聚磷酸钙纤维/羟基磷灰石/明胶软骨组织工程支架材料的制备及性能

背景：目前明胶基组织工程支架材料存在力学性能低、生物相容性差、降解速率难以控制等缺陷。 目的：通过添加聚磷酸钙纤维和羟基磷灰石改善明胶支架材料的性能。 方法：以自制聚磷酸钙纤维和羟基磷灰石为添加材料,明胶为基体材料,以戊二醛为交联剂,采用溶媒浇铸/粒子滤取技术制备配比为50/10/40的聚磷酸钙纤维/羟基磷灰石/明胶软骨组织工程支架复合材料。测试支架材料的物理力学性能,并观察其微观结构。 结果与结论：采用溶胶凝胶法制得的羟基磷灰石粉末结晶程度较差,经900 ℃下煅烧0.5 h后,可制得结晶程度较高的羟基磷灰石粉末。聚磷酸钙纤维/羟基磷灰石/明胶软骨组织工程支架材料具有三维、连通、微孔网状空间结构,孔隙率在65%-90%之间,满足软骨组织工程对其支架材料孔隙的要求。戊二醛的交联作用和聚磷酸钙纤维的增强作用,克服了明胶在制备多孔支架时容易收缩的缺点,制得高孔隙率三维连通的支架材料。     

关节软骨组织工程支架材料的研究进展

关节软骨缺损是临床上常见的一种关节病损,由于关节内机械力的影响以及血液供应的缺乏,软骨自身修复能力有限,对于其组织重建和功能恢复的探讨一直是最具有挑战性的课题之一.组织工程学作为一门新兴的学科,其应用生命科学和工程学再生软骨的原理和方法,为解决这一问题提供了新的思路,其中对于支架材料的研究开发在关节软骨组织工程修复中占有重要的地位.将支架材料分为天然生物材料和人工合成材料两大类进行重点阐述,并从支架材料的作用、要求以及空间结构等方面介绍了当前研究比较集中的几类支架的优缺点和发展状况.     

纳米羟基磷灰石/聚磷酸钙纤维/聚乳酸骨组织工程复合支架的特性*

背景：近年来国内外在骨与软骨组织支架复合材料方面进行了广泛的研究,取得了积极的成果,但仍存在许多问题。 目的：观察纳米羟基磷灰石/聚磷酸钙纤维/聚乳酸(HAP/CPP/PLLA)骨组织工程支架复合材料的特性。 方法：采用溶媒浇铸、粒子滤取技术与气体发泡相结合的方法制备出纳米HAP/CPP/PLLA骨组织工程支架复合材料,测试该支架复合材料的物理力学性能,并用扫描电子显微镜对其微观结构进行观察。 结果与结论：结果表明,纳米HAP/CPP/PLLA支架复合材料具有三维、连通、微孔网状结构,并具有较高的孔隙率和较好的压缩模量,是理想的骨组织工程支架材料。     

组织工程软骨支架材料的应用选择

背景：软骨损伤后几乎不可能完全修复,近年来采用组织工程学方法构建软骨复合组织已成为软骨修复方面新的研究领域。其中支架材料在软骨修复过程中起着至关重要的作用,支架材料的选择也就影响着整个修复过程。 目的：全面了解组织工程软骨支架材料的优缺点,并对其选择进行综述。 方法：由第一作者于2010-11在CBM、PubMed数据库(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PubMed)、万方数据库(http://www. wanfangdata.com.cn)及google学术网检索组织工程软骨支架材料方面的内容,检索时限为1990/2010,英文检索词为“cartilage, tissue engineering, scaffold materials, bone mesenchymal stem cell”,中文检索词为“软骨,组织工程,支架材料,骨髓间充质干细胞”,排除重复性研究。 结果与结论：计算机初检得到1 185篇文献,阅读标题和摘要进行初筛,排除因研究目的与本文无关及内容重复的研究1 142篇,共保留其中的43篇进行归纳总结,最终引入文献29篇。结果提示,目前应用于组织工程的支架不论是天然的还是人工合成的,都存在一定的缺陷,如体内降解速度过快或过慢,生物相容性不佳、引起炎症等问题。最重要的是组织工程软骨支架距临床应用仍有很大差距,而未来组织工程支架材料的研究重点是改进现有材料和制备工艺,研制复合材料、仿生材料、纳米材料及改性天然材料等。     

