自研全光纤光学相干计算机断层摄影术灵敏检测早期牙釉质龋

目的探索新型生物组织高分辨率成像技术——光学相干计算机断层摄影术（OCT）用于龋病早期诊断。方法选用化学酸蚀法在离体人恒牙釉质光滑面制备0、12、24、48、72、96、120h不同时间的早期脱矿人工龋模型,采用自行研发的口腔全光纤OCT（AF-OCT）进行离体人恒牙早期牙釉质人工龋的体外检测．并与同一牙齿样本的显微数码摄影、扫描电子显微镜和偏振光显微镜的检测结果进行比较．检验AF—OCT体外检测早期龋变的效能。结果AF—OCT可早期准确检测到脱矿12h以内的牙釉质表面组织学水平的改变．开窗区釉质表面脱矿深度与脱矿时间成正比。与3种常用体内外检测手段相比．AF—OCT可早于显微数码摄影观察到牙釉质表面的形貌改变．与扫描电子显微镜和偏振光显微镜检测结果高度相关。结论自研AF—OCT可早期、精确、无创地检测出脱矿12h以内的早期牙釉质表面人工龋变,并可实现量化测定和分析．获得的龋变深度量化测量数据与偏振光显微镜下组织学测量结果高度相关。     

早期自然釉质龋光学相干断层图像定量分析

目的 通过对早期自然龋变光学相干断层成像(OCT)图像进行定量分析,寻找适于光学相干断层成像技术检测早期龋的定量参数指标.方法 选取D0期、D1期和D2期自然发生釉质龋双尖牙标本各3颗,利用光学相干断层成像分别对上述不同程度早期釉质龋人离体牙进行扫描,并以龋变区域(目标区域)平均灰度值与正常区域(背景区域)平均灰度之比...     

全光纤OCT量化检出早期釉质龋的研究

目的评价全光纤光学相干断层成像（全光纤OCT）检出早期牙釉质人工龋的敏感性。方法在新鲜拔除的7颗离体人恒牙釉质光滑面制备2mm×3mm实验窗．选用pH4．5的化学酸蚀液在开窗区制备0～120h早期脱矿人工龋模型．采用自行研发的口腔全光纤OCT系统检测离体人恒牙早期牙釉质人工龋,以同一牙齿样本的显微数码摄影和偏光显微镜检测作为对照．比较和检验OCT有效检出早期龋变的敏感性和可行性。结果全光纤口腔OCT装置可早期准确检测到脱矿12h以内牙釉质表面组织学水平的微观改变,早于裸眼和临床显微摄影的观察结果：开窗区釉质表面完整度随脱矿作用时间出现递减变化;而釉质脱矿深度随脱矿作用时间而出现递增性变化,不同时段脱矿深度的OCT量化数据与偏光显微镜检出结果相吻合．统计学分析结果表明2者间无显著性差异（P〉0．05）,证实OCT可早期、敏感、精确地检出组织学水平的早期牙釉质人工龋。结论全光纤口腔OCT系统可无创准确检出早期牙釉质表面和表层下人工龋变．获得的龋变深度量化测量数据与偏光显微镜下组织学水平的测量结果高度相关。系统进一步完善后有望作为一种新型光学手段用于口腔临床龋病的早期诊断、量化监控以及干预效果的有效评估。     

