脱细胞真皮基质补片修复滇南小耳猪胆管损伤☆

背景：目前胆管缺损的修复效果不佳,脱细胞真皮基质已广泛用于烧伤、疝修复、口腔黏膜及软组织修复等。 目的：观察脱细胞真皮基质修复滇南小耳猪胆管损伤的效果。 方法：将滇南小耳猪建立胆管损伤动物模型,建模成功后按修复方式分为胆肠吻合组、膨体聚四氟乙烯组及脱细胞真皮基质组,胆肠吻合组进行胆肠吻合修补,膨体聚四氟乙烯组及脱细胞真皮基质组分别用膨体聚四氟乙烯补片和脱细胞真皮基质补片制成直径稍宽管状进行修补。 结果与结论：治疗后2~4个月,脱细胞真皮基质组的总胆红素低于其他2组(P < 0.05);免疫组织化学染色显示,治疗后1~4个月,其转化生长因子β1表达均高于其他2组(P < 0.05),表达随时间增加而降低(P < 0.05)。脱细胞真皮基质组胆总管吻合口及周围组织出现胆道上皮、腺体、血管及平滑肌等再生。脱细胞真皮基质组治疗后未出现胆道狭窄、感染及排斥反应发生。结果证实,脱细胞真皮基质可生理性修复胆道并重建其功能,并发症少,生物相容性较好。 关健词：脱细胞真皮基质;补片;胆管损伤;转化生长因子β1;猪;生物相容性;细胞外基质材料 doi:10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.12.012     

脱细胞真皮基质修复组织缺损研究进展

脱细胞真皮基质(ADM)是一类经过特殊方法分离皮肤表皮与真皮,去除真皮层内的朗格汉斯细胞、血管内皮细胞、成纤维细胞等附件细胞以及抗原成公主要组织相容性复合物(MHC)而仅保留胶原纤维、弹力蛋白等细胞外基质的特殊生物材料.ADM不引起机体排斥反应,为组织修复提供了良好支架,便于血管化和宿主细胞植入.其制备过程包括分离表皮与真皮、脱细胞成分及打孔、冷冻干燥等.根据分类方法的不同,ADM可分为同种异体ADM和异种ADM、补片型及注射型ADM、交联型与非交联型ADM,同时已有产品相继问世,可根据临床需要进行选择.ADM现已广泛应用于各外科领域,如深度皮肤烧伤、乳腺癌术后乳腺重建、修复口腔黏膜、腹壁疝及声带麻痹等.因其自身特点,临床应用前景广阔.就ADM近年来的研究进展作一综述.     

脱细胞真皮基质水凝胶的制备及生物学评价

背景：最近脱细胞真皮基质水凝胶因其可注射性和能填充不规则空间,在组织填充与修复中有着广阔的应用前景,而细胞相容性和生物相容性是组织修复的关键,探究脱细胞真皮基质水凝胶的相容性具有重要意义。目的：构建一种脱细胞真皮基质水凝胶,用于组织填充和修复。方法：制备可注射型脱细胞真皮基质水凝胶,扫描电镜下观察其微观形貌。将质量浓度8,10 g/L的脱细胞真皮基质水凝胶分别与骨髓间充质干细胞共培养,检测细胞增殖与细胞相容性。将蛋白质量浓度0.25,0.5 g/L的脱细胞真皮基质水凝胶分别注射至同一SD大鼠背部皮下不同部位,术后2,4周,观察水凝胶降解情况。将蛋白质量浓度1,1.5,2 g/L的脱细胞真皮基质水凝胶分别注射至同一SD大鼠背部皮下不同部位,术后8,16周,观察水凝胶降解情况,并进行组织学分析。结果与结论：(1)扫描电镜下可见,脱细胞真皮基质水凝胶呈现一种不规则随机走向的多孔纤维结构,孔径大小不一。(2)共培养1,3,5 d后,两种浓度的水凝胶对骨髓间充质干细胞的增殖无影响;共培养1,2,3 d后的Live/Dead染色显示,两种浓度的水凝胶对骨髓间充质干细胞的增殖无影响,但水凝胶上的细胞...     

