血管内皮生长因子及其受体与男性生殖

血管内皮生长因子及其受体都是具有高度生物活性的蛋白因子,配体与受体结合后可以介导血管内皮细胞的分裂增值及促进血管通透性,这些蛋白因子表达非常广泛,不仅在雌性生殖系统中发挥作用而且在雄性生殖系统中也有积极的影响,在雄性生殖系统中主要可调节睾丸、附睾等器官的微环境,而且对精子的发生、形成、成熟有着重要的作用。本文就近年来国内外有关血管内皮生长因子及其主要受体对雄性睾丸、附睾及精子方面的作用作一简要综述。     

受激活调节正常T细胞表达和分泌因子及其受体CCR1、CCR5在大鼠附睾的表达与定位

目的:观察受激活调节正常T细胞表达和分泌因子(RANTES)与其受体CCR1、CCR5在大鼠附睾中的表达和定位.方法:采用免疫组织化学法检测成年大鼠附睾上皮RANTES及其受体的细胞定位,免疫荧光双标染色分别显示RANTES与CCR1、CCR5的细胞共定位情况.RT-PCR检测RANTES及其受体mRNA表达水平,免疫印迹检测RANTES及其受体的蛋白量.结果:RANTES与其受体CCR1、CCR5在大鼠附睾各段呈特异性表达.免疫印迹在大鼠附睾各段检测到RANTES及其受体CCR1、CCR5特异性蛋白条带.RANTES与其受体CCR1、CCR5在大鼠附睾上皮主要表达于基细胞.双重免疫荧光显示RANTES与CCR1、CCR5在附睾管基细胞共存.结论:RANTES可能通过自分泌或(和)旁分泌方式在大鼠附睾基细胞功能活动方面起重要作用.     

血管内皮细胞生长因子受体2作为恶性血管源性肿瘤和间皮瘤的标记:262例血管内皮源性及1640例非血管源性肿瘤免疫组化研究

血管内皮生长因子受体2(VEGFR2)是KDR基因编码的、主要表达于血管内皮细胞的Ⅴ型酪氨酸激酶受体,对VEGF通路信号起反应并调节内皮细胞的迁移和增殖。VEFGR2主要表达于肿瘤新生血管的内皮细胞及血管源性肿瘤,也有大量表达于乳腺癌、结肠癌、非小细胞肺癌及尿路     

血管生长因子及其相关受体与原因不明复发性流产潜在发病机制的研究进展

血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)是重要的促血管形成因子,血管内皮生长因子受体(VEGFR)属于酪氨酸激酶受体,包括VEGFR-1,VEGFR-2,VEGFR-3。VEGF主要通过两种高亲和力受体VEGFR-1和VEGFR-2发挥作用。近年来对可溶性VEGF受体-1(sFlt-1)的研究越来越多,其是VEGFR-1的可溶形式,通过与VEGF膜受体竞争结合VEGF,阻断VEGF促血管生成的信号转导通路,从而抑制VEGF诱导血管生成的作用。原因不明复发性流产(URSA)的发病机制至今仍未明确,有研究表明其与血管形成障碍密不可分。而血管内皮生长因子及其相关受体是血管形成的重要调节因子,它们与URSA的发生密切相关。近年来研究表明VEGF、VEGFR-1、VEGFR-2功能异常,表达缺乏,或s Flt-1表达增加都可能导致URSA的发生。     

VEGF在精索静脉曲张大鼠睾丸和附睾中表达的研究

血管内皮生长因子 ( VEGF)是新生血管形成的主要调控者之一。 VEGF不但作用与内皮细胞 ,而且也作用于非内皮细胞 ,它可能对男性生殖具有调节作用。精索静脉曲张 ( VC)是男性不育的一个主要原因 ,VC的睾丸流体动力学和血管系统有所改变 ,睾丸和附睾中 VEGF的表达是否会有改变 ,VEGF在精索静脉曲张性不育中是否起作用等至今未见报道。本研究通过免疫组织化学方法对正常大鼠和 VC大鼠睾丸和附睾中VEGF的定位及变化作了研究。材料和方法 :建立青春期大鼠左侧精索静脉曲张动物模型 ,并进行了验证。取曲张组及对照组大鼠双侧睾丸和附睾…     

