成体干细胞

在胎儿、儿童和成人组织中存在的多潜能干细胞统称成体干细胞.成体干细胞具有自我更新的能力,并且可以分化成与其来源不同的其他组织类型的细胞.一种组织来源的干细胞可分化成各种类型的细胞,即干细胞可塑性.成体干细胞可塑性是成体干细胞应用于临床的基础,但对干细胞可塑性机制的认识学术界仍存在较大的争议,先后有学者提出脱分化、异质细胞群体和细胞融合等学说,但都不能完全解释成体干细胞的可塑性.近年来的研究提示,成体组织中存在多潜能干细胞,我们发现在胚胎发育后的多种组织中都存在一类原始干细胞群体,在体内、外的特殊环境下,这类原始干细胞可分化为不同胚层的组织细胞,我们称其为亚全能干细胞.亚全能干细胞是存在于人体多种组织中的分化潜能介于从人体胚胎干细胞逐渐形成组织多能干细胞的发育过程中的一种原始干细胞亚群.     

成体干细胞可塑性

干细胞是具有自我更新及产生分化谱系后裔能力的细胞。干细胞的委任(commitment)是指干细胞分裂所产生的后裔被严格预定向特殊谱系发育。分化(differentiation)则指委任干细胞后裔向预定特殊谱系发育程序的顺序执行。哺乳动物早期胚胎发育的细胞委任是预定产生外胚层、内胚层与中胚层。继而，各胚层细胞不断繁殖、委任与分化，形成不同谱系和功能的细胞群。     

胚胎干细胞、成体干细胞的基础研究及应用

对于细胞的研究现状及进展进行了综述。讨论了胚胎干细胞和成体干细胞的定义及判别标准，干细胞的分离及生物学特性，干细胞生长分化及定向诱导分化的条件，成体干细胞可塑性定义、机制及判定标准，干细胞的应用及存在的问题。     

成体干细胞与胚胎干细胞融合转化机制的研究进展

近年来的研究认为一些组织中的成体细胞同样具有多潜能性 ,能够转化为多种细胞作为替代治疗和基因治疗的载体。然而关于细胞转化机制尚有许多疑问。新近研究表明 ,当成体细胞与胚胎干细胞在体外一起培养时 ,胚胎干细胞诱导成体干细胞转化为形似胚胎干细胞的一种新型细胞 ,而且成体干细胞能与胚胎干细胞自发地融合表现出自己的特征 ,在对干细胞分化、增殖及肿瘤细胞增殖的研究方面给予很大启示     

成体神经干细胞与微环境

背景：成体神经干细胞广泛分布于中枢神经系统,它存在于特殊的微环境中,有自我更新和分化能力,可作为内源性干细胞来源来修复受损的神经组织。 目的：归纳总结神经干细胞与微环境的研究与进展。 方法：由第一作者检索PubMed(1989至2012年)数据库与中国期刊全文数据库(CNKI：2001至2012年),检索词分别为“神经干细胞;微环境;调控”和“neural stem cells;microenviroment;regulation”。 结果与结论：阅读文题和摘要进行筛选,选择具有原创性,论点论据可靠且分析全面、密切相关的文章,排除重复性研究与以及质量较差文章,共检索到379篇英文文章,131篇中文文章,按纳入及排除标准筛选后,共纳入64篇文章。微环境中的各种组成成分如血管及内皮细胞、星形胶质细胞、室管膜细胞、细胞外基质与神经干细胞关系密切,在成体神经干细胞的生存、增殖、分化调控中均发挥重要作用。同时,成体神经干细胞的分化受基因调控。成体神经干细胞与微环境两者之间的研究将为神经组织的修复带来新的方向。     

成体干细胞

近年来,干细胞研究已成为生物医学界研究的热点,各国科学家在基础理论、实验技术、应用研究等领域都取得了很大的进展,我国第一个干细胞制剂的临床试验研究也已经启动。为了使广大读者较全面地了解该领域的最新进展和干细胞移植技术的应用前景,我刊特组织“干细胞的可塑性与临床移植研究”的专题综述,重点介绍干细胞研究最前沿的理论问题,并对干细胞的应用研究做了较好的总结。     