异体脱细胞真皮基质作为组织工程皮肤真皮支架的可行性*

背景：组织工程皮肤是目前研究皮肤损伤修复重建的重要手段之一,异体脱细胞真皮基质不存在免疫原性,在异体移植时不会发生排斥反应,是比较理想的真皮替代物。 目的：观察异体脱细胞真皮基质的组织相容性。 方法：以正常人体真皮组织作为对照,通过体外、体内细胞毒性实验检测异体脱细胞真皮基质的组织相容性,以膨胀度、饱和含水量及生物力学分析检测异体脱细胞真皮基质的亲水性及机械性能。 结果与结论：真皮基质中未见任何细胞成分,其网孔直径介于100~180 μm 之间。脱细胞真皮基质组饱和含水量为(69.6±3.97)%,膨胀度2.30±0.42,最大断裂力为(3.082±0.046) N,与对照组相比,差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05)。体内外细胞毒性检测,未见明显细胞生长抑制及免疫排斥反应。提示异体脱细胞真皮基质机械性能接近正常皮肤,组织相容性好,免疫排斥反应小,是构建组织工程皮肤理想的真皮材料。     

NaOH消蚀法制备脱细胞真皮基质修补腹壁疝

背景：与其他疝修补材料相比,脱细胞真皮基质具有易血管化、抗感染、从而可用替代传统补片用于感染腹壁缺损重建等特点。 目的：观察NaOH消蚀法制备的脱细胞真皮基质作为修补材料应用于腹疝的应用价值。 方法：以全厚猪皮制成脱细胞真皮基质,45只SD雄性大鼠制备腹壁疝模型,随机数字表法分为腹壁疝组：直接缝合皮肤,Marlex网组和脱细胞真皮基质组：分别应用大小为3.5 cm×4.0 cm的Marlex网和脱细胞真皮基质缝合皮肤;观察修复后1周时有无腹壁疝发生,脱细胞真皮基质组修复后1,2,3,5,10周分别取材,其中每周各组取4只用于苏木精-伊红染色,光镜观察。修复后第5周Marlex网组和脱细胞真皮基质组各取6只用于抗张力试验。 结果与结论：术后1周脱细胞真皮基质组与Marlex网组腹壁疝发生率均显著低于腹壁疝组(P < 0.001)。脱细胞真皮基质的胶原纤维无明显变化,即有少量成纤维细胞植入,术后2周可见新生血管,术后5周脱细胞真皮基质内部血管密度基本稳定。将单独脱细胞真皮基质片与Marlex网行抗张力试验,Marlex网的抗张力显著高于脱细胞真皮基质(P < 0.001)。但植入体内5周后,脱细胞真皮基质筋膜组织的抗张力高于Marlex-筋膜组织(P < 0.05)。提示复合消蚀制备的脱细胞真皮基质可以作为良好的疝修补材料。     

脱细胞真皮基质补片治疗小儿肛瘘

背景：采用异体脱细胞真皮基质材料填塞治疗成人低位肛瘘具有较好的临床效果。 目的：探讨脱细胞异体真皮基质补片修补小儿肛瘘的可行性以及方法。 方法：将138例肛瘘患儿随机分为2组,用可吸收线将脱细胞异体真皮基质生物补片固定在直肠黏膜下,A组双层缝合封闭内口,B组不游离、缝合内口。 结果与结论：随访观察6个月,所有病例肛周无红肿,外观无异常,外口硬结消失,内口愈合良好,无肛门狭窄及肛门外形改变。两组在修复后均有部分患儿出现瘘口出流便,但未经特殊处理,症状均自行消失,痊愈。A组术后瘘口漏便患儿人数较B组多(P < 0.01),出现时间较B组早(P < 0.05),但总体愈合时间无差异。说明手术中仅固定补片于内口,而不游离、缝合内口即可达到满意疗效。     

