急性骨损伤生物修复材料的选择与表面修饰

背景：对于严重或较为复杂的急性骨损伤的修复,选择理想骨基质材料为细胞提供理想的生存环境。 目的：综述骨组织工程基质材料的运用和对其进行改性、修饰的相关研究成果。 方法：应用计算机检索CNKI和PubMed数据库中1999-01/2011-03关于软骨损伤及医用缝线材料的文章,在标题和摘要中以“骨,材料,修饰”或“bone,materials,modified”为检索词进行检索。选择文章内容与缝线材料相关,同一领域文献则选择近期发表或发表在权威杂志文章。初检得到237篇文献,根据纳入标准选择28篇文章进行综述。 结果与结论：理想骨基质材料的选择,必须要具有良好的生物相容性、相应的硬度,并可为细胞吸附、再生和繁殖的理想环境,从目前对骨基质材料的运用情况来看,各种材料在实践运用中,利弊犹存。所以,为了使基质材料尽量达到理想效果,选择理想的基质材料尤为关键,同时对其进行必要的改性或表面修饰处理,以适应理想基质材料的需要,也是尤为重要。     

三嵌段高分子骨组织工程支架材料的表面多肽修饰与细胞粘附性研究

目的用甘氨酸-精氨酸-甘氨酸-天冬氨酸-丝氨酸-脯氨酸-半胱氨酸对三嵌段高分子骨组织工程支架材料进行表面修饰，并检测其细胞粘附性。方法利用异双官能交联剂将甘氨酸-精氨酸-甘氨酸-天冬氨酸-丝氨酸-脯氨酸-半胱氨酸多肽固定在聚丙交酯／乙交酯／天冬氨酸-聚乙二醇材料表面，并进行X线光电子分光镜检测和表面接触角测定；体外培养骨髓基质细胞，接种至表面修饰的材料上，测定细胞粘附力，并和未修饰材料对比。结果固定交联剂和多肽后X线光电子分光镜检测示硫元素的含量分别为0．3％和0．2％；硫元素的结合能是164eV和163．9eV；表面接触角为60．2±2．364度；细胞粘附力为（521．45±134．98）×10^-10牛顿。结论甘氨酸-精氨酸-甘氨酸-天冬氨酸-丝氨酸-脯氨酸-半胱氨酸能共价固定在聚丙交酯／乙交酯／天冬氨酸-聚乙二醇材料表面；多肽修饰后的材料能特异性的介导骨髓基质细胞粘附，增强其粘附力。     

羟基磷灰石表面修饰人工角膜钛支架的体内生物相容性

背景：纯钛人工角膜支架在临床应用中的并发症发生率较高,因此寻找一种生物相容性高的人工角膜支架材料一直是国内外研究的重点和热点。目的：观察羟基磷灰石表面修饰人工角膜钛支架的体内生物相容性。方法：取新西兰白兔27只,制作右眼角膜碱烧伤模型,造模后立即均分为3组,实验组右眼植入经过羟基磷灰石表面修饰的人工角膜钛支架,对照组右眼植入人工角膜钛支架,空白对照组右眼仅制备囊袋而不植入支架。术后2,4,16周取兔右眼角膜组织,进行病理组织学观察及扫描电镜观察。结果与结论：术后16周,3组间炎性细胞与纤维细胞数量比较差异均无显著性意义。随着时间的延长,实验组角膜组织逐渐增多,纤维组织逐渐增厚,细胞外基质附着逐渐增加,角膜组织贴附密集度、细胞外基质附着密集度及组织愈合度均优于对照组及空白对照组。表明羟基磷灰石表面修饰人工角膜钛支架具有良好的生物相容性,可有效促进角膜细胞增生,有利于角膜血管化。中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料;骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性;组织工程     

骨填充材料在骨肿瘤中的应用

背景：由于肿瘤造成的骨组织缺损是临床面临的难题之一,而如何修复骨缺损是骨科领域的热点问题。 目的：介绍各种骨填充材料在骨肿瘤中的应用,并观察硫酸钙人工骨复合自体骨修复骨肿瘤骨缺损的临床疗效。 方法：以“骨填充材料,骨肿瘤,骨缺损”为中文关键词;以“bone filled materials,bone tumor,bone defect”为英文关键词,采用计算机检索2001-01/2011-01 PubMed及CNKI数据库相关文章。共检索到文献40篇,最终纳入符合标注的文献24篇。 结果与结论：用于骨肿瘤骨缺损的骨填充材料众多,主要分为自体骨、同种异体骨、人工合成材料。有学者应用复合材料取得了较好的疗效。每种材料在修复骨肿瘤骨缺损中都有各自的优缺点。到目前为止,还没有发现一种理想的骨肿瘤骨缺损填充材料。通过骨组织工程技术获得所需的骨填充材料,可能是今后的发展方向之一。     