姜黄素对佐剂性关节炎大鼠滑膜血管新生的影响

目的观察佐剂性关节炎大鼠血清血管内皮生长因子水平,滑膜血管新生和血管内皮生长因子及其受体的表达及姜黄素对其干预作用,探讨姜黄素治疗类风湿关节炎可能的机制。方法取sD大鼠,制成佐剂性关节炎模型,设正常组、模型组、姜黄素组、甲氨喋呤组。造模后第9天起分别予腹腔注射姜黄素50mg·kg^-1·d^-1,连续14d;甲氨蝶呤0．5mg·kg^-1·3d^-1,连续5次。计算第9天、第23天各组大鼠的AI积分。于第23天处死大鼠,ELISA法检测血清血管内皮生长因子;取膝关节滑膜,行免疫组化染色,观察滑膜微血管密度,半定量计算血管内皮生长因子及其受体的表达。结果①在第9天,各组造模后大鼠表现不同程度的关节炎症,其AI积分与正常组差异均有显著性（P〈0．01）。治疗后,第23天姜黄素组和甲氨蝶呤组大鼠AI积分与模型组相比有显著性差异（P〈0．01）;②模型组大鼠血清血管内皮生长因子明显升高（P〈0．01）,治疗后甲氨蝶呤组和姜黄素组的血清血管内皮生长因子与模型组相比差异均有显著性（P〈0．01）;③模型组大鼠滑膜微血管密度和血管内皮生长因子及其受体表达较正常组增加明显（P〈0．01）,治疗后甲氨蝶呤组和姜黄素组的微血管密度,血管内皮生长因子及其受体的表达与模型组相比差异均有显著性（P〈0．01）,且甲氨蝶呤组、姜黄素组组间比较差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。结论姜黄素能有效降低佐剂性关节炎大鼠血清血管内皮生长因子水平,抑制滑膜血管新生和血管内皮生长因子及其受体的表达,这可能是姜黄素治疗类风湿关节炎的作用机制之一。     

人精子血管内皮生长因子及其受体2的表达和顶体酶活性的关系

目的:探讨人精子血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)及其受体2(VEGFR2)表达和精子顶体酶活性的关系。方法:收集92例精液标本,按照世界卫生组织(WHO)颁布的标准对精液进行常规分析检测。免疫印迹法检测VEGF蛋白在人精子中的表达,免疫荧光法观察VEGFR2在人精子上的定位,采用改良明胶底物膜法检测精子顶体内顶体酶活性(顶体酶阳性反应率、顶体酶活性强度)。结果:免疫印迹检测结果显示,不育各组精子VEGF/GAPDH平均光密度均明显低于正常生育组;免疫荧光染色检测结果显示,不育各组精子VEGFR2阳性率均明显低于正常生育组;不育各组的顶体酶活性(顶体酶阳性反应率、顶体酶活性强度)与正常生育组比较均有显著下降。相关性分析提示精子VEGF蛋白表达量与顶体酶活性存在正相关性;精子VEGFR2阳性率与顶体酶活性存在正相关性。结论:男性不育患者精子VEGF蛋白及其受体2表达降低并伴随顶体酶活性减弱。     

血管内皮生长因子受体在膀胱癌中的表达及临床意义

目的：探讨血管内皮生长因子受体在膀胱癌中的表达及与临床病理因素的相关性。方法：免疫组化法采用链霉菌抗生物素一过氧化物酶连接法(SP法)对50例膀胱癌标本，20例正常膀胱组织标本中血管内皮生长因子受体的表达进行检测。结果：血管内皮生长因子受体在大多数膀胱癌组织中表达(74％)，而且其表达水平与病理分期及组织分级呈正相关。在正常膀胱组织中无1例表达(0％)。结论：膀胱癌组织中血管内皮生长因子受体阳性表达，提示其在膀胱癌的血管生成中起着重要作用。     

生殖细胞核因子（GCNF）在大鼠附睾中的表达和定位研究

目的：检测生殖细胞核因子(GCNF)在成年和青春期大鼠附睾中的表达和细胞定位情况，以探讨GCNF在附睾中可能参与的生理功能。方法：Western-blot，免疫组织化学和胶体金免疫电镜法。结果：Western-blot显示在成年和青春期大鼠附睾全蛋白抽提物中检测到GCNF编码的蛋白条带，     

