位序列的遮蔽作用）。当细胞在必须迅速做出反应时，NF-κB 将被激活，该激活过程主要依赖于由 IκB 激酶（IκB kinase，IKK）复合体所诱导的 IκB 蛋白的泛素化蛋白水解作用，NF-κB 此时因其核定位序列的重新显露而被介导进入细胞核，通过与位于目标基因的启动子和增强子区的特异位点的结合，实现其转录调控功能。在为数众多的转录因子中，NF-κB 因其在生命活动与疾病发生中的重要作用，特别是其与恶性肿瘤发生、发展的关系，以及可能据以设计新型药物与疾病治疗新策略，而备受瞩目。现扼要介绍其近年来的研究进展。     

大鼠原位肝移植模型的建立*☆

背景：“二袖套法”原位肝移植模型的建立缩短了无肝期的时间,并且显著提高了老鼠肝移植后的存活率。 目的：在“二袖套法”的基础上,结合一些相关文献,建立稳定大鼠原位肝移植模型。 方法：用改进的二袖套法对75对SD大鼠行原位肝移植,移植中门静脉、肝下下腔静脉用袖套法进行吻合,肝上下腔静脉用缝合法吻合,胆道采用支架法进行胆道重建。 结果与结论：受体大鼠移植后一般状况良好,50例正式实验移植后1 d存活率94%,1周存活率为90%。供肝热缺血时间均接近0,供体手术时间(34.44±3.25) min,受体手术时间(49.07±4.93) min,无肝期(17.26±2.51) min,下腔静脉平均阻断时间约为20 min。说明只有熟练地掌握手术技巧,细致耐心的操作,最大程度减少各种并发症的发生,才能获得稳定的原位肝移植模型。     

Post liver transplantation acute kidney injury in a rat model of syngeneic orthotopic liver transplantation

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a frequent complication after liver transplantation (LT). The mechanism of post-LT AKI remains unclear. We used the rat model of syngeneic orthotopic LT (SOLT) to investigate the mechanism of post-LT AKI. We hypothesized that the condition of the graft, rather than intraoperative hemodynamic instability, has an important role in post-LT AKI in the SOLT model. Rats were randomly assigned into four groups: sham-operated group; vessel-clamped group; full-size LT group; and reduced-size LT group. We identified AKI in both full-size and reduced-size LT groups. In addition to renal tubular necrosis and apoptosis, renal peritubular capillary injury was also present. Pathological changes were more severe in the reduced-size than in the full-size LT group. We found that the systemic inflammatory response induced by LT was the initiating factor in post-LT AKI. This is the first study to investigate the pathological mechanism of AKI in an animal model of SOLT. Our results demonstrate that protection of the liver graft and inhibition of the systemic inflammatory response are vital in reducing the risk of post-LT AKI.     

Nuclear factor kappa B-mediated kainate neurotoxicity in the rat and hamster hippocampus

Administration of the excitotoxin kainate produces seizure activity and selective neuronal death in various brain areas. We examined the degeneration pattern of hippocampal neurons following systemic injections of kainate in the hamster and the rat. As reported, treatment with kainate resulted in severe neuronal loss in the hilus and CA3 in the rat. While the hilar neurons were also highly vulnerable to kainate in the hamster, neurons in the CA1 area, but not CA3, were highly sensitive to kainate. In both animals, immunoreactivity to anti-p50 nuclear factor kappa B antibody was increased in nuclei of the hilar neurons within 4 h following administration of kainate. Kainate treatment also increased the nuclear factor kappa B immunoreactivity in hamster CA1 neurons and rat CA3 neurons 24 h later. Neurons showing intense nuclear factor kappa B signal were stained with acid fuchsin. Kainate also increased DNA binding activity of p50 and p65 nuclear factor kappa B in the nuclear extract of the hippocampal formation as analysed by electrophoretic mobility shift assay in the hamster, suggesting that activation of nuclear factor kappa B may contribute to kainate-induced hippocampal degeneration. Administration of 100 nmol dizocilpine maleate 3 h prior to kainate attenuated kainate-induced activation of nuclear factor kappa B and neuronal death in CA1 in the hamster. The present study provides evidence that the differential vulnerability of neurons in the rat and the hamster hippocampus to kainate is partly mediated by mechanisms involving N-methyl-D-aspartate-dependent activation of nuclear factor kappa B.     

原位肝移植模型的建立技巧与改进

背景：目前肝移植是治愈终末期肝病惟一的方法,但是其移植后的并发症仍然是影响移植患者长期存活的重要因素,因此有必要建立稳定的动物移植模型。目的：建立原位肝移植模型大鼠。方法：应用乙醚吸入法对SD大鼠204只行麻醉,2-4 ℃林格液经腹主动脉进行单路灌注,灌注前不翻动肝脏,以减少肝脏热缺血,灌注完毕后沿膈环下切断肝上下腔静脉,修整时不需再修整,以免损伤腔静脉。取下供体肝脏,置入4 ℃淋格液中保存,切下受体肝脏,采用改良的二袖套法行同种异体原位肝移植。移植完毕后,大鼠可自行翻身饮水,存活超过3 d,视为移植成功。结果与结论：204只大鼠共行102次肝移植,最终86例移植后存活超过3 d,移植成功率为84%。结果证实,实验通过改进技术成功建立了原位肝移植模型大鼠。中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植;肝移植;移植;心脏移植;组织移植;皮肤移植;皮瓣移植;血管移植;器官移植;组织工程     

Transfusion practice in orthotopic liver transplantation

Liver transplant procedures require the most blood components, despite the fact that blood use in liver transplantation has declined dramatically over the last decade. Liver transplant recipients present unique challenges, not only in terms of blood supply, but also requirements for specialized blood components, serologic problems, and immunologic effects of transfusion on both the allograft and the recipient. The cause of intraoperative blood loss in liver transplantation is multifactorial, due to both technical factors and poor coagulation control. This procedure carries the risk of massive blood loss, which requires massive transfusions and is associated with postoperative infections, reduced graft survival, multi-organ dysfunction, and higher risk of mortality. Efforts to reduce intraoperative bleeding leading to limitation of blood transfusions are desirable to improve results and also to control costs.Method of literature search:

1. The name of topic is typed and searched in Google search.
2. The name of topic is typed and searched in PubMed search. Related articles were also searched.
3. Some standard books in Transfusion Medicine were also referred.

     

Nuclear factor kappa B signaling initiates early differentiation of neural stem cells

Inflammatory mediators, many of which activate the signaling of nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB), have received increasing attention in the field of neurogenesis. NFκB signaling regulates neurite outgrowth and neural plasticity as well as the proliferation/apoptosis and terminal differentiation of neural stem cells (NSCs). Early neurogenesis from NSCs produces identical progeny through symmetric division and committed daughter cells through asymmetric division. Here, we show that NFκB signaling is required for NSC initial differentiation. The canonical IKKβ/IκBα/p65 pathway is activated during the initial stages of neural differentiation induced by treatment with TNFα or withdrawal of epidermal growth factor/basic fibroblast growth factor. NSC-specific inhibition of NFκB in transgenic mice causes an accumulation of Nestin(+) /Sox2(+) /glial fibrillary acidic protein(+) NSCs. Inhibition of NFκB signaling in vitro blocks differentiation and asymmetric division and maintains NSCs in an undifferentiated state. The induction of initial differentiation and asymmetry by NFκB signaling occurs through the inhibition of C/EBPβ expression. Our data reveal a novel function of NFκB signaling in early neurogenesis and provide insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying neurodevelopmental disorders and neurodegenerative diseases.