多孔聚乙烯醇/明胶软骨组织工程支架复合材料的制备及其生物相容性

背景：以明胶为基体制备的组织工程支架材料具有良好的生物相容性和生物降解性能,但存在力学性能低,降解速率难以控制的缺陷。 目的：制备一种软骨组织工程支架材料多孔聚乙烯醇/明胶复合物,并检测其理化性能和生物相容性。 方法：采用乳化发泡法制备聚乙烯醇/明胶多孔支架,并通过电镜分析、力学测试、皮下植入实验,检测材料孔径和孔隙率、IR光谱、力学性能和生物相容性。 结果与结论：多孔材料内部呈三维网状多孔结构,孔径均匀,有相似的孔隙率61.8%,含水率44.6%,抗拉强度为(5.01±0.03) MPa,抗压强度为(1.47±0.36) MPa,有较好的力学性能,IR光谱分析表明材料内部结构均匀。皮下植入后,炎症反应逐渐减轻,囊壁逐渐变薄,并趋于稳定,提示多孔聚乙烯醇/明胶支架材料具有较好的生物相容性和力学性能。     

β-磷酸三钙/聚乳酸叠层生物材料的理化性能

本文研究了β—磷酸三钙／聚乳酸叠层复合支架在体外37℃生理盐水中的降解过程，内容包括材料的重量、力学强度、聚乳酸分子量、材料周围环境的pH值、Ca^2 浓度等参数随时间的变化，并证实材料理化特性适合于骨组织工程支架材料的要求。支架材料的生物相容性评价实验结果表明骨髓基质细胞与支架间有良好的亲和性。     

不同材料构建组织工程软骨及支架的应用

背景：组织工程技术的发展为软骨的再生和修复提供了新的途径,根据软骨自身的结构和特点,作为人工软骨的替代材料和支架材料应具有良好的生物力学性能。 目的：总结运动性关节软骨损伤修复材料及其支架材料的应用进展及其生物替代材料的生物力学特征,评价目前组织工程软骨材料应用的性能及发展前景。 方法：以“组织工程;软骨组织;支架材料;生物相容性”为关键词,应用计算机检索维普数据库和PubMed数据库中1990-01/2011-04关于组织工程软骨应用研究的文章,纳入与有关生物材料与组织工程软骨相关的文章;排除重复研究或Meta分析类文章。以24篇文献为主重点进行了讨论组织工程软骨材料的种类、性能及其应用效果和前景。 结果与结论：目前关节软骨修复领域以自体软骨移植效果为最佳,骨髓基质干细胞在离体试验及动物实验中研究较多,在临床应用中较少,尚在探索阶段。支架材料的应用比较繁复,天然材料、人工合成材料以及复合材料都存在一定的不足,虽然复合材料成为研究的热点,但是某些性能并不能很好地符合支架要求,并且在机体内这些材料所带来的长期影响还不能预见,这就迫切需要新材料的出现,来更好地满足组织软骨织支架的要求,达到修复和重建的目的。 关键词：软骨;组织工程;软骨组织;种子细胞;支架材料 doi:10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.08.036     

骨软骨组织工程支架的研究现状及发展趋势

目前,随着骨软骨组织工程的发展,为临床上骨软骨缺损的修复带来了新希望。应用自体细胞、支架、生长因子可以修复骨、软骨的缺损;选取具有生物相容性和可吸收性的复合支架可为细胞提供暂时的支持、黏附、生长环境,促进骨软骨缺损的修复。就骨软骨组织工程支架的分类、特性、应用以及存在的问题和发展趋势作一综述。     