卵巢上皮肿瘤VEGFR-3和CD31表达与肿瘤转移研究

血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor，VEGF)族有促进血管和淋巴管生成作用。VEGFR-3属VEGF酪氨酸激酶受体家族成员，主要局限于淋巴管内皮细胞表达，是淋巴管内皮细胞特异的分子标志物。CD31即血小板内皮细胞粘附分子(PECAM-1)，在血管和淋巴管内皮细胞均有表达，是内皮细胞标记物，参与血管生成，     

Expression and prognostic relevance of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptor (FLT-1) in nephroblastoma

AIMS: To investigate the prognostic relevance of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptor Flt-1 in nephroblastoma and whether tumour microvessel density (MVD) immunoreactivity, determined by the CD31 antigen, is related to the expression of VEGF and Flt-1. METHODS: The expression of VEGF and Flt-1 and MVD were investigated by means of immunohistochemical analysis in 62 Wilms's tumours. Patients were treated preoperatively with chemotherapy and had a mean follow up of 5.7 years. RESULTS: In general, VEGF and Flt-1 were expressed in normal kidney parenchyma and to a variable extent in the three main components of Wilms's tumour, namely: the blastemal, epithelial, and stromal cells. In tumour tissue, 52% and 47% of blastemal cells were positive for VEGF and Flt-1, respectively. A non-significant correlation was found between the expression of VEGF and Flt-1 in blastemal and epithelial cells and the clinicopathological stage. MVD was significantly higher in VEGF and Flt-1 positive tumours than in VEGF and Flt-1 negative tumours. Univariate analysis showed that the expression of VEGF and Flt-1 in blastemal cells was indicative of clinical progression and tumour specific survival. In addition, MVD expression was indicative of clinical progression. Epithelial staining was of no prognostic value. In a multivariate analysis, VEGF protein expression by blastemal cells was an independent prognostic marker for clinical progression. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that VEGF and Flt-1 protein expression are closely related to MVD and seem to be an important predictor for poor prognosis in treated patients with Wilms's tumour. Therefore, the expression of these molecules in primary Wilms's tumour may be useful in identifying those patients at high risk of tumour recurrence and in guiding antiangiogenic treatment.     

血管内皮生长因子及其受体在肝癌细胞中的表达及意义

目的 探讨人肝癌细胞株血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）及其受体的表达,进一步认识VEGF在肝癌血管形成中的作用机制,方法 以人脐静脉血管内皮细胞系ECV304和小鼠成纤维细胞系L929作为对照,采用免疫组化染色及RT-PCR,检测体外培养的人肝细胞肝癌细胞系SMMC7721、HHCC和HepG2中VEGF及其受体的表达。结果 SMMC7721、HHCC和HepG2细胞均有VEGF的表达。同时VEGF受体1（Flt-1)在SMMC7721细胞中也有表达;而HHCC和HepG2细胞则表达VEGF的受体2（KDR）。结论 在肝癌的血管形成中可能存在VEGF的自分泌机制。     

Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor,placental growth factor,and their receptors Flt-1 and KDR in human placenta under pathologic conditions

The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family and its receptors have multifunctional activities besides angiogenesis, and some of these molecules are induced by hypoxia/ischemia. They are known to be expressed in human placenta, but little is known about their involvement in pathologic conditions. We have investigated the expression patterns of VEGF, placental growth factor (PlGF), and their receptors fms-like tyrosine kinase (Flt-1) and kinase insert domain-containing region (KDR) in placentas with histopathological changes. Forty-two placentas from normal and complicated pregnancies delivered in the second and third trimesters were fixed with paraformaldehyde and embedded in paraffin. In situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry were performed on serial sections. In the villi with characteristic hypoxic/ischemic changes (HIC), including increased syncytial knots, infarction, or hypercapillarization, intense immunostaining for VEGF was detected in the media of blood vessels, and increased staining for KDR was demonstrated in the endothelial cells. Strong PlGF immunoreactivity was localized to the degenerative trophoblasts around the infarctions. Marked Flt-1 mRNA expression in the syncytiotrophoblast layers of HIC villi was identified, but some samples did not show ligand expression in these regions. Positive immunostaining for VEGF, PlGF, and Flt-1 was observed in infiltrated neutrophils and macrophages in the placentas with chorioamnionitis (CAM). These findings suggested that in the hypoxic/ischemic regions, VEGF and KDR expression is increased within the villous vessels by paracrine regulation, whereas the expression of PlGF and Flt-1 is enhanced in villous trophoblasts by autocrine regulation. The Flt-1 gene may also be up-regulated directly by hypoxia/ischemia independently of ligand mediation. Furthermore, the results indicated that VEGF and PlGF stimulate inflammatory cell migration by autocrine regulation via the Flt-1 receptor in the CAM placenta. Thus, various functions of VEGF family members participate in the development of pathologic changes in the placenta.     

