胚胎干细胞、成体干细胞的基础研究及应用

对于细胞的研究现状及进展进行了综述。讨论了胚胎干细胞和成体干细胞的定义及判别标准，干细胞的分离及生物学特性，干细胞生长分化及定向诱导分化的条件，成体干细胞可塑性定义、机制及判定标准，干细胞的应用及存在的问题。     

人类胚胎基因编辑研究引发的伦理思考

随着人类胚胎基因编辑的研究被首次公开发表,科学界和伦理学界对此类研究是否符合伦理存在巨大争论。本文以此为切入点,梳理各方观点,并通过对基因编辑技术的伦理学分析,得出如下结论:不应禁止人类生殖系基因编辑的基础研究,而当先将此技术应用在临床实践中仍为时尚早。     

体外分化胚胎干细胞为造血干细胞重建造血功能的研究

目的：探讨体外定向分化胚胎干细胞（ESCs）为造血干细胞（HSCs）对体内造血功能的重建作用。方法：将小鼠E14.1胚胎干细胞采用“三步诱导法”在体外分化发育为HSCs，造血克隆形成(CFU)实验观察其体外造血集落形成情况，免疫磁珠分选纯化HSCs移植给经亚致死剂量γ射线照射的雌性SCID小鼠，观察其植入及小鼠造血功能恢复情况。结果: 经过分阶段诱导，多种造血刺激因子联合应用能有效促进ESCs定向分化发育为HSCs,流式细胞仪检测HSCs特异性表面标志物CD34+/Sca-1+表达最高为（58.64±4.20）%，CFU培养能形成较多的红系、粒系/巨噬细胞系及混合细胞集落, Wright-Giemsa 染色显示为原始的造血细胞。此阶段的HSCs经分选纯化后移植给经γ射线照射后的小鼠，移植组小鼠+10 d造血功能开始恢复，观察40 d后除血小板恢复较慢外，白细胞、红细胞、血红蛋白等指标已接近正常，植入率为71.4%，存活率为43.0%，染色体检测证实已由受体鼠的XX转为供体鼠的XY。结论: 采用分阶段诱导的方法，可在体外定向诱导小鼠ESCs分化发育为HSCs，此来源的HSCs可以有效重建体内造血功能。     

胚胎干细胞研究及应用

胚胎干细胞是来源于胚胎的多能干细胞，具有分化的多向性和长期增殖的能力，巳被广泛用于生命科学的各个领域。本综述了胚胎干细胞的概念、研究进程、生物学特点及应用，尤其着重论述了目前的主要应用情况，并指出存在的一些问题。     

胚胎干细胞研究进展

胚胎干细胞来源于着床前的囊胚内细胞团或早期胎儿的原始生殖细胞，具有全能分化和无限增殖的潜力。在适当条件下，胚胎干细胞可被诱导分化为各种细胞组织，这一特性使其在基础研究、移植治疗和基因治疗中具有诱人的应用前景。     

胚胎干细胞、成体干细胞的基础研究及应用

对干细胞的研究现状及进展进行了综述。讨论了胚胎干细胞和成体干细胞的定义及判别标准,干细胞的分离及生物学特性,干细胞生长分化及定向诱导分化的条件,成体干细胞可塑性定义、机制及判定标准,干细胞的应用及存在的问题。     

胚胎干细胞的研究进展

一、研究现状胚胎干细胞 (ｅｍｂｒｙｏｎｉｃｓｔｅｍｃｅｌｌ,ＥＳ)是从早期胚胎中发现、能在体外培养的一种高度未分化细胞 ,它具有发育成各种细胞的潜能。主要来源于两种组织 :早期胚胎细胞团分离的ＥＳ细胞和胚胎生殖嵴分离的胚胎生殖细胞 (ｅｍｂｒｙｏｎｉｃｇｅｒｍｃｅｌｌ,ＥＧ) ,两者的形态、标志、体内分化潜能及种系传递功能都相似[1] 。ＥＳ细胞的研究以小鼠拉开序幕 ,扩展至其它动物 ,最终进入人类ＥＳ细胞研究的主题。 1981年Ｅｖａｎｓ等首次在延缓着床的小鼠胚胎中发现了ＥＳ细胞[2 ] ,Ｍａｒｔｉｎ[3] 、Ａｘ ｅｌｅｒｏ…     

