腺病毒介导的骨形态发生蛋白基因增强在骨组织工程中的应用

背景：将目的基因转导到靶细胞中需要载体工具,载体可协助基因进入细胞及表达蛋白,载体的选择是转基因成败的关键。 目的：总结腺病毒介导的骨形态发生蛋白基因增强用于诱导成骨和修复骨缺损的研究现状。 方法：应用计算机检索PubMed 数据库及中国期刊网全文数据库1989-01/2012-01 有关腺病毒介导骨形态发生蛋白基因转染的诱导成骨作用,骨形态发生蛋白基因修饰的组织工程化骨修复骨缺损的文章,英文检索词为“adenovirus,bone morphogenetic protein, gene transfection, bone tissue engineering”,中文检索词为“腺病毒,骨形态发生蛋白,基因转染,骨组织工程”。排除重复性及非中英文语种研究,共保留24篇文献进行综述。 结果与结论：腺病毒介导的骨形态发生蛋白基因增强的组织工程利用基因工程技术将编码特定功能因子的基因转移到种子细胞上,使其持续产生生长因子。转基因后的细胞停留支架材料表面缓慢释放生长因子,促进成骨前体细胞增殖分化,也可在骨缺损处诱导成骨前体细胞向成骨细胞定向分化,从而修复骨缺损。      

骨形态发生蛋白9诱导成骨分化及其在骨科中的应用

背景：骨形态发生蛋白9是一种强有力的诱导成骨分化的骨形态蛋白,但对它的研究却偏少。 目的：对近年来国内外有关骨形态发生蛋白9诱导成骨分化的研究现状以及其在骨科相关疾病治疗中的应用研究进行综述。 方法：应用计算机检索CNKI 和Pubmed 数据库中2001-01/2011-06 关于骨形态发生蛋白9的文章,以“骨形态蛋白-9;成骨分化;骨缺损;脊柱融合;肿瘤”或“bone morphogenetic protein 9, osteogenic differentiation, bone fracture, spinal fusions, tumor”为关键词进行检索。选择近5 年内关于骨形态发生蛋白9的近期发表或发表在权威杂志的文章。初检得到91 篇文献,根据纳入标准得到34 篇文献并进行系统回顾与综述。 结果与结论：迄今为止,已发现多种生长因子能够促进骨形成,其中,骨形成蛋白是骨组织形成过程中最关键的调节因子。骨形态发生蛋白9属于骨形态发生蛋白家族,不仅能强有力的诱导间充质细胞、前成骨细胞和肌肉细胞等成骨分化,而且在软骨形成中也具有重要作用。其诱导骨形成机制不完全同于传统的骨形态发生蛋白。动物实验证明其还能促进骨折愈合、诱导脊柱融合,调控肿瘤的迁徙。因此,骨形态发生蛋白9在骨科领域中具有潜在的应用前景。     

骨形态发生蛋白9体外诱导牙囊细胞的成骨分化

背景：有研究表明骨形态发生蛋白9能促进多种干细胞的成骨分化,但其是否具有诱导牙囊细胞成骨向分化的能力尚不清楚。目的：探讨骨形态发生蛋白9对大鼠牙囊细胞成骨分化的诱导作用。方法：以纯化的第3代大鼠牙囊细胞为研究对象,感染骨形态发生蛋白9腺病毒后,检测牙囊细胞中碱性磷酸酶活性、钙盐沉积以及矿化相关因子基因和蛋白的表达变化。结果与结论：感染骨形态发生蛋白9的牙囊细胞碱性磷酸酶活性持续增强,钙盐沉积明显增强。Real time PCR检测结果显示感染骨形态发生蛋白9的牙囊细胞中矿化相关因子碱性磷酸酶、骨钙素、骨涎蛋白、骨桥蛋白和核心结合因子mRNA表达增强。Western blot检测结果显示感染骨形态发生蛋白9的牙囊细胞中骨桥蛋白的表达增强。以上结果表明骨形态发生蛋白9可诱导牙囊细胞向成骨方向分化。中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：干细胞;骨髓干细胞;造血干细胞;脂肪干细胞;肿瘤干细胞;胚胎干细胞;脐带脐血干细胞;干细胞诱导;干细胞分化;组织工程全文链接：     