基于卷积神经网络的眼科光学相干断层成像图像的自动分类

目的 提出一种基于卷积神经网络(convolutional neural network,CNN)的眼科光学相干断层成像(optical coherence tomography,OCT)图像自动分类方法,实现对视网膜OCT图像的自动分类,缓解人工诊断依赖医生的临床经验、费时费力等问题.方法 基于公开的数据集2014_BOE_Srinivasan构建了2个样本数据集.其中样本数据集一为仅对数据集中的图像进行预处理后裁剪,样本数据集二为对取出测试集后剩余图像的裁剪过程中引入随机平移和水平翻转技术对图像进行扩充,并划分为训练集和验证集.搭建基于CNN的视网膜OCT图像分类网络,并分别使用两个数据集训练网络得到分类模型.最后使用独立的测试集对模型进行测试,并通过输出混淆矩阵查看模型对3种类别图像的分类情况.结果 通过混淆矩阵计算得出,使用扩充后的图像训练的分类模型的准确度为93.43％,灵敏度为91.38％,特异度为95.88％.结论 提出的基于CNN的视网膜OCT图像自动分类方法可以对老年性黄斑变性、糖尿病性黄斑水肿和正常3种类别的视网膜OCT图像进行分类.同时,数据扩充有助于提高分类算法的性能.     

口腔光学相干计算机断层摄影术

光学相干计算机断层摄影术（optical coherence tomography，OCT），是近10年间迅速发展起来的一种新的生物组织成像技术。文章介绍口腔OCT原理和主要功能，阐述口腔OCT在离体口腔组织断层成像、在体口腔组织的实时断层摄影、龋损牙体组织的早期诊断、牙体修复和窝沟封闭效果的评估、监控龋病发展进程、口腔黏膜疾病的无创诊断、口腔软组织癌前病变的无创早期诊断中的实际应用，并与其他影像设备诊断进行比较，展望OCT的发展。     

光学相干成像技术对神经及脑的成像

神经与脑的成像作为最具挑战性的课题之一,得到越来越多的关注.对神经与脑部的成像,能够对神经系统及脑部形态、结构以及功能量化,不仅有助于更加深入地了解脑及神经系统.并且可以提高临床诊疗的效率.光学相干成像技术(OCT)是一种新型的成像技术,已被广泛用于生物与医学领域.光学相干成像技术在对神经及脑的成像研究中,最为人们所关注,其该技术的发展也最为迅速.该技术为解决神经及脑的成像问题提供了新的思路和方法,其发展潜力还有待发掘.概述了光学相干成像技术在神经和脑成像领域的最新技术以及成果,讨论了其在神经和脑成像领域的优缺点以及其未来的发展趋势.     

基于荧光分子断层成像的多模成像系统研究进展

基于荧光分子断层成像（FMT）的多模成像系统已广泛应用于动物实验研究,它将现有的其他成像模态与FMT系统相融合,实现同时对被测生物解剖学结构、生理学功能和分子或细胞水平生物学活动的在体成像.首先介绍了单模FMT系统的发展历史和现状,并介绍了国内外基于FMT的多模系统的研究进展,着重介绍了文献报道的典型的FMT/CT、FMT/MRI和FMT/放射性核素成像系统的系统组成、工作原理、性能特点及实验应用.对基于FMT的多模成像系统的发展进行了展望.     

定量血管内光学相干层析成像的研究进展

血管内光学相干层析成像(IVOCT)是目前分辨率最高的血管内成像技术,可对冠状动脉血管腔及管壁内膜下病变进行快速、清晰的成像。仅根据组织结构的层析图像无法精确识别粥样硬化斑块成分(如钙化、纤维化、脂质和混合斑块),需要形态结构之外的生理信息的对比机制,获得具有临床诊断价值的组织参数,即定量IVOCT(qIVOCT)。本文针对根据IVOCT原始背向散射信号和灰阶图像定量测量血管壁组织的光学特性参数、弹性参数和血流动力学参数的研究现状进行归纳和总结,分析目前存在的问题,展望可能的发展方向。     