可注射型组织工程骨支架材料的研究进展

可注射型组织工程骨支架材料是一种具有一定形态和机械强度的支架材料,可与种子细胞复合,以流体的形式注射到骨组织缺损部位,最终形成新骨,达到结构恢复和功能重建的目的.此材料具有创伤小、可塑性好的特点,可以修复形态不规则的骨缺损,能够很好地复合生长因子,是目前较为理想的骨组织缺损的修复方式.在众多可注射骨组织工程材料中,生物陶瓷材料、高分子材料等被证明有高度的生物相容性和良好的机械性能,已成为骨组织工程材料方面的研究重点.旨在对生物陶瓷材料、高分子材料、生物陶瓷与高分子复合材料的发展与应用作一综述.     

组织工程中生物材料表面修饰的研究

为了提高生物材料的生物相容性和细胞亲和性 ,需对生物材料进行表面修饰。本文对生物材料表面修饰的方法进行了综述 ,并提出今后尚待解决的问题和发展趋势     

表面修饰对羟基磷灰石异位成骨的影响

目的 了解精氨酸-甘氨酸-天冬氨酸(Arg-Gly-Asp,RGD)多肽表面修饰对羟基磷灰石(hydroxyapatite,HA)异位成骨的影响.方法 以骨髓基质干细胞(marrow stromal cells,MSCs)复合RGD多肽表面修饰的HA或单纯材料培养制备组织工程骨,将材料植入新西兰白兔脊柱旁的肌肉内,根据植入不同材料分为A、B、C和D组.A组植入MSCs复合RGD多肽表面修饰的HA培养制备的组织工程骨;B组植入MSCs复合HA培养制备的组织工程骨;C组植入RGD多肽表面修饰的HA;D组植入HA.术后4、8周取材,行组织学观察和计算机图像分析.结果 术后4、8周,各组异位成骨组织学评估,A＞B(P＜0.05),C和D组无异位成骨.结论 RGD多肽表面修饰对以HA为支架材料组织工程骨的异位成骨有明显优化作用.     

生物材料的表面修饰对细胞黏附性的影响

细胞与生物材料相互作用过程中,细胞黏附是首先发生的生物学行为,对后续发生的迁徙、增殖和分化具有重要影响.因此,如何改善细胞在生物材料表面的黏附特性,自然成为目前组织工程研究的一项重要内容,目前较多采用的是对生物材料进行表面修饰的方法.就生物材料的表面修饰对细胞在生物材料上黏附的影响进展作一综述.     

生物降解材料复合成骨因子在骨科应用研究中的进展

背景：生物可降解植入物不仅可重建骨缺损部位,而且随着材料的逐步降解,新生骨组织可完全替代移植材料,填充骨缺损处。目的：总结生物降解材料复合成骨因子在骨科的研究进展。方法：以“可降解材料,成骨因子,细胞活性因子,骨组织工程;Biodegradable materials,factors,cell active factor,bone tissue engineering”为检索词,应用计算机检索PubMed、万方、CNKI数据库2000至2015年的相关文献。结果与结论：生物可降解医用高分子材料可分为天然高分子材料和人工合成可降解材料。天然高分子材料具有良好的生物相容性,但其机械强度较差;人工合成可降解材料械强度较天然高分子材料高,但容易造成局部酸性物质堆积,产生局部炎症反应。将生物可降解医用高分子材料与成骨因子复合,可提高材料的力学强度与骨诱导能力,但将其作为骨修复材料应用于临床还有很多问题需要解决。  中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料;骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性;组织工程     

多肽对生物材料表面修饰的研究现状

对生物材料进行表面修饰可以提高生物材料的细胞粘附性,用多肽对生物材料进行表面修饰是一种较好的表面改性方法。本文对生物材料表面修饰用多肽的种类的选择及多肽固定的方法研究现状进行综述。     