锌指蛋白3调节骨形态发生蛋白2诱导C3H10T1/2细胞的成骨分化

背景：骨形态发生蛋白2是参与骨骼生长发育和修复的重要因子,近年来的研究发现锌指蛋白3参与调节转化生长因子β信号的转导,该研究以此为基础开展研究。目的：探讨抑制锌指蛋白3对骨形态发生蛋白2诱导C3H10T1/2细胞成骨分化的影响。方法：以小鼠间充质干细胞系C3H10T1/2细胞为研究对象,设置绿色荧光蛋白、骨形态发生蛋白2、锌指蛋白3、骨形态发生蛋白2+锌指蛋白3重组腺病毒转染组,增强骨形态发生蛋白2表达,抑制锌指蛋白3表达。采用碱性磷酸酶染色检测碱性磷酸酶的表达;RT-qPCR检测骨形态发生蛋白2、锌指蛋白3及成骨、成血管标志物mRNA转录水平;免疫组织化学染色检测Ⅰ型胶原、血管内皮生长因子及内皮黏蛋白表达水平;茜素红染色及半定量分析检测钙盐沉积水平;裸鼠皮下成骨实验检测异位骨块形成情况。结果与结论：(1)骨形态发生蛋白2重组腺病毒能诱导C3H10T1/2细胞的成骨分化,与骨形态发生蛋白重组腺病毒组比较,骨形态发生蛋白2+锌指蛋白3重组腺病毒组成骨标志物碱性磷酸酶、Ⅰ型胶原、成骨细胞特异性转录因子、骨钙素、Runt相关转录因子2及成血管标志物神经轴突导向因子、血管内皮生长因子、血管性血...     

骨形态发生蛋白2和7共转染骨髓间充质干细胞的成骨分化

背景：骨形态发生蛋白最主要的作用是诱导骨形成,但因提取困难、代谢速度快、难以准确控制其使用浓度、价格昂贵等限制了其在体外和体内相关研究中的应用。 目的：构建含特异细胞生长因子基因骨形态发生蛋白2,7的腺病毒载体,观察骨形态发生蛋白2和骨形态发生蛋白7基因共转染对兔骨髓间充质干细胞成骨分化的促进作用。 方法：将全骨髓贴壁法分离得到兔骨髓间充质干细胞传至第3代,分为5组,空白组和常规诱导组分别以常规培养基和成骨诱导分化培养基培养;骨形态发生蛋白2, 7腺病毒转染组：分别单独以骨形态发生蛋白2、骨形态发生蛋白7腺病毒进行转染;联合转染组：以2种骨形态发生蛋白腺病毒联合转染。 结果与结论：转染第7天,联合转染组成骨相关基因Runx-2、Osx、Ⅰ型胶原和碱性磷酸酶mRNA表达均较其他各组增高(P < 0.05);骨形态发生蛋白2,7腺病毒转染组上述指标较空白组和常规诱导组增高(P < 0.05)。转染第14天,联合转染组4个指标均较其他各组明显增高(P < 0.05);同时,4个指标表达均高于第7天(P < 0.05)。病毒转染后第7天,联合转染组Ⅰ型胶原和骨钙素蛋白表达均较其他组明显增高(P < 0.05)。提示对骨髓间充质干细胞进行骨形态发生蛋白2腺病毒和骨形态发生蛋白7腺病毒共转染后,较单基因转染和成骨诱导液诱导更能促进成骨相关基因和蛋白的表达。     