基于先验边界条件的冠脉光学相干断层影像血管内膜轮廓序列提取

光学相干断层影像(OCT)是一种应用于血管的影像新技术,其高分辨率和可量化分析等特点,使其能够检测血管内膜和斑块表面的特殊结构并发现微小病变。特别是随着其在识别冠状动脉粥样硬化斑块、优化经皮冠状动脉介入(PCI)治疗、辅助医生制定相关诊断和治疗策略以及支架术后评估等方面的应用相继展开,OCT已经成为心血管疾病诊断的有效工具。本文提出了一种基于先验边界条件的冠脉OCT内膜轮廓序列提取算法,在Chan-Vese模型基础上通过改进演化权函数把轮廓曲线的局部信息引入模型,控制曲线边界演化速度,并在模型中加入梯度能量项和基于先验边界条件的内膜轮廓形状限制项,进一步约束曲线演化轮廓的形状,最终实现冠脉血管内膜轮廓的序列提取。与作为金标准的专业医生手动分割结果进行实验对比,结果表明本算法在冠脉OCT内膜轮廓模糊、失真、有导丝阴影及有斑块干扰等情况下均能准确提取冠脉血管内膜轮廓,提示本研究成果或可应用于临床辅助诊断和精确诊疗之中。     

Correlation of quantitative light-induced fluorescence and optical coherence tomography applied for detection and quantification of early dental caries

Fluorescence loss in enamel following demineralization has been correlated with the amount of mineral lost during the demineralization. The correlation between fluorescence loss measured by quantitative light-induced fluorescence (QLF) and the reflectivity loss measured by a versatile en face optical coherence tomography (OCT) system was investigated in a demineralization process to produce artificial dental caries. We used an OCT system that can collect A-scans (reflectivity versus depth), B-scans (longitudinal images), and C-scans (en face images). The power to the sample was 250 microW, the wavelength lambda = 850 nm, and the depth resolution in air 16 microm. A-scans, which show the profile of the reflectivity versus the depth of penetration into the tooth tissue, were used for quantitative analysis of the reflectivity loss. The results have shown that both the fluorescence radiance and reflectivity of the enamel decrease with increasing de- mineralization time. A linear correlation was observed between the percentage of fluorescence loss measured by QLF and the percentage of reflectivity loss measured by OCT. It was concluded that the decrease in reflectivity of the enamel during demineralization, measured by OCT, could be related to the amount of mineral lost during the de- mineralization process.     

Evaluation of enamel dental restoration interface by optical coherence tomography

Evaluation of molar dental restorations on enamel is performed using optical coherence tomography (OCT) with 10 microm resolution. Images of approximately 50 microm failure gaps in the restorations are demonstrated and the OCT images are compared with x-ray and optical microscopy pictures. The results demonstrate the potential of the technique for clinical evaluation of dental restorations.     

Ex vivo detection and characterization of early dental caries by optical coherence tomography and Raman spectroscopy

Early dental caries detection will facilitate implementation of nonsurgical methods for arresting caries progression and promoting tooth remineralization. We present a method that combines optical coherence tomography (OCT) and Raman spectroscopy to provide morphological information and biochemical specificity for detecting and characterizing incipient carious lesions found in extracted human teeth. OCT imaging of tooth samples demonstrated increased light backscattering intensity at sites of carious lesions as compared to the sound enamel. The observed lesion depth on an OCT image was approximately 290 microm matching those previously documented for incipient caries. Using Raman microspectroscopy and fiber-optic-based Raman spectroscopy to characterize the caries further, spectral changes were observed in PO4 (3-) vibrations arising from hydroxyapatite of mineralized tooth tissue. Examination of various ratios of PO4 (3-) nu2, nu3, nu4 vibrations against the nu1 vibration showed consistent increases in carious lesions compared to sound enamel. The changes were attributed to demineralization-induced alterations of enamel crystallite morphology and/or orientation. OCT imaging is useful for screening carious sites and determining lesion depth, with Raman spectroscopy providing biochemical confirmation of caries. The combination has potential for development into a new fiber-optic diagnostic tool enabling dentists to identify early caries lesions with greater sensitivity and specificity.     