胚胎干细胞、成体干细胞的基础研究及应用

对干细胞的研究现状及进展进行了综述。讨论了胚胎干细胞和成体干细胞的定义及判别标准,干细胞的分离及生物学特性,干细胞生长分化及定向诱导分化的条件,成体干细胞可塑性定义、机制及判定标准,干细胞的应用及存在的问题。     

成体干细胞治疗糖尿病的实验研究

糖尿病是严重危害人类身心健康的常见病、多发病，其治疗的关键是胰岛细胞的再生，以阻止糖尿病的发展和并发症的发生。近来胰腺或胰岛细胞移植技术在糖尿病治疗上已经取得了一些进展，但供体细胞来源不足和免疫排斥反应等困难却极大地限制了这种方法的应用。而患者自身干细胞极强的自我更新能力及多向分化潜能无疑为解决以上问题带来了希望。     

成体干细胞与再生医学

再生医学既是一门古老的科学，但同时又是一门年轻的科学。因为自从有了人类，就有创伤，有创伤就有组织的修复与再生。但是就组织再生而言，尽管经历了漫长时间的研究。许多的科学问题并没有解决。与此同时，随着社会的发展和人民生活水平的提高，人类对组织再生的需求却与日俱增。2005年，美国《科学》杂志在其创刊125周年的纪念专辑中，[第一段]     

子宫内膜中的成体干细胞

背景：近年来子宫干细胞尤其是子宫内膜干细胞研究有了新的突破,多个学者用不同方式证明了子宫内膜干细胞的存在。 目的：介绍子宫干细胞存在的依据、位置及表面标志物。 方法：应用计算机检索1995-01/2010-12清华同方数据库相关文章,检索词为“子宫内膜干细胞”,并限定文章语言种类为中文。同时计算机检索PudMed数据库相关文章,检索词为“endometrium stem cell”,并限定文章语言种类为English。共检索到文献233篇,最终纳入符合标准的文献30篇。 结果与结论：近年来子宫内膜干细胞的分离与鉴定研究有了很大的进展,但子宫内膜干细胞的特异性标志物仍在探索中。文章就克隆形成能力、标记滞留细胞实验及组织重建能力等多种方法对子宫内膜干细胞存在的可能性,存在部位以及可能的表面标志物等进行了综述。     

Adult bone marrow-derived stem cells for organ regeneration and repair.

Stem cells have been recognized as a potential tool for the development of innovative therapeutic strategies. There are in general two types of stem cells, embryonic and adult stem cells. While embryonic stem cell therapy has been riddled with problems of allogeneic rejection and ethical concerns, adult stem cells have long been used in the treatment of hematological malignancies. With the recognition of additional, potentially therapeutic characteristics, bone marrow-derived stem cells have become a tool in regenerative medicine. The bone marrow is an ideal source of stem cells because it is easily accessible and harbors two types of stem cells. Hematopoietic stem cells give rise to all blood cell types and have been shown to exhibit plasticity, while multipotent marrow stromal cells are the source of osteocytes, chondrocytes, and fat cells and have been shown to support and generate a large number of different cell types. This review describes the general characteristics of these stem cell populations and their current and potential future applications in regenerative medicine.     

Bronchioalveolar stem cells in lung repair,regeneration and disease

Bronchioalveolar stem cells (BASCs) are a lung resident stem cell population located at bronchioalveolar duct junctions that contribute to the maintenance of bronchiolar club cells and alveolar epithelial cells of the distal lung. Their transformed counterparts are considered to be likely progenitors of lung adenocarcinomas, which has been a major area of research in relation to BASCs. A critical limitation in addressing the function of BASCs in vivo has been the lack of a unique BASC marker, which has prevented specific targeting of BASCs in animal models of respiratory conditions. Recently, there have been several studies describing genetically modified mice that allow in vivo quantification, tracing, and functional analysis of BASCs to address this long-standing issue. These cutting-edge experimental tools will likely have significant implications for future experimental studies involving BASCs and the elucidation of their role in various lung diseases. To date, this has been largely explored in models of lung injury including naphthalene-induced airway injury, bleomycin-induced alveolar injury, hyperoxia-induced models of bronchopulmonary dysplasia, and influenza virus infection. These novel experimental mouse tools will facilitate the assessment of the impact of BASC loss on additional respiratory conditions including infection-induced severe asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, as well as respiratory bacterial infections, both in early life and adulthood. These future studies may shed light on the potential broad applicability of targeting BASCs for a diverse range of respiratory conditions during lung development and in promoting effective regeneration and repair of the lung in respiratory diseases. © 2020 The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

