骨骼肌纤维类型及其细胞与分子基础

骨骼肌纤维类型众多，不同肌组织分布和构成比例不同，以适应其复杂的功能。肌纤维类型及其表达的专一蛋白同功型的多样性，是骨骼肌功能差异和适应性的结构和分子基础。     

青少年颞下颌关节骨关节病患者髁突在关节窝内间隙变化与骨质破坏位置的相关性

背景：国内外对于青少年颞下颌关节骨关节病患者的相关研究甚少,以往采用传统X射线平片检查方法,近年来通过口腔锥形束CT手段获取图像资料分析优势显著,不仅可以了解髁突影像学变化特征,而且可为青少年颞下颌关节骨关节病患者在临床诊断及治疗中提供参考。目的：对青少年颞下颌关节骨关节病患者进行锥形束CT测量分析,评价在影像学成像方面的异常形态及影响因素。方法：选择80例颞下颌关节骨关节病的青少年（试验组）和80例无症状青少年（对照组）,均于牙尖交错位进行锥形束CT扫描,使用Invivo 5.2软件对两组患者进行颞下颌关节三维重建影像测量研究：（1）矢状位测量：包括颞下颌关节上间隙、前间隙、后间隙;（2）轴位测量：包括颞下颌关节髁突前后径、内外径;（3）三维立体成像：下颌升支的高度;（4）试验组颞下颌关节骨关节病各病理改变类型的百分比。结果与结论（1）据统计试验组中男27例,女53例,男、女比例约为1∶2;（2）组内比较：试验组双侧颞下颌关节关节上间隙、后间隙差异有显著性意义（P <0.05）;对照组双侧颞下颌关节的关节测量值相比差异均无显著性意义（P> 0.05）;（3）组间比较：试验...     

温针灸与针刺治疗老年性膝骨关节病的临床疗效对比

目的 探究温针灸与针刺治疗老年性膝骨关节病的临床疗效。方法 选取我院2015年1月~2017年1月收治的老年性膝骨关节病患者110例,按随机数字表法分为实验组和对照组,每组55例。实验组采取温针灸疗法,对照组采取针刺治疗。对比两组患者治疗有效率、治疗前后膝关节评分和疼痛量表评分。结果 实验组治疗有效率为94.55%,高于对照组的74.55%,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。治疗后1周、2周,实验组膝关节HSS评分均高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。治疗后1周,实验组膝关节ROM评分为（82.24±9.46）分,高于对照组的（75.24±9.32）分,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;治疗2周,两组膝关节ROM评分对比,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。治疗前后,两组间疼痛量表VAS评分及评分差值对比,差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。结论 与针刺治疗相比,温针灸能在较短时间内缓解患者膝骨关节疼痛,且治疗方式较适宜老年患者。     

白细胞介素12基因多态性与广西壮族人群骨关节结核易感性的关系

BACKGROUND: Interleukin-12 (IL-12) may function as an immune regulator in the pathogenesis of osteoarticular tuberculosis. OBJECTIVE: To explore the association of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in IL-12A rs568408 G/A and IL-12B rs3212227 A/C with susceptibility to osteoarticular tuberculosis and serum interleukin-12 levels in Guangxi Zhuang population. METHODS: The single-nucleotide polymorphisms in IL-12A rs568408 G/A and IL-12B rs3212227 A/C polymorphisms were detected by polymerase chain reaction-single base extension technique and direct DNA sequencing in 150 patients with osteoarticular tuberculosis (disease group) and 165 healthy individuals (control group) in Guangxi Zhuang population. The genotype and allele frequencies of IL-12 and the relationship of genotypes to the susceptibility to osteoarticular tuberculosis were analyzed. In addition, the association of genotypes of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in IL-12A rs568408 G/A and IL-12B rs3212227 A/C with serum IL-12 levels were analyzed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: There was no significant difference in the genotype and allele frequencies of IL-12A rs568408 G/A and IL-12B rs3212227 A/C between the disease group and the control group (P > 0.05). Moreover, there was no difference in four haplotypes of IL-12 gene between the disease group and the control group (P > 0.05). Serum IL-12 levels in subjects with osteoarticular tuberculosis carrying the variant rs568408 GA/AA genotypes and wild-type rs568408 GG genotypes were similar (P > 0.05). Similarly, there was no significant difference in serum IL-12 levels between subjects with osteoarticular tuberculosis carrying the variant rs3212227 AC/CC genotypes and wild-type rs3212227 AA genotypes (P > 0.05). These findings suggest that the single-nucleotide polymorphisms in IL-12A rs568408 G/A and IL-12B rs3212227 A/C polymorphisms are not associated with susceptibility to osteoarticular tuberculosis in Guangxi Zhuang population. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建;骨细胞;软骨细胞;细胞培养;成纤维细胞;血管内皮细胞;骨质疏松;组织工程     