脱细胞异体真皮基质与人脂肪干细胞的生物相容性

背景：脱细胞异体真皮基质具有优良的生物相容性和组织细胞诱导功能。 目的：评价人脂肪干细胞与脱细胞异体真皮基质的生物相容性。 方法：取健康成年人吸脂术后的脂肪组织分离脂肪干细胞,并行原代与传代培养,传至第3代,将细胞与脱细胞异体真皮基质联合体外培养3,7 d,倒置相差显微镜和扫描电镜观察细胞在支架材料上的黏附、生长及增殖情况,并计算细胞在材料上的黏附率;XTT比色法检测细胞的生长增殖情况。 结果与结论：脂肪干细胞在支架材料上分布均匀,24 h内细胞开始伸展、黏附,二三天完全伸展变形,以梭形为主,呈网状排列;随着培养时间延长,支架上的细胞逐渐增多;人脂肪干细胞细胞与脱细胞异体真皮基质混合培养后平均黏附率为95.03%,并保持正常的生长增殖速度,表明支架对细胞具有良好的黏附性;脱细胞异体真皮基质材料与人脂肪干细胞复合后相容性良好。     

猪脂肪干细胞与脱细胞真皮基质的生物相容性

背景：脱细胞真皮基质已广泛应用于器官或组织缺损的修补。 目的：观察猪脂肪源性干细胞与脱细胞真皮基质的相容性。 方法：酶消化法原代培养猪脂肪源性干细胞,利用流式细胞仪和多向诱导分化方法鉴定脂肪干细胞,将其与脱细胞真皮基质共培养。 结果与结论：实验成功培养出猪脂肪源性干细胞,流式细胞仪检测结果显示阳性表达CD44和CD105,不表达CD34和CD45;在诱导培养基条件下,可向脂肪细胞、成骨细胞分化。苏木精-伊红染色及扫描电镜发现干细胞能在脱细胞真皮基质表面黏附生长。脂肪源性干细胞与脱细胞真皮基质具有良好的相容性,将两者体外复合培养后,有望将复合物植入体内进行缺损组织、器官的修复。     

珊瑚羟基磷灰石与异体脱细胞真皮基质联合修复牙根尖周组织缺损

背景：慢性根尖周炎症导致根尖周骨质破坏及缺损并不少见,若不能及时消除炎症终止骨吸收和牙龈组织的破坏,修复根尖周组织缺损,最终将导致牙丧失。脱细胞真皮基质和珊瑚羟基磷灰石在动物实验中常用于修复牙周损伤。目的：评价异体脱细胞真皮基质与珊瑚羟基磷灰石两种材料联合修复根尖周组织缺损的临床疗效。方法：选择76例慢性根尖周炎患者作为研究对象,患者等分为实验组和对照组。实验组患者采用异体脱细胞基质与珊瑚羟基磷灰石联合修复根尖周组织缺损;对照组患者不植入任何材料。2组患者均行根尖切除及根尖倒充。修复后1周及6,12个月复诊,通过临床症状和 X 射线片检查评价修复效果。结果与结论：修复1个月后,实验组患者异体脱细胞真皮基质全部存活,因修整瘘管口周围炎性的肉芽组织导致的牙龈组织缺损已经愈合。在修复12个月后,实验组患者的修复有效率明显高于对照组(P < 0.05)。实验组患者修复6个月后骨缺损区阴影基本消失,珊瑚羟基磷灰石颗粒间的透射影减小,出现有一定致密度的影像,提示有新骨长入;12个月后珊瑚羟基磷灰石颗粒密度已接近正常的骨组织密度,与正常骨组织之间有密度移行改变,逐渐与牙槽骨形成骨融合。异体脱细胞基质与珊瑚羟基磷灰石的生物相容性良好。提示异体脱细胞真皮基质与珊瑚羟基磷灰石联合修复根尖周组织缺损具有良好的临床疗效。中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料;骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性;组织工程全文链接：     