成体肺组织再生及其临床转化

在COVID-19疫情的冲击下,肺病高负担国家面临更大的压力,迫切需要形成肺病治疗的新思路。近来,具有自我更新和修复能力的成体肺干细胞家族成员不断增加,且许多肺干细胞介入慢性肺病的发生发展过程,围绕肺组织干细胞的功能调控研究将有助于形成慢性肺病的诊疗新手段。     

Adult stem cells

Development of a multicellular organism is accomplished through a series of events that are preprogrammed in the genome. These events encompass cellular proliferation, lineage commitment, lineage progression, lineage expression, cellular inhibition, and regulated apoptosis. The sequential progression of cells through these events results in the formation of the differentiated cells, tissues, and organs that constitute an individual. Although most cells progress through this sequence during development, a few cells leave the developmental continuum to become reserve precursor cells. The reserve precursor cells are involved in the continual maintenance and repair of the tissues and organs throughout the life span of the individual. Until recently it was generally assumed that the precursor cells in postnatal individuals were limited to lineage-committed progenitor cells specific for various tissues. However, studies by Young, his colleagues, and others have demonstrated the presence of two categories of precursor cells that reside within the organs and tissues of postnatal animals. These two categories of precursor cells are lineage-committed (multipotent, tripotent, bipotent, and unipotent) progenitor cells and lineage-uncommitted pluripotent (epiblastic-like, ectodermal, mesodermal, and endodermal) stem cells. These reserve precursor cells provide for the continual maintenance and repair of the organism after birth.     

成人干细胞与血管再生疗法

成人干细胞的血管再生疗法具有同种同源而无免疫排斥、自助和安全性高的优势,但是缺点是低效能和谱系特异性,广泛临床应用还有待改进。文章就成人干细胞种类、与血管再生作用及特点、促进组织血管再生和修复的机制及其局限性等方面作一综述。     

肺干细胞、肺癌干细胞与肺癌

背景：随着肿瘤干细胞理论的出现,近年来通过杀死肿瘤干细胞而治疗肿瘤的研究逐渐兴起,并取得一定的进展。 目的：综述肺干细胞、肺癌干细胞及肺癌的研究进展。 方法：应用计算机检索中国全文期刊数据库及PubMed相关文献,检索词分别为“肺癌干细胞、肺癌、肺干细胞”,“lung stem cell,lung cancer stem cell,lung cancer,cancer stem cell”,并限定语言为英语和中文,最终入选32篇文章进行综述。 结果与结论：肺癌干细胞可能起源于正常肺组织干细胞,而肺癌干细胞可能是肺癌发生的重要因素。随着对肺癌干细胞研究的深入,肺癌治疗将会进入一个崭新的阶段。     

Adult stem cells and their cardiac potential

Adult cardiac muscle is unable to repair itself following severe disease or injury. Because of this fundamental property of the myocardium, it was long believed that the adult myocardium is a postmitotic tissue. Yet, recent studies have indicated that new cardiac myocytes are generated throughout the life span of an adult and that extracardiac cells can contribute to the renewal of individual cells within the myocardium. In addition, investigations of the phenotypic capacity of adult stem cells have suggested that their potential is not solely restricted to the differentiated cell phenotypes of the source tissue. These observations have great implications for cardiac biology, as stem cells obtained from the bone marrow and other readily accessible adult tissues may serve as a source of replacement cardiac myocytes. In this review, we describe the evidence for these new findings and discuss their implications in context of the continuing controversy over stem cell plasticity.     

Mesenchymal stem cells for vascular regeneration

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have tremendous potential for regenerative medicine, and have been researched for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. MSCs are a promising cell type because of their ease of isolation and expansion, their multipotency and their low immunogenicity. However, in order to fully utilize the therapeutic potential of MSCs, it is important to understand the intrinsic property of MSCs and the role of the microenvironment in modulating MSC behavior and function. Microenvironmental factors such as mechanical cues, soluble factors and matrix properties not only regulate MSC differentiation, but also modulate MSC signaling to the surrounding environment. Understanding the properties of MSCs and the role of the microenvironment will be beneficial for developing in vivo therapies for the construction of tissue-engineered vascular grafts and the treatment of ischemic cardiac tissues.