人骨形态发生蛋白2和人成纤维细胞生长因子2双基因共表达腺病毒载体转染人骨髓基质干细胞后的细胞增殖

背景：利用重组腺病毒载体转染外源性基因到组织工程骨的种子细胞是骨缺损基因治疗研究的热点。 目的：用人骨形态发生蛋白2和人成纤维细胞生长因子2双基因共表达腺病毒载体转染人骨髓基质干细胞,以探讨基因转染对人骨髓基质干细胞增殖的影响。 方法：将Ad-hBMP2-IRES-hFGF2转染至人骨髓基质干细胞中,荧光显微镜观察转染效果,RT-PCR方法观察人骨形态发生蛋白2 cNDA和人成纤维细胞生长因子2 cNDA在人骨髓基质干细胞中的转录情况,Wester blot 方法检测人骨形态发生蛋白2和人成纤维细胞生长因子2蛋白表达情况,锥虫蓝测定细胞活力,流式细胞仪分析其对细胞增殖的影响。 结果与结论：转染后人骨形态发生蛋白2和人成纤维细胞生长因子2基因在mRNA水平和蛋白水平均有表达,细胞活力无明显变化,流式细胞仪分析细胞周期中增殖细胞比例明显增加。说明该双基因可高效转染人骨髓基质干细胞,且促进细胞增殖。     

骨形态发生蛋白2，7治疗骨不连的效果评价

文题释义：骨形态发生蛋白：具有成骨活性,可通过不同的信号通路促进骨髓间充质干细胞的成骨分化。 骨不连：骨损伤和骨折后超过9个月,连续超过3个月观察未见进一步愈合的倾向。 背景：自体骨移植辅以坚强固定被认为是治疗骨不连的金标准,目前临床上使用骨形态发生蛋白2,7对骨不连进行治疗的案例较多。 目的：从基因水平描述骨形态发生蛋白的成骨通路,对临床上骨形态发生蛋白治疗骨不连的案例进行分析,同时对比骨形态发生蛋白2,7对骨不连的治疗效果,并对二者效果进行评价及分析。方法：由第一作者用计算机检索中国期刊全文数据库、万方数据库和PubMed数据库,中文检索词为“骨形态发生蛋白、骨不连、信号通路、外固定架、内固定、植骨、感染性骨不连、骨缺损、成骨细胞、骨分化”,英文检索词为“BMP,nonunion,pathway,External fixator,ORIF,bone graft,infected nonunion,bone defect,osteoblast,osteoporosis”,最终纳入文献59篇。 结果与结论：①通过对文献的分析,认为骨形态发生蛋白的基因水平通路可以为其临床应用提供治疗思路;②在对于骨不连的治疗上,骨形态发生蛋白2,7是有效的,但目前缺乏使用骨形态发生蛋白治疗骨不连的规范及标准,例如使用量及适应证;③从总体治疗效果及对感染性骨不连的治疗效果两方面,对比骨形态发生蛋白2,7,认为骨形态发生蛋白2的效果优于骨形态发生蛋白7,尤其是在感染性骨不连的治疗中。 ORCID: 0000-0002-6610-7252(从凯) 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建;骨细胞;软骨细胞;细胞培养;成纤维细胞;血管内皮细胞;骨质疏松;组织工程     

重组pcDNA4 His/Max人骨形态发生蛋白9真核表达载体的构建与鉴定

背景：腺病毒临床应用存在安全隐患,利用真核表达载体表达蛋白为解决安全性问题提供了一种方法。 目的：将人骨形态发生蛋白9的cDNA构建于pcDNA4 His/Max,得到重组真核表达载体pcDNA4 His/Max人骨形态发生蛋白9。 方法：将已有的Padtrack-cmv-人骨形态发生蛋白9进行PCR扩增,电泳回收人骨形态发生蛋白9片段,将pcDNA4 His/Max用Not Ⅰ和KpnⅠ双酶切,得到pcDNA4 His/Max酶切片段,连接人骨形态发生蛋白9和pcDNA4 His/Max片段得到重组质粒pcDNA4 His/Max人骨形态发生蛋白9,将该载体用DH5α转化,阳性克隆扩增及纯化、序列分析鉴定。 结果与结论：通过PCR及序列分析证明pcDNA4 His/Max人骨形态发生蛋白9真核表达载体的人骨形态发生蛋白9基因长度为1.3 kb,与报道的人骨形态发生蛋白9全长序列一致,无突变。结果证实,实验成功构建了pcDNA4 His/Max人骨形态发生蛋白9真核表达载体。     