小鼠精子发生过程中dysbindin-1的表达

目的 探讨精子发生过程中dysbindin-1的表达及dysbindin-1对精子顶体形态的影响。 方法 取生后7d、14d、21d、28d、35d和3月龄的雄性小鼠各3只,用免疫印迹法检测睾丸组织dysbindin-1的表达;以dysbindin-1缺失突变的sdy小鼠为研究对象,收集附睾尾部精子,一部分制备精子涂片,HE染色显示精子形态,用异硫氰酸荧光素-豌豆凝集素（FITC-PSA）和抗精子蛋白56（sp56）单克隆抗体进行荧光染色显示顶体的结构;另一部分采用免疫印迹法检测精子中dysbindin-1的表达。 结果 不同发育阶段小鼠睾丸组织及精子中均只有dysbindin-1A,无dysbindin-1C的表达;sdy小鼠的精子及顶体的形态未见明显异常。 结论 Dysbindin-1A表达于小鼠精子发生的不同时期,dysbindin-1A对精子形态维持不起关键作用。     

Increased expression of EMMPRIN and VEGF in the rat brain after gamma irradiation

The extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (EMMPRIN) has been known to play a key regulatory role in pathological angiogenesis. A elevated activation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) following radiation injury has been shown to mediate blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown. However, the roles of EMMPRIN and VEGF in radiation-induced brain injury after gamma knife surgery (GKS) are not clearly understood. In this study, we investigated EMMPRIN changes in a rat model of radiation injury following GKS and examined potential associations between EMMPRIN and VEGF expression. Adult male rats were subjected to cerebral radiation injury by GKS under anesthesia. We found that EMMPRIN and VEGF expression were markedly upregulated in the target area at 8-12 weeks after GKS compared with the control group by western blot, immunohistochemistry, and RT-PCR analysis. Immunofluorescent double staining demonstrated that EMMPRIN signals colocalized with caspase-3 and VEGF-positive cells. Our data also demonstrated that increased EMMPRIN expression was correlated with increased VEGF levels in a temporal manner. This is the first study to show that EMMPRIN and VEGF may play a role in radiation injuries of the central nervous system after GKS.     

Characterization of 80 kDa human sperm antigen responsible for immunoinfertility

PROBLEM: An 80 kDa human sperm antigen (80 kDa HSA) has been identified by western blot technique using serum of an immunoinfertile woman as a probe. The 80 kDa HSA has been subsequently purified from sperm extract and investigated for antifertility effects. METHOD OF STUDY: The purified 80 kDa HSA was used to immunize adult male and female rats. Rabbit anti 80 kDa HSA antibodies were used for immunofluorescent and immunohistochemical staining to demonstrate the presence of 80 kDa HSA on the sperm and to investigate its tissue distribution. The N-terminal sequence of native 80 kDa HSA and the peptides obtained by its endoproteinase Lys-C was determined. RESULTS: Active immunization of male and female rats with 80 kDa HSA caused infertility in all the immunized animals. Immunofluorescent staining showed its localization on the head region of the human and rat spermatozoa. While immunohistochemical studies showed its localization in the testes and epididymis but not in other somatic tissues. Partial amino-acid sequence analysis showed no sequence homology with any of the known protein in the database. CONCLUSIONS: 80 kDa HSA is a promising candidate antigen for immunocontraception as it is characterized and found to cause infertility upon active immunization. specific to spermatozoa and is conserved.     