光生物调节修复运动性肌肉损伤

背景：不习惯强度的运动常导致运动性肌肉损伤,光生物调节治疗运动性肌肉损伤的研究存在不同的结果,且其治疗机制及其量效关系尚不清楚。 目的：总结和分析光生物调节作用的机制以及光生物调节疗法治疗运动性肌肉损伤时的剂量、强度、波长等与效应之间的关系。 方法：通过PubMed数据库(1996-01/2010-04)和中国学术期刊库(2000-01/2010-04)检索了低强度激光或单色光对运动性肌肉损伤的作用及其相关机制的文献,英文检索词为“low-level laser, phototherapy, exercise-induced muscle damage, delayed onset muscle soreness”,中文检索词为“低强度激光,光疗法,运动性肌肉损伤,延迟性肌肉酸痛”。手工补充检索低强度激光疗法的专著。共收集到中、英文文献38篇,排除重复及类似性研究,纳入31篇文献进行综述。 结果与结论：光生物调节作用的机制假说主要包括线粒体机制、一氧化氮机制、氧化还原机制和光生物信息模型理论,光生物调节疗法治疗运动性肌肉损伤的具体机制仍不清楚。光生物调节治疗运动性肌肉损伤只有在剂量和强度达到足够大情况下才有效,而且强度可能比剂量更重要,患部的有效照射剂量和强度受到皮肤厚度和光波波长的影响。由此推论,光生物调节疗法能有效地治疗运动性肌肉损伤,其疗效是剂量和强度依赖性的。     

Functionalized silk-based biomaterials for bone formation

Silks are being reassessed as biomaterial scaffolds due to their unique mechanical properties, opportunities for genetic tailoring of structure and thus function, and recent studies clarifying biocompatibility. We report on the covalent decoration of silk films with integrin recognition sequences (RGD) as well as parathyroid hormone (PTH, 1-34 amino acids) and a modified PTH 1-34 (mPTH) involved in the induction of bone formation. Osteoblast-like cell (Saos-2) responses to the decorated silk films indicate that the proteins serve as suitable bone-inducing matrices. Osteoblast-like cell adhesion was significantly increased on RGD and PTH compared to plastic, mPTH, and the control peptide RAD. At 2 weeks of culture, message levels of alkaline phosphatase were similar on all substrates, but by 4 weeks, alkaline phosphatase mRNA was greatest on RGD. At 2 weeks of culture, alpha 1(I) procollagen mRNA was elevated on silk, RGD, RAD, and PTH, and hardly detectable on mPTH and plastic. However, by 4 weeks RGD demonstrated the highest level compared to the other substrates. Osteocalcin message levels detected by RT-PCR were greatest on RGD at both time points. Calcification was also significantly elevated on RGD compared to the other substrates with an increase in number and size of the mineralized nodules in culture. Thus, RGD covalently decorated silk appears to stimulate osteoblast-based mineralization in vitro.     

Surface analysis methods for characterizing polymeric biomaterials

Surface properties have an enormous effect on the success or failure of a biomaterial device, thus signifying the considerable importance of and the need for adequate characterization of the biomaterial surface. Microscopy techniques used in the analysis of biomaterial surfaces include scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and confocal microscopy. Spectroscopic techniques include X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier Transform infrared attenuated total reflection and secondary ion mass spectrometry. The measurement of contact angles, although one of the earlier techniques developed remains a very useful tool in the evaluation of surface hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity. This paper provides a brief, easy to understand synopsis of these and other techniques including emerging techniques, which are proving useful in the analysis of the surface properties of polymeric biomaterials. Cautionary statements have been made, numerous authors referenced and examples used to show the specific type of information that can be acquired from the different techniques used in the characterization of polymeric biomaterials surfaces.     

Surface analysis methods for characterizing polymeric biomaterials

Surface properties have an enormous effect on the success or failure of a biomaterial device, thus signifying the considerable importance of and the need for adequate characterization of the biomaterial surface. Microscopy techniques used in the analysis of biomaterial surfaces include scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and confocal microscopy. Spectroscopic techniques include X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier Transform infrared attenuated total reflection and secondary ion mass spectrometry. The measurement of contact angles, although one of the earlier techniques developed remains a very useful tool in the evaluation of surface hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity. This paper provides a brief, easy to understand synopsis of these and other techniques including emerging techniques, which are proving useful in the analysis of the surface properties of polymeric biomaterials. Cautionary statements have been made, numerous authors referenced and examples used to show the specific type of information that can be acquired from the different techniques used in the characterization of polymeric biomaterials surfaces.     