Brg1调控重组人骨形态发生蛋白2诱导成骨细胞分化

背景：Brg1是依赖ATP的染色质改变复合物的核心催化亚基,该亚基在基因的转录调控、复制、重组,骨骼肌的分化、抑制肿瘤的发生等活动中起着重要的作用。 目的：探索Brg1基因在骨形态发生蛋白2诱导成骨细胞分化过程中的调控机制。 方法：采用胶原酶消化法进行小鼠颅骨成骨细胞的原代培养;分别用0,50,200 μg/L的重组人骨形态发生蛋白2诱导原代培养的成骨细胞的分化,摸索骨形态发生蛋白2的最佳作用剂量;实时荧光定量PCR和Western blot进行骨形态发生蛋白2对Brg1的作用时间的动力学分析;实时荧光定量PCR和钙钴染色法检测敲除Brg1对骨形态发生蛋白2诱导的成骨分化的影响;构建Dlx5腺病毒重组表达载体,实时荧光定量PCR和钙钴染色法检测Brg1在骨形态发生蛋白2诱导的成骨分化过程中对Dlx5的调控作用。 结果与结论：用自行合成的重组人骨形态发生蛋白2可诱导原代培养小鼠成骨细胞分化,200 μg/L剂量有着较好的诱导分化效果;重组人骨形态发生蛋白2可诱导Brg1基因转录水平和翻译水平表达水平上调;敲除Brg1可抑制重组人骨形态发生蛋白2诱导的成骨分化;Brg1能够调控Dlx5的表达水平。说明Brg1通过调控Dlx5的表达水平调控重组人骨形态发生蛋白2诱导的小鼠成骨细胞的分化。     

腺病毒介导骨形态发生蛋白2诱导兔骨髓间充质干细胞的成骨分化

背景:天然骨形态发生蛋白2在体内无法实现缓释、持续诱导骨髓间充质干细胞向成骨细胞分化,如何获得内源性骨形态发生蛋白2蛋白是目前研究的热点.目的:探讨腺病毒介导人骨形态发生蛋白2转染兔骨髓间充质干细胞的成骨分化能力及其可能机制.方法:采用腺病毒介导人骨形态发生蛋白2基因转染第3代兔骨髓间充质干细胞,转染后48 h采用qR...     

Papillary thyroid carcinoma with bone formation

Bone formation is a rarely encountered finding during histological examination of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). This study aimed to analyze clinicopathological parameters in patients with PTC showing bone formation, to document histological features of bone formation in PTC, and to investigate osteogenic proteins. Bone morphogenic protein (BMP)-9 is known as the most potent osteoinductive protein of the BMP subtypes. Recent research suggests that the activin receptor-like kinase (ALK) 1 is an essential cellular receptor that mediates BMP-9-induced osteogenic signaling. A retrospective review of tumor sections from 567 patients with a diagnosis of PTC was performed. Using immunohistochemistry and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, we investigated the expression of ALK1 and BMP-9 in normal thyroid tissue and PTC samples with and without bone formation. Bone formation was found in 13% of patients with PTC. A significant association was seen between bone formation and old age. BMP-9 expression in tumors was increased compared to that in normal thyroid tissues. BMP-9 expression in tumors with bone formation was not significantly different from that in tumors without bone formation. ALK1 expression in tumors with bone formation was increased compared to that in normal thyroid tissue and tumors without bone formation. Our study suggests that upregulation of ALK1 might be an underlying molecular mechanism that explains osteogenesis in PTC.     