胚胎体外培养及胚胎干细胞系的建立

背景：人类胚胎干细胞体外建系成功,对人类胚胎发育机制和发育生物学研究、细胞和组织移植治疗某些疾病等领域都有重大意义。目的：综述近年来关于胚胎体外培养及建立胚胎干细胞系的研究进展,重点探讨胚胎体外培养影响因素、人废弃胚胎培养分离内细胞团建立胚胎干细胞系的方法及建立胚胎干细胞系的条件。方法：以“胚胎(embryo),胚胎干细胞(embryonic stem cell),共培养(co culture),序贯培养(sequential culture)”为检索词,由第一作者检索2000至2014年CNKI数据库和SCI数据库,获取有关胚胎体外培养、移植及胚胎干细胞建系的相关文献,并进行系统评价,最终保留58篇文献进行分析。结果与结论：胚胎体外培养条件是影响胚胎移植结局的重要因素,其中包括培养液的成分和培养体系。在过去的研究过程中,培养液的构成及应用已经发生了很大的变化,培养体系也从单一培养发展到共培养、序贯培养。伦理问题及胚胎来源的限制束缚着人胚胎干细胞系的建立,利用临床废弃的低质量的胚胎可作为建立人胚胎干细胞系的材料来源之一,有效的缓解了建立人胚胎干细胞系过程中胚胎缺乏的问题,并减少其中的伦理学纷争。中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：干细胞;骨髓干细胞;造血干细胞;脂肪干细胞;肿瘤干细胞;胚胎干细胞;脐带脐血干细胞;干细胞诱导;干细胞分化;组织工程全文链接：     

人胚胎干细胞研究进展

胚胎干细胞（Ｅｍｂｒｙｏｎｉｃ ｓｔｅｍ ｃｅｌｌ,ＥＳ）是从着床前的内细胞团（ＩＣＭ）或原始生殖细胞（ＰＧＣｓ）经体外分离培养而建立的克隆细胞系。ＥＳ细胞的特点是只生长、不分经。并保持早期胚胎发育的多能性。人ＥＳ细胞既具有其他哺乳动物ＥＳ细胞的一般特性,又有自己的特殊性。人ＥＳ细胞系的建立及开发利用具有重要意义。     

胚胎干细胞蛋白质组学

胚胎干细胞（embryonic stem cells,ES细胞）具有自我复制和无限增殖的潜能,在发育生物学和再生医学中具有重要的研究价值,ES细胞蛋白质组学研究对揭示ES细胞增殖、分化的机制具有重大意义。     

Ethical issues in using and not using embryonic stem cells

It is an aim of some to find ways to acquire stem cells that no one will object to on ethical grounds. This is probably an impossible task, as there might be people whose ethical views forbid any scientific research at all. The aim might be rephrased as finding ways to acquire stem cells against which no one will have a reasonable ethical complaint. One problem then is to consider what are reasonable complaints (or what complaints are not unreasonable). But not all reasonable complaints are correct. For example, it might not be unreasonable given your information at a certain time to think you are being cheated. Nevertheless you could be wrong. So another problem is to consider the correctness of even views that are not unreasonable. Of course, if a view that is initially not unreasonable is conclusively shown to be wrong, and one should know this, it might become unreasonable to hold the view.     

Ethical issues of unrelated hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in adult thalassemia patients

Background  

Beta thalassemia major is a severe inherited form of hemolytic anemia that results from ineffective erythropoiesis. Allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) remains the only potentially curative therapy. Unfortunately, the subgroup of adult thalassemia patients with hepatomegaly, portal fibrosis and a history of irregular iron chelation have an elevated risk for transplantation-related mortality that is currently estimated to be about 29 percent.     

Ethics and embryonic stem cell research

There are important ethical issues that can be raised about embryonic stem cell research. One large ethical issue that has unfortunately arisen recently has to do with the falsification of scientific results and how, if at all, the scientific community can protect itself from such a thing. Regarding all medical research, and indeed, regarding everything having to do with health care policy, there are important ethical issues about who bears the burdens and reaps the benefits in a health care system that is fundamentally unjust, inhumane and inadequate to the needs of the growing segment of our population that is economically disadvantaged. Who is going to own this technology? Who is going to reap the economic benefits from it? How are the medical benefits going to be distributed? Yet another ethical issue is about how properly to obtain informed consent from women who volunteer to donate eggs for embryonic stem cell research, since there are some risks, but no direct benefits, to the donor.     

Human embryonic stem cell stability

Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are derived from human preimplantation embryos, and exhibit the defining characteristics of immortality and pluripotency. Indeed, these cell populations can be maintained for several years in continuous culture, and undergo hundreds of population doublings (see refs. 1,2). hESCs are thus likely candidates for source of cells for cell replacement therapies. Although hESC lines appear stable in their expression of cytokine markers, expression of telomerase, ability to differentiate, and maintenance of a stable karyotype, several other aspects of stability have not yet been addressed, including mitochondrial sequencing, methylation patterns, and fine resolution cytogenetic analysis. Because of the potential utility of hESCs, it will be of utmost importance to evaluate the stability of these aspects of ESC biology.     

Ethical issues

Key concepts which should be recognized to understand today's medical ethics required for information management regarding clinical research are privacy protection, use limitation, individual participation, and accountability. Special attention should be paid to concepts other than privacy protection, because they are fairly new to medical professionals. Furthermore, in laboratory medicine, we have real problems, for example, how to protect privacy concerning specimens gathered from patients. Therefore, there have been many kinds of rules or guidelines established recently. Although we tend to strictly follow these guidelines, it is not always clear which guidelines should be applied to certain cases, or they do not always exactly correspond to a specific case. The full understanding of the principles of medical ethics represented by these guidelines is essential. In this paper, a clinical research document reviewed by an ethical review board is shown as an example.