制备软骨组织工程支架的方法

背景：软骨组织工程支架作为软骨细胞外基质的替代物,其外形和孔结构对实现其作用和功能具有非常重要的意义。 目的：回顾目前若干种常用软骨组织工程中三维多孔支架的制备方法。 方法：由第一作者检索2000至2013年PubMed数据库,ELSEVIER SCIENCEDIRECT、万方数据库、中国知网数据库。英文检索词为“Cartilage tissue engineering;scaffolds;fabrication”,中文检索词为“软骨组织工程;制备方法;支架材料;多孔支架”。 结果与结论：制备软骨组织工程支架的方法有相分离/冷冻干燥法、水凝胶技术、快速成型技术、静电纺丝法、溶剂浇铸/粒子沥滤法及气体发泡法等。目前研究发现,支架中孔径的大小对组织的重建有着直接的影响,孔径为100-250 μm的孔有益于骨及软骨组织的再生。通过溶液浇铸/粒子沥滤法、气体发泡法所制备的支架孔径大小在这一范围内,因此比较适合用于骨、软骨组织工程支架的构建。研究人员通常将多种方法结合起来,以期能制备出生物和力学性能方面更加仿生的组织工程多孔支架。中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料;骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性;组织工程全文链接：     

关节软骨组织工程的研究进展

介绍了关节软骨组织工程中种子细胞、支架材料的研究现状以及生长因子在关节软骨组织工程中的应用进展，阐明了随着对细胞行为、支架材料特性、细胞与材料的组合构建研究的深入，组织工程在关节软骨修复方面应用前景十分广阔。     

可降解生物材料聚乳酸/磷酸钙陶瓷在骨组织工程中的应用

聚乳酸和磷酸钙陶瓷都是骨组织工程中常用的可降解生物材料。前者是人工合成的多聚物,在体内降解时间较长,可起到临时支架的作用,不同结构的聚乳酸又有不同的生物特性;后者生物活性好,亲和性高,但是脆性大,抗折强度低。两者的复合物在一定程度上弥补了各自的不足,能成为新型的骨组织工程支架材料。     

Synthesis and characterization of macroporous chitosan/calcium phosphate composite scaffolds for tissue engineering

Chitosan scaffolds reinforced by beta-tricalcium phosphate (beta-TCP) and calcium phosphate invert glass were fabricated with a low-cost, bioclean freeze-drying technique via thermally induced phase separation. The microstructure, mechanical performance, biodegradation, and bioactivity of the scaffolds were studied. The composite scaffolds were macroporous, and the pore structures of the scaffolds with beta-TCP and the glass appeared very different. Both the compressive modulus and yield strength of the scaffolds were greatly improved, and reinforced microstructures were achieved. The bioactivity tests showed a continuous decrease in both Ca and P concentrations of a simulated body fluid (SBF) after the scaffolds with beta-TCP were immersed in the SBF for more than 20 h, which suggests that an apatite layer might be formed on the scaffolds. However, the same was not observed for the pure chitosan scaffolds or the scaffolds incorporated with the glass. This was further confirmed by micrographs from scanning electron microscopy. This study suggests that the desirable pore structure, biodegradation rate, and bioactivity of the composite scaffolds might be achieved through controlling the ratio of chitosan and calcium phosphates or beta-TCP and the glass.     

Characterization of polylactic acid-polyglycolic acid composites for cartilage tissue engineering

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of scaffold composition on the physical properties, adhesion, and growth of bovine articular chondrocytes on polylactic acid (PLA)/polyglycolic acid (PGA) composites. Nonwoven meshes of PGA were coated with PLA, using a solvent evaporation technique that resulted in composites with fractional PLA contents ranging from 0 to 68%. The compressive modulus of scaffolds increased linearly with the addition of PLA, ranging from less than 1 kPa for PGA to approximately 20 kPa for scaffolds with 68% PLA content. The characteristic degradation time of these scaffolds also increased from approximately 5 days for 0% PLA to 45 days for 68% PLA. Addition of PLA decreased cell seeding efficiency from 48% for 0% PLA scaffolds to 27% for 68% PLA scaffolds. Cells seeded onto 27% PLA scaffolds increased 3-fold in number over 4 weeks in culture, whereas cells seeded onto 68% PLA increased only 2-fold in number. Scanning electron microscopy indicated that cells attached to PGA appeared flat with many small processes, whereas those attached to PLA were more rounded. These studies provide important information for the design of scaffolds for cartilage tissue engineering.     