Attenuation of the exercise-induced increase in skeletal muscle Flt-1 mRNA by nitric oxide synthase inhibition

We investigated the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor [fms-like-tyrosine kinase (Flt-1 and fetal liver kinase-1 (Flk-1)] response to acute exercise. In female Wistar rats, the VEGF receptor messenger RNA (mRNA) response to a single acute exercise bout was examined using semi-quantitative Northern blot from the left gastrocnemius muscles at rest and post-exercise at 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24 and 48 h. Exercise altered both Flt-1 and Flk-1 mRNA, with significant increases in Flt-1 mRNA at 1 and 24 h. However, post-hoc analysis was unable to discern the time point where a significant increase in Flk-1 mRNA occurred. To investigate the regulation of Flt-1 mRNA by exercise we examined if nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibition alters the Flt-1 mRNA response. Eight groups [Condition: Rest or Exercise; Drug: Saline, 30 mg kg(-1)N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), 300 mg kg(-1) L-NAME or 300 mg kg(-1) D-NAME] were used to determine the effect of NOS inhibition on the Flt-1 mRNA response to exercise. L-NAME, a known NOS inhibitor, attenuated the exercise-induced increase in Flt-1 mRNA by approximately 50%. These findings suggest that: (1) exercise alters Flt-1 and Flk-1 gene expression; and (2) NO is important in the regulation of the Flt-1 gene response to exercise.     

VEGF高表达的胶质瘤细胞C6对共培养微血管内皮细胞表达Flk-1及Flt-1的影响

目的:以正常鼠肝细胞系BRL 3A为对照,研究VEGF高表达的恶性胶质瘤细胞系C6对体外共培养的肺微血管内皮细胞表达Flt-1、Flk-1的影响。方法:建立体外C6,BRL 3A与肺微血管内皮细胞的共培养方法,利用免疫细胞化学方法检测共培养后的微血管内皮细胞上VEGF受体Flt-1、Flk-1蛋白的表达变化,进一步采用RT-PCR和Northernblot分析Flt-1、Flk-1mRNA表达的改变。结果:与胶质瘤细胞C6共培养的微血管内皮细胞Flk-1、Flt-1蛋白表达增加 (P <0.05),而与BRL 3A共培养的内皮细胞Flk-1、Flt-1蛋白表达下降 (P <0.01),RT-PCR和Northernblot检测发现与C6共培养后可上调微血管内皮细胞Flk-1、Flt-1mRNA的表达 (P <0.01),而与BRL 3A共培养下调了Flk-1、Flt-1mRNA的表达 (P <0.01)。结论:VEGF高表达的胶质瘤细胞C6对共培养的微血管内皮细胞表达Flk-1、Flt-1有明显的上调作用,这可能是体内胶质瘤血管新生的重要机制之一.     

Distribution of Flk-1 and Flt-1 receptors in neonatal and adult rat brains

Double-fluorescence staining was combined with confocal laser scanning microscopy to localize fetal liver kinase-1 (Flk-1) and fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (Flt-1) in the neonatal rat brain. The results showed that Flk-1 and Flt-1 immunostaining was observed in the cells with neuron-specific enolase, a neuronal marker, and with factor VIII (F VIII), an endothelium marker, but not in cells with glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), a glial marker, of brain sections from rats on postnatal day 7 (P7). This indicates that both vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptors were distributed in the neurons and the vascular endothelium. A regional analysis showed that Flt-1 was distributed most densely in the hippocampus, followed by the retrosplenial agranular cortex and the striatum, and Flk-1 was evenly distributed throughout the brain. In a comparison of the density of immunopositive staining neurons, Flt-1 was much higher than Flk-1 in most of the brain regions. A time-course analysis showed that both Flt-1 and Flk-1 were highly expressed in the cerebral vessel of rats on P1, P7, and P14, and then declined in adults, consistent with the development of angiogenesis in neonates. In the neurons, Flt-1 was highest in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of P1-P14 rats, and then gradually decreased, whereas Flk-1 abruptly increased and reached its highest level in adults. The results suggest that Flt-1 and Flk-1 are expressed in the neurons with their individual time-dependent manners and regional distribution in the brain. However, the significance of the neuronal distribution of Flt-1 and Flk-1 remains to be determined.