Extracellular matrix-mimetic adhesive biomaterials for bone repair

Limited osseointegration of current orthopedic biomaterials contributes to the failure of implants such as arthroplasties, bone screws, and bone grafts, which present a large socioeconomic cost within the United States. These implant failures underscore the need for biomimetic approaches that modulate host cell-implant material responses to enhance implant osseointegration and bone formation. Bioinspired strategies have included functionalizing implants with extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins or ECM-derived peptides or protein fragments, which engage integrins and direct osteoblast adhesion and differentiation. This review discusses (1) bone ECM composition and key integrins implicated in osteogenic differentiation, (2) the use of implants functionalized with ECM-mimetic peptides/protein fragments, and (3) growth factor-derived peptides to promote the mechanical fixation of implants to bone and to enhance bone healing within large defects.     

表面修饰羟基磷灰石修复骨缺损骨形态发生蛋白-2的表达

目的了解精氨酸-甘氨酸-天冬氨酸多肽表面修饰的羟基磷灰石（hydroxyapatite,HA）修复节段性骨缺损局部骨形态发生蛋白-2（bone morphogenefic protein-2，BMP-）的表达。方法以骨髓基质干细胞（marrow stromal cels，MSCs）复合Arg-Gly-Asp（RGD）多肽表面修饰的HA或单纯材料培养制备组织工程骨，选择60只新西兰白兔。制作15mm长的桡骨节段性骨缺损模型，根据植入不同的材料分为A、B、C、D组。A组：骨缺损区植入MSCs复合RGD多肽表面修饰的HA培养制备的组织工程骨；B组：骨缺损区植入MSCs复合HA培养制备的组织工程骨；C组：骨缺损区植入RGD多肽表面修饰的HA；D组：骨缺损区植入HA。术后4周取材，行修复区局部BMP-2免疫组化分析。结果术后4周各组骨缺损区均有新骨生成，修复区局部BMP-2表达水平依次为：A〉B〉C〉D（P〈0．05）。结论RGD多肽表面修饰对以HA为支架材料组织工程骨的修复作用有明显优化作用。     

皮肤修复材料的发展历程——理念与技术的融合

人类对皮肤的认识是一个逐渐深入的过程,最初认为皮肤是单纯屏障器官,后来意识到其是机体与外界环境进行物质和信息交换的器官,如今发现皮肤既是免疫反应的效应器官同时又是主动参与启动和调节机体许多免疫反应的器官,与此同时人类对皮肤损伤修复材料的探索也是一个逐渐深入的过程。     

Etiology of exercise-induced muscle damage.

Muscle damage is caused by strenuous and unaccustomed exercise, especially exercise involving eccentric muscle contractions, where muscles lengthen as they exert force. Damage can be observed both directly at the cellular level and indirectly from changes in various indices of muscle function. Several mechanisms have been offered to explain the etiology of the damage/repair process, including mechanical factors such as tension and strain, disturbances in calcium homeostasis, the inflammatory response, and the synthesis of stress proteins (heat shock proteins). Changes in muscle function following eccentric exercise have been observed at the cellular level as an impairment in the amount and action of transport proteins for glucose and lactate/H+, and at the systems level as an increase in muscle stiffness and a prolonged loss in the muscle's ability to generate force. This paper will briefly review factors involved in the damage/repair process and alterations in muscle function following eccentric exercise.     

Surface hydroxylation of styrene-butadiene-styrene block copolymers for biomaterials.

This work pertains to the development of high strength elastomers potentially useful as nonthrombogenic cardiovascular prostheses. Triblock copolymers of the styrene-butadiene-styrene type have been subjected to surface hydroxylation which provide reactive sites at the surface for the subsequent coupling of heparin while retaining the unique mechanical properties of the SBS copolymers. Curves of hydroxyl content versus the copolymer film thickness demonstrate the effect of swelling in the surface region on the product distribution and on the time dependence of the hydroxylation process. In addition, the effect of time, temperature, and the composition of the reaction bath on the diffusion/reaction process is shown. Finally, the general applicability of this surface modification scheme to the development of biomaterials is discussed.