隐孢子虫病患者与机体细胞免疫功能相关性的研究

目的　探讨隐孢子虫病患者与机体细胞免疫功能的关系。方法　采用生物素 链霉亲和素 (Biotin Streptavidin,BSA)法对卵囊阳性患者分别进行外周血T细胞亚群、膜白介素 2受体 (mIL 2R)检测。结果　隐孢子虫卵囊阳性者的CD3+ 、CD4 + 、CD8+ 和CD4 + /CD8+ 阳性百分率分别为 (5 5 .87± 7.2 3) %、(39.2 6± 6 .4 3) %、(30 .0 4± 5 .6 7) %和 (1 .36± 0 .4 1 ) % ,诱导期mIL 2R表达水平为 (33.4 5± 2 .31 ) % ,两者分别与卵囊阴性者及静息期mIL 2R相比 ,差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 5～ 0 .0 1 )。结论　隐孢子虫病引起细胞免疫功能的变化 ,T细胞亚群、mIL 2R在抗隐孢子虫感染中起重要作用     

巴金森病与多系统萎缩患者的交感神经皮肤反应研究

目的：研究原发性巴金森病（IPD）与多系统萎缩（MSA）交感神经皮肤反应（SSR）,以探讨它们自主神经功能障碍的差异。方法：对31例IPD、17例MSA和83位正常人的SSR结果比较,分析PD组和MSA组SSR异常特征和与病程、自主神经症状的相关性。结果：MSA组SSR异常率（76％）显著高于IPD组（45％）,以双侧异常多见。3年内病程的SSR异常率为73％,并与自主神经症状相关。IPD组SSR异常与病程显著相关,与自主神经症状无完全对应关系,SSR异常更多见于震颤侧。结论：MSA广泛而严重的自主神经系统受累可能是SSR异常显著有别于IPD的基础。SSR异常出现早,呈双侧改变,且与自主神经症状有对应关系,则更多提示MSA的可能。     

推拿干预2型糖尿病大鼠骨骼肌功能及肌纤维类型的转换

背景：既往研究表明,推拿可调控血糖的平衡,并能减缓骨骼肌的流失,促进肌纤维类型的转化,骨骼肌也是维持血糖平衡稳定的重要器官,但其具体关联和机制尚不明确。目的：探讨推拿对2型糖尿病大鼠骨骼肌结构和功能及骨骼肌纤维类型转换的影响。方法：取Wistar大鼠24只,通过高脂喂养联合小剂量链脲佐菌素腹腔注射建立2型糖尿病大鼠模型,将造模成功的18只大鼠采用随机数字表法分3组,每组6只：模型组不进行任何治疗,药物组灌胃给予盐酸二甲双胍,1次/d,6次/疗程,疗程间休息1 d,共灌胃治疗8个疗程;推拿组于丰隆、足三里、三阴交、血海等穴位用小动物按摩器进行推拿治疗,1次/d,6次/疗程,疗程间休息1 d,共治疗8个疗程。选择6只健康大鼠作为空白组,不进行任何干预。治疗结束后,检测大鼠血糖与血清胰岛素水平、肢体抓握力、游泳力竭时间、骨骼肌湿质量及腓肠肌中生肌决定因子、肌肉生长抑制素的蛋白及m RNA表达,采用ATPase染色观察骨骼肌纤维类型变化。结果与结论：(1)治疗结束后,与模型组比较,药物组、推拿组大鼠空腹血糖与血清胰岛素水平明显降低(P <0.01);(2)与模型组比较,推拿组大鼠肢体抓握...     