Hyaluronic acid modified biodegradable scaffolds for cartilage tissue engineering

Hyaluronic acid (hyaluronan, HA) was immobilized onto the surface of macroporous biodegradable poly(D,L-lactic acid-co-glycolic acid) [PLGA] scaffolds to enhance the attachment, proliferation, and differentiation of chondrocytes for cartilage tissue engineering. The PLGA scaffolds were prepared by blending PLGA with varying amounts of amine-terminated PLGA-PEG di-block copolymer. They were fabricated by a gas foaming/salt leaching method. HA was chemically conjugated to the surface-exposed amine groups on the pre-fabricated scaffolds. The amount of surface exposed free amine groups was quantitatively determined by conjugating an amine-reactive fluorescent dye to the PLGA blend films. The extent of HA immobilization was also confirmed by measuring water contact angles. When chondrocytes were seeded within HA modified PLGA scaffolds, enhanced cellular attachment was observed compared to unmodified PLGA scaffolds. Furthermore, glycosaminoglycan and total collagen synthesis increased substantially for HA modified PLGA scaffolds. RT-PCR result and histological examination of the resultant cartilage tissue revealed that HA modified scaffolds excelled in inducing cartilage tissue formation in terms of collagen type II expression and tissue morphological characteristics.     

Chitosan scaffolds containing hyaluronic acid for cartilage tissue engineering

Scaffolds derived from natural polysaccharides are very promising in tissue engineering applications and regenerative medicine, as they resemble glycosaminoglycans in the extracellular matrix (ECM). In this study, we have prepared freeze-dried composite scaffolds of chitosan (CHT) and hyaluronic acid (HA) in different weight ratios containing either no HA (control) or 1%, 5%, or 10% of HA. We hypothesized that HA could enhance structural and biological properties of CHT scaffolds. To test this hypothesis, physicochemical and biological properties of CHT/HA scaffolds were evaluated. Scanning electron microscopy micrographs, mechanical properties, swelling tests, enzymatic degradation, and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) chemical maps were performed. To test the ability of the CHT/HA scaffolds to support chondrocyte adhesion and proliferation, live-dead and MTT assays were performed. Results showed that CHT/HA composite scaffolds are noncytotoxic and promote cell adhesion. ECM formation was further evaluated with safranin-O and alcian blue staining methods, and glycosaminoglycan and DNA quantifications were performed. The incorporation of HA enhanced cartilage ECM production. CHT/5HA had a better pore network configuration and exhibited enhanced ECM cartilage formation. On the basis of our results, we believe that CHT/HA composite matrixes have potential use in cartilage repair.     

壳聚糖/磷酸三钙复合组织工程支架材料的制备及其性能*

背景：通过适当的工艺混合、加工来制备复合支架材料,可以弥补单一材料的不足,最大限度地满足组织工程的需要。 目的：制备壳聚糖/磷酸三钙复合支架,探讨其作为牙髓组织工程支架材料的可行性。 方法：壳聚糖粉末溶于微量冰醋酸溶液中,搅拌均匀,静置脱泡,预冷冻,交联,再次冷冻制成海绵状多孔壳聚糖/磷酸三钙支架。 结果与结论：冻干法制备的壳聚糖/磷酸三钙多孔支架平均孔隙率达85.78%,最高孔隙率达90%以上,孔径在100~300 μm,复合后的支架材料具有良好的韧性,当轴向压缩变形量超过5 mm时,材料仍然没有发生破坏。材料浸提液与牙髓细胞复合培养后,细胞毒性均为0级,由此可见壳聚糖/磷酸三钙复合材料具有良好的生物相容性、细胞亲和性和一定的力学性能,满足生物材料基本要求。     