基因修饰牙龈成纤维细胞及脱细胞真皮基质制备牙周组织工程复合物

背景：前期研究发现人血小板源性生长因子B基因转染的牙龈成纤维细胞能够在体外快速增殖,且能够向胞外分泌血小板源性生长因子BB蛋白。目的：了解人血小板源性生长因子B基因修饰牙龈成纤维细胞植入脱细胞真皮基质后,在体内形成牙周组织工程化复合物的能力。方法：将人血小板源性生长因子B基因转染与未转染的Beagle犬牙龈成纤维细胞分别接种于脱细胞真皮基质上,观察细胞在脱细胞真皮基质上的生长情况。将人血小板源性生长因子B基因转染犬牙龈成纤维细胞-脱细胞真皮基质复合物(实验组)、犬牙龈成纤维细胞-脱细胞真皮基质复合物(对照组)及脱细胞真皮基质(空白组)分别植入裸鼠背部皮下,植入后2,4,8周,取背部标本进行组织学观察。结果与结论：人血小板源性生长因子B基因转染与未转染的犬牙龈成纤维细胞均能在脱细胞真皮基质上良好生长。植入后8周,空白组周围的细胞大面积进入脱细胞真皮基质内,部分脱细胞真皮基质出现完全自体化,尽管细胞进入较多,但新生成的胶原纤维较少,细胞只是占据原有的胶原支架生长;对照组开始出现大面积新生胶原纤维,脱细胞真皮基质上原有的胶原纤维逐步被新生的胶原替代,但原有的胶原结构得到保留;实验组出现大面积完全矿化,可见沿原有胶原支架排列的矿化颗粒。表明接种人血小板源性生长因子B基因修饰牙龈成纤维细胞的脱细胞真皮基质在体内获得了成骨性能。 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料;骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性;组织工程     

喉肌电图与喉肌诱发电位对甲状腺手术所致声带麻痹的评价

目的 :探讨喉肌电图 (LEMG)和喉体感诱发电位 (LSEP)对甲状腺手术所致声带麻痹的评估价值。方法 :对病程不同的 32例甲状腺手术所致单侧声带麻痹患者进行LEMG和LSEP检测并分析与临床预后的关系。结果 :不论是 2～ 6个月声带运动恢复组 ,还是未恢复组 ,LEMG和LSEP两种检查结果(波幅分别 6 5 .2± 2 2 .9μV和 4 4 .0± 2 8.2 μV)之间有高度一致性即其间差异无显著意义。不论是LEMG或是LSEP检查 ,2～ 6个月声带恢复组与未恢复组两组 (波幅分别 5 5 .4± 12 .7μV和 15 .4±15 .6 μV)之间差异有显著性意义。全部患者LSEP潜伏期明显延长 ,波幅降低 ,与对照组比较差异有显著意义。LEMG提示失神经电位增多。预后越好则LSEP和LEMG波幅越高。结论 :LSEP和LEMG检测有一致性 ,均可评估喉返神经损伤程度 ,对预测喉返神经损伤所致声带麻痹的预后有一定价值。     

Hereditary distal muscular atrophy with vocal cord paralysis and sensorineural hearing loss: a dominant form of spinal muscular atrophy?

In 1980 Young and Harper described a family with an unusual form of distal spinal muscular atrophy associated with vocal cord paralysis. We report a family with three similarly affected subjects. Progressive sensorineural hearing loss was an additional feature in our patients. Electrophysiological and histological investigations did not exclude an involvement of sensory neurones. Whether the classification of this dominant disorder with the spinal muscular atrophies is justified will depend on additional studies in further families.     

Bilateral vocal cord paralysis in Williams syndrome

Stewart FJ, Dalzell M, McReid M, Cinnamond MJ. Bilateral vocal cord paralysis in Williams syndrome.
Clin Genet 1993: 44: 164–165. © Munksgaard, 1993
Williams syndrome was first described in 1961 (Williams et al. 1961) and is a well-recognised clinical syndrome characterised by growth deficiency, learning difficulties and a typical facies. We describe a 9-year-old girl with classical features of Williams syndrome who presented with acute vocal cord paralysis for which no other cause was found.     

Congenital vocal cord paralysis with possible autosomal recessive inheritance: Case report and review of the literature

We describe an infant with congenital vocal cord paralysis born to consanguineous parents. While autosomal dominant and X-linked inheritance have been previously reported in this condition, we conclude that the degree of parental consanguinity in this case strongly suggests autosomal recessive inheritance. Although we cannot exclude X-linked inheritance, evidence from animal studies demonstrates autosomal recessive inheritance and provides a possible molecular basis for congenital vocal cord paralysis. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Interpretation of changes in spirographic and flow-volume variables after operative treatment in bilateral vocal cord paralysis

In 13 patients, who underwent a superolateralization of a vocal cord after bilateral vocal cord paralysis, we studied pre- and postoperatively spirometric dynamic and static lung volumes and variables from maximal expiratory and maximal inspiratory flow-volume (MEFV and MIFV) curves. The effects of surgical treatment on these variables have been established by comparing the statistical significance of the changes post- versus preoperative. A significant increase was found in the vital capacity and a significant decrease in the indices associated with the dynamic variability of the obstruction. The most significant changes were found in peak inspiratory flow and peak expiratory flow, and in the inspiratory defined dynamic estimates, as forced inspiratory volume in 1 second and maximal voluntary ventilation at a frequency of 30 c X min-1. Significant correlations, however, were found to exist only for the changes within the group of flow-volume indices and for those within the group of spirographic variables. This led us to the conclusion that for the diagnosis of this type of upper airway obstruction these measurements are additive, reflecting different aspects of airway mechanics.     