原发性膝骨关节病中血清相关生物标志物的表达

背景：近年来随着分子生物学的不断发展,反映关节软骨早期退变等有关病理变化的实验室指标已是研究的热点问题。 目的：探讨C-末段交叉连接的Ⅱ型胶原和软骨寡聚基质蛋白在原发性膝骨关节病患者中的临床意义,寻求原发性膝骨关节病特征规律与C-末段交叉连接的Ⅱ型胶原和软骨寡聚基质蛋白的相关性。 方法：纳入膝骨关节病组患者70例,健康志愿者18例设为对照组,采用酶联免疫夹心法检测两组血清中C-末段交叉连接的Ⅱ型胶原和软骨寡聚基质蛋白的水平。 结果与结论：原发性膝骨关节病患者血清中C-末段交叉连接的Ⅱ型胶原和软骨寡聚基质蛋白均明显高于对照组,进一步深入研究发现在不同的性别、年龄及X射线的变化中均存在显著性差异,不同中医证型中风寒湿痹型患者C-末段交叉连接的Ⅱ型胶原明显低于肝肾亏虚型和气滞血瘀型患者,而软骨寡聚基质蛋白间比较差异无显著性意义。说明C-末段交叉连接的Ⅱ型胶原和软骨寡聚基质蛋白与膝骨关节炎的发生发展有着密切关系,两者联合应用能显著提高诊断的准确性,在膝骨关节炎的发病机制中具有重要的作用,与软骨的退变密切相关,并且可以反映病情、证型等变化。     

大鼠体表胃电图与胃肌电活动的相关性及其临床意义的探讨

为阐明体表胃电图（ｅｌｅｃｔｒｏｇａｓｔｒｏｇｒａｍ－ＥＣＧ）与胃平滑肌电活动（ｇａｓｔｒｏｍｙｏｅｌｅｃｔｒｉｃ ａｃｔｉｖｉｔｙ－ＧＥＡ）的相关性并探讨ＥＧＧ的诊断学意义，用乌拉坦麻醉的大鼠，在胃的不同功能状态下同步记录了ＥＧＧ和ＧＥＡ。结果表明：ＥＧＧ和ＧＥＡ有高度相关性（Ｐ〈０．０１）；静脉注射去甲肾上腺素使ＥＧＧ和ＧＥＡ的振幅同步下降，频率不变；由注射盐酸引致的胃窦部溃疡对ＥＧＧ和ＧＥＡ     

骨质疏松症与维生素D受体基因多态性的相关性

背景：骨质疏松是多基因调控疾病,峰值骨量变化和骨量丢失均受遗传因素影响。 目的：通过观察维生素D受体基因 ApaⅠ多态性在山东半岛汉族人群中的分布规律及与骨质疏松的关系,探讨原发性骨质疏松症的遗传易感因素。 方法：选取367名长期居住在山东半岛地区无亲缘关系的汉族人群。将受试者分为骨密度正常组227例,骨质疏松组63例,骨质疏松性骨折组77例。 结果与结论：实验人群维生素D受体基因的基因型频率分布符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡定律(χ² =1.583, P > 0.05)。基因型频率分布依次为aa型占53.1%,Aa型占10.6%,AA型占36.3%。年龄与不同部位骨密度值之间呈负相关(P< 0.01),体质量指数与骨密度值之间呈正相关(P < 0.01),在将年龄和体质量指数进行校正后发现aa基因型在腰椎(P < 0.05)、wards三角(P < 0.05)骨密度较低。运用χ2检验分析骨密度正常组各基因型与骨质疏松性骨折组之间差异无显著性意义(χ² =4.795,  P > 0.05)。结果证实,山东半岛地区汉族人群中,维生素D受体基因ApaⅠ酶切位点多态性与原发性骨质疏松症存在关联,提示维生素D受体基因ApaⅠ酶切位点多态性在决定个体骨质疏松症遗传易感性方面起重要作用。     

The effect of low-load exercise on joint pain,function, and activities of daily living in patients with knee osteoarthritis

Background

Knee osteoarthritis has a lifetime risk of nearly one in two, with obese individuals being most susceptible. While exercise is universally recognized as a critical component for management, unsafe or ineffective exercise frequently leads to exacerbation of joint symptoms.

Asthma and activities of daily living

The provider’s ability to judge the severity of a patient’s illness is a vital part of the care of chronic disorders. In the treatment of asthma, it should extend beyond the objectively quantifiable measures of obstruction or inflammation. “Interference with activities of daily living” is a highly subjective assessment that may not allow quantitative comparisons, but it matters to the patient. Interventions aimed at lessening the burden of asthma on the daily life of the patient and his or her family may hold the key to improvement in a broader range of outcome measures.     