Remineralization of in vitro dental caries assessed with polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography

Polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT) is potentially useful for imaging the nonsurgical remineralization of dental enamel. This study uses an all-fiber-based PS-OCT system operating at 1310 nm to image demineralized and fluoride-enhanced remineralized artificial lesions. PS-OCT images of lesions before and after remineralization are compared with the relative mineral loss DeltaZ (%vol x microm), obtained from high resolution digital microradiography (DM), and chemical composition changes by infrared spectroscopy. Severe early artificial caries show a significant increase in perpendicular-axis integrated reflectivity after remineralization. After sectioning the samples, DM demonstrates that the lesions remineralized with new mineral and the lesion surface zone show significant restoration of mineral volume. PS-OCT and DM both do not show a major change in lesion depth. For less severe artificial caries, the perpendicular-axis image resolves the scattering and depolarization of an outer growth layer after remineralization. This outer layer has a mineral volume close to that of sound enamel, and spectroscopic analysis indicates that the layer is a highly crystalline phase of apatite, without carbonate substitutions that increase the solubility of sound enamel. This study determines that PS-OCT can image the effects of fluoride-enhanced remineralization of mild and severe early artificial in vitro caries.     

Effects of optical beam angle on quantitative optical coherence tomography (OCT) in normal and surface degenerated bovine articular cartilage

Quantitative measurement of articular cartilage using optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a potential approach for diagnosing the early degeneration of cartilage and assessing the quality of its repair. However, a non-perpendicular angle of the incident optical beam with respect to the tissue surface may cause uncertainty to the quantitative analysis, and therefore, significantly affect the reliability of measurement. This non-perpendicularity was systematically investigated in the current study using bovine articular cartilage with and without mechanical degradation. Ten fresh osteochondral disks were quantitatively measured before and after artificially induced surface degradation by mechanical grinding. The following quantitative OCT parameters were determined with a precise control of the surface inclination up to an angle of 10° using a step of 2°: optical reflection coefficient (ORC), variation of surface reflection (VSR) along the surface profile, optical roughness index (ORI) and optical backscattering (OBS). It was found that non-perpendicularity caused systematic changes to all of the parameters. ORC was the most sensitive and OBS the most insensitive to the inclination angle. At the optimal perpendicular angle, all parameters could detect significant changes after surface degradation (p < 0.01), except OBS (p > 0.05). Nonsignificant change of OBS after surface degradation was expected since OBS reflected properties of the internal cartilage tissue and was not affected by the superficial mechanical degradation. As a conclusion, quantitative OCT parameters are diagnostically potential for characterizing the cartilage degeneration. However, efforts through a better controlled operation or corrections based on computational compensation mechanism should be made to minimize the effects of non-perpendicularity of the incident optical beam when clinical use of quantitative OCT is considered for assessing the articular cartilage.     

Subgingival calculus imaging based on swept-source optical coherence tomography

We characterized and imaged dental calculus using swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT). The refractive indices of enamel, dentin, cementum, and calculus were measured as 1.625 ± 0.024, 1.534 ± 0.029, 1.570 ± 0.021, and 2.097 ± 0.094, respectively. Dental calculus leads strong scattering properties, and thus, the region can be identified from enamel with SS-OCT imaging. An extracted human tooth with calculus is covered with gingiva tissue as an in vitro sample for tomographic imaging.     

Tissue surface as the reference arm in Fourier domain optical coherence tomography

We present a simple method applicable to common-path Fourier domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) in which the tissue surface is used as the reference arm. We propose using aluminium hydroxide powder as a potential tissue surface diffuser to allow wider application of this method. This technique allows one to avoid placing a reference arm reflective element, such as glass plate, on tissue, and intrinsically avoids both coherent and complex conjugate mirror artifacts associated with glass plates. Aluminium hydroxide can be sprayed onto tissue using spray nozzles commonly found in endoscopes. The sensitivity of the tissue reference arm common-path OCT image is 94 dB for a 50-[micro sign]s charge-coupled device integration time, and 97.5 dB for a 200-[micro sign]s CCD integration time.