Autologous Platelet-Poor Plasma Gel for Injection Laryngoplasty

Purpose

To overcome the potential disadvantages of the use of foreign materials and autologous fat or collagen, we introduce here an autologous plasma gel for injection laryngoplasty. The purpose of this study was to present a new injection material, a plasma gel, and to discuss its clinical effectiveness.

Materials and Methods

From 2 mL of blood, the platelet poor serum layer was collected and heated at 100℃ for 12 min to form a plasma gel. The plasma gel was then injected into a targeted site; the safety and efficacy thereof were evaluated in 30 rats. We also conducted a phase I/II clinical study of plasma gel injection laryngoplasty in 11 unilateral vocal fold paralysis patients.

Results

The plasma gel was semi-solid and an easily injectable material. Of note, plasma gel maintains the same consistency for up to 1 year in a sealed bottle. However, exposure to room air causes the plasma gel to disappear within 1 month. In our animal study, the autologous plasma gel remained in situ for 6 months in animals with minimal inflammation. Clinical study showed that vocal cord palsy was well compensated for with the plasma gel in all patients at two months after injection with no significant complications. Jitter, shimmer, maximum, maximum phonation time (MPT) and mean voice handicap index (VHI) also improved significantly after plasma gel injection. However, because the injected plasma gel was gradually absorbed, 6 patients needed another injection, while the gel remained in place in 2 patients.

Conclusion

Injection laryngoplasty with autologous plasma gel may be a useful and safe treatment option for temporary vocal cord palsy.     

Schmidt syndrome due to idiopathic accessory nerve paralysis

A patient with Schmidt syndrome due to idiopathic accessory neuropathy has had paralysis of soft palate and larynx as well as trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles, reflecting involvement of cranial and spinal roots, respectively. In addition to vocal cord paralysis on the laryngoscopy, videofluoroscopy confirmed diminished mobility of the soft palate. Electrodiagnosis showed accessory neuropathy at the proximal segment. Furthermore, the accessory nerve innervated not only upper but also middle and lower portions of the trapezius muscles.     

Nocturnal stridor in olivopontocerebellar atrophy

We describe a patient with olivopontocerebellar atrophy (OPCA) who was referred for alleged "snoring." Polysomnogram with video and audio monitoring revealed that the patient actually had nocturnal stridor causing repetitive oxygen desaturations. Direct laryngoscopy while awake showed a unilateral vocal cord paralysis. The nocturnal stridor persisted after unilateral vocal cord pinning, suggesting that the patient had probably been experiencing bilateral vocal cord paresis while asleep. We conclude that state-dependent vocal cord dysfunction may be severe in OPCA and related multiple system atrophy. Nocturnal stridor has many causes and may mimic snoring and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Polysomnography with audio and video recordings are necessary to make the diagnosis.     

Analysis of a Polytef Granuloma Mimicking a Cold Thyroid Nodule 17 Months after Laryngeal Injection

A 65–year-old female who received laryngeal injections with polytef (Teflon) paste for treatment of right vocal cord paralysis first noticed a small, right anterior neck mass 17 months later. Clinically this mass slowly progressed in size and was felt to be a recurrent carotid body tumor, but at surgery, 22 months after injection, a circumscribed nodule on the anterior right lobe of the thyroid was found and histologically diag-nosed as a foreign body granuloma. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive x-ray analysis (EDXA) of material in this lesion was identical to that of polytef paste, which is a mixture of pyrolyzed poly-tetrafluoroethylene and glycerine.

The possibility that deaggregated smaller particles in the polytef paste were able to migrate from the injection site resulting in this neck mass is considered.