Relationship between cytokine concentration and activities of daily living in rehabilitation patients with stroke

Stroke rehabilitation is effective in some patients, however not so effective in others. Our ultimate aim is to use the clinical laboratory assessment as a tool for effectiveness discrimination in rehabilitation. Subjects were 15 stroke patients (68.1 +/- 12.7 years old) who were admitted to our convalescent rehabilitation wards. Fasting blood samples were analyzed for serum concentrations of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) which are considered to be involved in hypermyotrophy using ELISA methods on admission and at discharge. Sixteen healthy control subjects (63.0 +/- 7.6 years old) were also employed. As accuracy control of these analyses, decrease of serum HGF after keeping at -20 degrees C for 499 days were measured. The concentration was 0.66ng/mL from 0.71 ng/mL and residual ratio was 94.0%. Reaction specificity to MW 60 kDa HGF antibody using the Western blot method was confirmed. Average HGF and VEGF were higher in stroke patients than those in control subjects. Average IGF-I was lower in stroke patients. The correlations between HGF, VEGF, and IGF-I and the score of activities of daily living expressed by the Functional Independence Measure (FIM) were calculated. Highest correlation coefficient of 0.67 (p < 0.01) was obtained between HGF at discharge and the FIM efficiency (the gain of the FIM during hospitalization divided by length of stay). The correlation coefficients related to VEGF or IGF showed lower value. High FIM efficiency denotes rapid recovery with vigorous exercise. HGF at discharge would reflect the result of high activity.     

Perception of difficulties with vision-related activities of daily living among patients undergoing unilateral posterior capsulotomy

OBJECTIVES

To assess the influence of Nd:YAG (neodymium: yttrium-aluminum- garnet) laser unilateral posterior capsulotomy on visual acuity and patients’ perception of difficulties with vision-related activities of daily life.

METHODS

We conducted an interventional survey that included 48 patients between 40 and 80 years of age with uni- or bilateral pseudophakia, posterior capsule opacification, and visual acuity ≤0.30 (logMAR) in one eye who were seen at a Brazilian university hospital. All patients underwent posterior capsulotomy using an Nd:YAG laser. Before and after the intervention, patients were asked to complete a questionnaire that was developed in an exploratory study.

RESULTS

Before posterior capsulotomy, the median visual acuity (logMAR) of the included patients was 0.52 (range 0.30–1.60). After posterior capsulotomy, the median visual acuity of the included patients improved to 0.10 (range 0.0–0.52). According to the subjects’ perceptions, their ability to perform most of their daily life activities improved after the intervention (p<0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

After patients underwent posterior capsulotomy with an Nd:YAG laser, a significant improvement in the visual acuity of the treated eye was observed. Additionally, subjects felt that they experienced less difficulty performing most of their vision-dependent activities of daily living.     

Functional characteristics of the rat jaw muscles: daily muscle activity and fiber type composition

Skeletal muscles have a heterogeneous fiber type composition, which reflects their functional demand. The daily muscle use and the percentage of slow‐type fibers have been shown to be positively correlated in skeletal muscles of larger animals but for smaller animals there is no information. The examination of this relationship in adult rats was the purpose of this study. We hypothesized a positive relationship between the percentage of fatigue‐resistant fibers in each muscle and its total duration of use per day. Fourteen Wistar strain male rats (410–450 g) were used. A radio‐telemetric device was implanted to record muscle activity continuously from the superficial masseter, deep masseter, anterior belly of digastric and anterior temporalis muscles. The degree of daily muscle use was quantified by the total duration of muscle activity per day (duty time) exceeding specified levels of the peak activity (2, 5, 20 and 50%). The fiber type composition of the muscles was examined by the myosin heavy chain content of the fibers by means of immunohistochemical staining. At lower activity levels (exceeding 2 and 5% of the peak activity), the duty time of the anterior belly of digastric muscle was significantly (P < 0.01) longer than those of the other muscles. The anterior belly of digastric muscle also contained the highest percentage of slow‐type fibers (type I fiber and hybrid fiber co‐expressing myosin heavy chain I + IIA) (ca. 11%; P < 0.05). By regression analysis for all four muscles, an inter‐muscular comparison showed a positive relationship between the duty time (exceeding 50% of the peak activity) and the percentage of type IIX fibers (P < 0.05), which demonstrate intermediate physiological properties relative to type IIA and IIB fibers. For the jaw muscles of adult male rats, the variations of fiber type composition and muscle use suggest that the muscle containing the largest amounts of slow‐type fibers (the anterior belly of digastric muscle) is mainly involved in low‐amplitude activities and that the amount of type IIX fibers is positively related to the generation of large muscle forces, validating our hypothesis.     