Mechanical and structural characterisation of completely degradable polylactic acid/calcium phosphate glass scaffolds

This study involves the mechanical and structural characterisation of completely degradable scaffolds for tissue engineering applications. The scaffolds are a composite of polylactic acid (PLA) and a soluble calcium phosphate glass, and are thus completely degradable. A factorial experimental design was applied to optimise scaffold composition prior to simultaneous microtomography and micromechanical testing. Synchrotron X-ray microtomography combined with in situ micromechanical testing was performed to obtain three-dimensional (3D) images of the scaffolds under compression. The 3D reconstruction was converted into a finite element mesh which was validated by simulating a compression test and comparing it with experimental results. The experimental design reveals that larger glass particle and pore sizes reduce the stiffness of the scaffolds, and that the porosity is largely unaffected by changes in pore sizes or glass weight content. The porosity ranges between 93% and 96.5%, and the stiffness ranges between 50 and 200 kPa. X-ray projections show a homogeneous distribution of the glass particles within the PLA matrix, and illustrate pore-wall breakage under strain. The 3D reconstructions are used qualitatively to visualise the distribution of the phases of the composite material, and to follow pore deformation under compression. Quantitatively, scaffold porosity, pore interconnectivity and surface/volume ratios have been calculated. Finite element analysis revealed the stress and strain distribution in the scaffold under compression, and could be used in the future to characterise the mechanical properties of the scaffolds.     

In vitro evaluation of potential calcium phosphate scaffolds for tissue engineering

Nanocrystalline calcium phosphates are very interesting candidates as scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. These materials show excellent in vivo biocompatibility, cell proliferation, and resorption. In this work we have studied the osteoblast-like cell behavior seeded onto HA and BCP synthesized by controlled crystallization method and treated at different temperatures. In vitro cell attachment, proliferation, differentiation, spreading, and cytotoxicity tests have been carried out. The results can be explained as a function of the phase composition and microstructure. Under in vitro closed conditions, nanocrystalline HA depletes the calcium of the medium avoiding cell proliferation, whereas well-crystallized HA enhances high cell proliferation. On the other hand, nanocrystalline BCPs supply Ca(2+) to the medium due to the higher solubility of the beta-TCP component, allowing an excellent in vitro cellular response when osteoblast-like cells are seeded on it. These features make BCPs excellent candidates as scaffolds for bone tissue engineering.     

β-磷酸三钙/聚磷酸钙纤维/聚左旋乳酸支架复合骨髓基质细胞修复节段性骨缺损

背景：组织工程β-磷酸三钙/聚磷酸钙纤维/聚左旋乳酸支架材料具有良好的生物相容性。 目的：评估骨髓基质细胞与β-磷酸三钙/聚磷酸钙纤维/聚左旋乳酸复合体修复兔桡骨大段骨缺损成骨的效果。 方法：取新西兰大白兔40只,建立桡骨双侧大段骨缺损模型,其中35只右侧植入自体骨髓基质细胞与β-磷酸三钙/聚磷酸钙纤维/聚左旋乳酸复合物作为实验组,左侧植入β-磷酸三钙/聚磷酸钙纤维/聚左旋乳酸支架材料作为对照组;另5只作为空白对照不作任何处理。植入后4,8,12,16周拍摄X射线片观察骨缺损修复情况。 结果与结论：实验组术后2周可见缺损处有散在的、少量模糊状骨痂生成,术后4周可见明显骨生成影像,成云雾状,均匀分布在骨缺损区,术后8周整个缺损区均可见骨痂生成,成骨现象更加明显,部分髓腔已通,术后12~16周,缺损区已完全被新生骨组织充填,骨髓腔已完全再通,修复区较正常桡骨细,骨缺损修复效果明显优于对照组与空白对照组(P < 0.01)。说明自体骨髓基质细胞与β-磷酸三钙/聚磷酸钙纤维/聚左旋乳酸复合移植可较完全修复大节段骨缺损。