A comprehensive analysis of the dual roles of BMPs in regulating adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal progenitor cells

Pluripotent mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are bone marrow stromal progenitor cells that can differentiate into osteogenic, chondrogenic, adipogenic, and myogenic lineages. Several signaling pathways have been shown to regulate the lineage commitment and terminal differentiation of MSCs. Here, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of the 14 types of bone morphogenetic protein (BMPs) for their abilities to regulate multilineage specific differentiation of MSCs. We found that most BMPs exhibited distinct abilities to regulate the expression of Runx2, Sox9, MyoD, and PPARgamma2. Further analysis indicated that BMP-2, BMP-4, BMP-6, BMP-7, and BMP-9 effectively induced both adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation in vitro and in vivo. BMP-induced commitment to osteogenic or adipogenic lineage was shown to be mutually exclusive. Overexpression of Runx2 enhanced BMP-induced osteogenic differentiation, whereas knockdown of Runx2 expression diminished BMP-induced bone formation with a decrease in adipocyte accumulation in vivo. Interestingly, overexpression of PPARgamma2 not only promoted adipogenic differentiation, but also enhanced osteogenic differentiation upon BMP-2, BMP-6, and BMP-9 stimulation. Conversely, MSCs with PPARgamma2 knockdown or mouse embryonic fibroblasts derived from PPARgamma2(-/-) mice exhibited a marked decrease in adipogenic differentiation, coupled with reduced osteogenic differentiation and diminished mineralization upon BMP-9 stimulation, suggesting that PPARgamma2 may play a role in BMP-induced osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation. Thus, it is important to understand the molecular mechanism behind BMP-regulated lineage divergence during MSC differentiation, as this knowledge could help us to understand the pathogenesis of skeletal diseases and may lead to the development of strategies for regenerative medicine.     

#br# rhTGF-β1对SD大鼠MSCs骨向分化的影响及机制研究

 目的：通过观察重组人转化生长因子 β1(rhTGF-β1)对大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞(MSCs)增殖和骨向分化能力的影响,以及对骨形态发生蛋白2(BMP-2)、Smad4及核心结合因子α1(Cbfa1)的作用,阐释其对MSCs骨向分化影响以及可能的作用机制。方法：用全骨髓贴壁法分离、纯化SD大鼠MSCs;用MTT法检测0、5、10、20、40、80和100 μg/L rhTGF-β1对MSCs增殖活性的影响;以碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性及ALP染色阳性率确定rhTGF-β1的最佳促MSCs骨向分化浓度,并以该浓度对MSCs骨向分化进行干预。按是否添加经典成骨诱导液将实验分为：正常组、经典组、rhTGF-β1组和rhTGF-β1+经典组。通过检测ALP、I型胶原、骨钙素表达和钙化结节的数目,评价各组骨向分化能力;通过检测BMP-2、Smad4和Cbfa1 mRNA的表达,评价各组促MSCs骨向分化的可能作用机制。结果：rhTGF-β1最佳促MSCs增殖浓度为10 μg/L,最佳促MSCs骨向分化浓度为5 μg/L。经典组、rhTGF-β1组和rhTGF-β1+经典组均能促进MSCs骨向分化,刺激BMP-2分泌,并上调Smad4和Cbfa1 mRNA的表达,且rhTGF-β1对MSCs成骨分化的早期、中期效果好,而rhTGF-β1+经典组对MSCs成骨分化的晚期效果更为明显。结论:经典组、rhTGF-β1组和rhTGF-β1+经典组均有促MSCs骨向分化的作用,其机制可能是促进BMP-2的分泌,通过TGF-β超家族/Smads信号通路调控骨向分化。     

Osteogenic differentiation is selectively promoted by morphogenetic signals from chondrocytes and synergized by a nutrient rich growth environment