Validity of uniaxial accelerometry during activities of daily living in children

The purpose of this study was to examine the validity of treadmill-based equations of two commonly used uniaxial accelerometers to estimate energy expenditure (EE) during activities of daily living in children. Twelve subjects with mean (SD) age11.4 (0.4) years engaged in a choreographed routine consisting of three activities (sweeping, bowling, and basketball) of 4min duration while wearing a Manufacturing Technology, Inc. (MTI) accelerometer, Caltrac accelerometer, and a portable gas analyzer (Cosmed K4b²). The equations of Trost et al. and Sallis et al. were used to convert activity counts to estimations of EE for the MTI and Caltrac, respectively. Correlation coefficients between Caltrac predictions of EE and measured EE from indirect calorimetry ranged from r=0.22 to 0.72 for individual activities. Correlations between MTI EE predictions and indirect calorimetry ranged from r=0.50 to 0.68 for individual activities. When the activities were pooled the correlations between EE from uniaxial accelerometers and EE from indirect calorimetry were moderately strong (MTI, r=0.78 and Caltrac, r=0.82). Inter-accelerometer (counts min^–1) correlations were 0.08, –0.54, 0.63, and 0.79 for sweeping, bowling, basketball, and pooled data, respectively. The overall mean difference, or bias, and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for each uniaxial accelerometer compared to indirect calorimetry were as follows: Caltrac, bias = 2.80 (2.36, 3.24) kcal min^–1; MTI, bias = 0.88 (0.23, 1.53) kcal min^–1. Both accelerometers significantly underestimated measured EE (P<0.05). Uniaxial accelerometers provide potential for the measurement of physical activity (PA) and EE in children. Future studies refining accelerometry predictions of PA and EE are warranted.     

The simulation of action disorganisation in complex activities of daily living

Action selection in everyday goal-directed tasks of moderate complexity is known to be subject to breakdown following extensive frontal brain injury. A model of action selection in such tasks is presented and used to explore three hypotheses concerning the origins of action disorganisation: that it is a consequence of reduced top-down excitation within a hierarchical action schema network coupled with increased bottom-up triggering of schemas from environmental sources, that it is a more general disturbance of schema activation modelled by excessive noise in the schema network, and that it results from a general disturbance of the triggering of schemas by object representations. Results suggest that the action disorganisation syndrome is best accounted for by a general disturbance to schema activation, while altering the balance between top-down and bottom-up activation provides an account of a related disorder—utilisation behaviour. It is further suggested that ideational apraxia (which may result from lesions to left temporoparietal areas and which has similar behavioural consequences to action disorganisation syndrome on tasks of moderate complexity) is a consequence of a generalised disturbance of the triggering of schemas by object representations. Several predictions regarding differences between action disorganisation syndrome and ideational apraxia that follow from this interpretation are detailed.     

The simulation of action disorganisation in complex activities of daily living

Action selection in everyday goal-directed tasks of moderate complexity is known to be subject to breakdown following extensive frontal brain injury. A model of action selection in such tasks is presented and used to explore three hypotheses concerning the origins of action disorganisation: that it is a consequence of reduced top-down excitation within a hierarchical action schema network coupled with increased bottom-up triggering of schemas from environmental sources, that it is a more general disturbance of schema activation modelled by excessive noise in the schema network, and that it results from a general disturbance of the triggering of schemas by object representations. Results suggest that the action disorganisation syndrome is best accounted for by a general disturbance to schema activation, while altering the balance between top-down and bottom-up activation provides an account of a related disorder-utilisation behaviour. It is further suggested that ideational apraxia (which may result from lesions to left temporoparietal areas and which has similar behavioural consequences to action disorganisation syndrome on tasks of moderate complexity) is a consequence of a generalised disturbance of the triggering of schemas by object representations. Several predictions regarding differences between action disorganisation syndrome and ideational apraxia that follow from this interpretation are detailed.     

Functional correlates of instrumental activities of daily living in mild Alzheimer's disease

Instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) includes the integration of task-initiation, -planning, and -performance. Little is known on the cerebral perfusion correlates of these subcomponents of IADL in Alzheimer's disease (AD). In 121 AD patients, cerebral perfusion, using single-photon emission computed tomography, in 13 bilateral regions of interest (ROI) and the perfusion correlates of IADL subcomponents, rated on the Disability Assessment in Dementia scale, were explored. Significant correlations were observed between IADL initiation and multiple bilateral prefrontal-striatal-anterior cingulate ROI (p < 0.01), IADL planning and right occipital ROI (p < 0.05), and IADL performance and right parietal ROI (p < 0.05). Multiple regression, accounting for age, cognitive impairment, and depression severity, revealed significant relationship between right basal ganglia perfusion and IADL-initiation (R = 0.6, R² = 0.39, F(4,117) = 17.8, SE = 1.56; p < 0.001) and right occipital perfusion and IADL-planning (R = 0.6, R² = 0.34, F(4,117) = 19.5, SE = 1.47; p < 0.001). In AD, perfusion correlates of these subcomponents may be linked to the heterogenous cognitive processes involved in IADL.