Cartilage formation always precedes that of bone during endochondral skeletal development. To determine if chondrocytes provide inductive signals for osteogenesis, C3H10T(1/2) mesenchymal stem cells were co-cultured in membrane separated transwell culture chambers with chondrocytes, osteoblasts, or fibroblasts. Osteogenesis, as assessed by the expression of osteocalcin mRNAs, was strongly induced in the C3H10T(1/2) cells co-cultured with chondrocytes but not induced by co-culture with either osteoblasts or fibroblasts. Interestingly, while only osteogenic differentiation was observed in the C3H10T(1/2) cells co-cultured with chondrocytes, bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-7 treatment induced an ordered endochondral progression of skeletal cell differentiation in which chondrogenic differentiation preceded osteogenesis by 2 to 4 days. A nutrient enriched growth environment enhanced osteogenic differentiation induced by either co-culture or BMP-7 treatment 2- to 5-fold. Nutrient enhanced osteogenic differentiation was associated with an activation of the retinoblastoma-mediated signal transduction pathways. In summary, these results show that osteogenesis is selectively induced by morphogenetic signals produced by chondrocytes and that a nutrient rich environment enhances both BMP-7- and co-culture-induced osteogenic differentiation.     

国产多孔钽复合骨形态发生蛋白7植入兔竖脊肌内的生物相容性

BACKGROUND: Bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP-7) can induce bone and cartilage formation in vivo, and induce chondrogenic and osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal cells in muscles and around the vessels.     

BMP-9 induced osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells: molecular mechanism and therapeutic potential

Promoting osteogenic differentiation and efficacious bone regeneration have the potential to revolutionize the treatment of orthopaedic and musculoskeletal disorders. Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) are bone marrow progenitor cells that have the capacity to differentiate along osteogenic, chondrogenic, myogenic, and adipogenic lineages. Differentiation along these lineages is a tightly controlled process that is in part regulated by the Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs). BMPs 2 and 7 have been approved for clinical use because their osteoinductive properties act as an adjunctive treatment to surgeries where bone healing is compromised. BMP-9 is one of the least studied BMPs, and recent in vitro and in vivo studies have identified BMP-9 as a potent inducer of osteogenic differentiation in MSCs. BMP-9 exhibits significant molecular cross-talk with the Wnt/ β-catenin and other signaling pathways, and adenoviral expression of BMP-9 in MSCs increases the expression of osteogenic markers and induces trabecular bone and osteiod matrix formation. Furthermore, BMP-9 has been shown to act synergistically in bone formation with other signaling pathways, including Wnt/ β-catenin, IGF, and retinoid signaling pathways. These results suggest that BMP-9 should be explored as an effective bone regeneration agent, especially in combination with adjuvant therapies, for clinical applications such as large segmental bony defects, non-union fractures, and/or spinal fusions.     

Genetic profiling of osteoblast-like cells cultured on a novel bone reconstructive material,consisting of poly-l-lactide,carbon nanotubes and microhydroxyapatite,in the presence of bone morphogenetic protein-2

In bone tissue engineering composite materials have been introduced, combining a degradable polymer matrix with, for instance, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) to improve mechanical properties or with microhydroxyapatite (μHA) to improve osteoconduction. The addition of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) can further improve the biological response to the material. However, the influence of such an elaborate composite formation on osteoprogenitor cells is unknown.To examine this, rat bone marrow (RBM) cells were cultured on porous poly-l-lactic acid and composite scaffolds, with or without added BMP-2. Cell proliferation and differentiation were studied using DNA, alkaline phosphatase and scanning electron microscopic analysis. Further, genetic profiles were examined by microarray investigation. Results showed that the composite scaffold had no significant effect on the proliferation of RBM cells, but indicated a negative effect on cell differentiation. The addition of BMP-2 also had no significant effect on the proliferation of RBM cells, but differentiation towards the osteogenic lineage was confirmed. In the arrays results, the addition of BMP-2 alone led to the expression of genes involved in (minor) inflammation. The composite scaffold, and even more distinctly the combination of the composite scaffold with BMP-2, led to the expression of genes, based on gene ontology, connected to tumorigenesis. Therefore, CNT- and μHA-containing composite materials are not recommended as a bone restorative material.