颅内动脉狭窄支架置入与植入材料的生物相容性

背景：颅内动脉狭窄支架按照结构和材质可将血管内支架分为金属支架、聚合物支架、涂层支架等类型。那么哪一种支架更具临床应用价值呢？ 目的：对颅内动脉狭窄支架置入治疗的理论、应用、并发症及疗效进行评定,并分析植入材料的生物相容性。 方法：应用计算机应用计算机检索PubMed数据库及西文生物医学期刊文献数据库(EMCC)2000-01/2010-10 期间的相关文章,检索词为“Intracranial arterial stenosis,stent Implantation”,并限定文章语言种类为English。同时计算机检索中国期刊全文数据库(CNKI)等2000-01/2010-10期间的相关文章,检索词为“颅内动脉狭窄,支架置入”,并限定文章语言种类为中文。此外还手工查阅相关专著数部。纳入不同材料支架置入治疗颅内动脉狭窄的研究,包括基础研究、临床应用、并发症及材料的生物相容性评定。初检得到151篇文献,根据纳入标准选择33篇文章进行分析。 结果与结论：颅内动脉狭窄的支架置入治疗较单纯药物治疗有明显的优势。近年来,随着冠脉支架及Wingspan支架的运用,支架治疗颅内动脉狭窄已成为一种安全有效的方法。虽然支架置入治疗后会发生不同并发症如再狭窄、脑出血高灌注综合征、缺血性脑卒中等,但支架治疗颅内动脉狭窄在短期及中期有很好的疗效,同时远期疗效还有待进一步研究。提示,支架置入治疗颅内动脉狭窄是一种安全的方法,短、中期内有效,但远期疗效有待进一步研究。药物涂层支架和Wingspan 支架与人体的生物相容性并没有显著差异,尚待进一步论证。     

国产镍钛合金气管支架治疗恶性气道狭窄的临床应用

目的评价应用国产镍钛合金气管支架治疗恶性气道狭窄的临床效果。方法11例恶性气道狭窄患者(其中肺癌6例、食管癌晚期伴气管旁淋巴结转移合并气道狭窄5例),其中男性7例,女性4例,年龄46～62岁。术前常规行高千伏胸部X线摄片和CT检查,明确气道狭窄的部位、形态及范围。在X线透视下将多功能导管沿导丝经声门进入气管并越过狭窄段,更换超硬导丝并将导丝留置于狭窄段远端,撤除导管,沿导丝通过置入器置入气管支架。结果11例患者成功置入气管支架。随即所有患者呼吸困难症状明显改善。全部病例均无严重并发症。结论气管支架置入术是治疗恶性气道狭窄的有效方法。     

症状性颅内动脉粥样硬化性狭窄支架置入术治疗的长期疗效观察

目的 探讨支架置入术治疗症状性颅内动脉粥样硬化性狭窄(ICAS)的长期安全性及有效性。方法 回顾性研究。纳入2014年9月—2015年8月陆军军医大学第一附属医院神经内科行颅内动脉支架置入术的31例症状性ICAS患者的临床资料,其中男21例、女10例,年龄36~73(57.00±9.87)岁。依据置入支架的类型将患者分为自膨式支架组16例和球扩式支架组15例。对患者进行5年以上随访,观察和记录终点事件:术后30 d内的终点事件包括卒中、短暂性脑缺血发作和死亡,术后30 d~5年的终点事件包括同侧缺血性卒中、出血性卒中、血管性死亡。结果 31例患者获随访1～77(62.7±15.5)个月,5年内发生终点事件4例(死亡3例):术后30 d内发生终点事件(出血性卒中)2例,其中死亡1例;术后30 d~5年的终点事件2例。术后第1~5年每年累积发生终点事件分别为2、2、4、4、4例,其中第3年终点事件增加2例,分别为同侧缺血性卒中1例、出血性卒中1例(均死亡)。自膨式支架组和球扩式支架组患者各项终点事件比较,差异均无统计学意义(P值均＞0.05)。结论 支架置入术治疗症状性ICAS的围手术期及远期观察显示手术方式安全有效。     

血管内支架成形材料在脑供血动脉狭窄治疗中的应用

目的：总结近年来血管内支架成形材料在脑供血动脉狭窄治疗中的应用情况。 方法：由作者应用计算机检索维普数据库中与血管内支架置入治疗脑供血动脉狭窄有关的文章,检索时限2000-01/2010-10。检索关键词：血管内支架成形术;脑供血动脉狭窄;缺血性脑卒中;并发症。纳入标准：血管内支架置入治疗脑供血动脉狭窄的文章。排除标准：重复研究或较陈旧文献。 结果：金属内支架进入临床治疗后取得了令人瞩目的效果,但具有一定的致血栓形成性、永久性存留体内、再狭窄仍较高、金属表面难以附载药物等缺点。针对以上不足,近些年对支架材料、构形设计、制作工艺等均作了不少改进,更引人注目的是20世纪80年代末和90年代初覆膜支架的出现和生物学支架概念的提出,使血管内支架又进入了一个新的阶段。 结论：随着血管内技术的发展,脑保护装置下血管内支架置入已成为治疗颅内外动脉狭窄的主要方法之一,支架技术的安全性和有效性已显著提高,但仍存在如血栓形成、脑出血、再狭窄以及过度灌注等问题。     

自膨胀式支架在脑血管介入中的应用

背景：随着冠脉血管支架和外周血管支架置入技术的成熟,如今自膨胀式支架正成为国内外医疗器械厂商致力于开发的重点和热点产品,由于脑血管相当迂曲和细小,以及置入风险比其他部位血管高很多,因此自膨胀式支架的开发要难度很大。首要任务就是选用合适的生物医用材料,如何提高脑血管病支架材料的安全性、减少并发症是该项技术的要点和难点。 目的：分析不同自膨胀式支架材料在脑血管介入中的应用的相关文献,比较自膨胀式支架置入与传统的脑血管病治疗方法的优势,以及安全性和相关并发症等问题。 方法：收集不同自膨胀式支架治疗不同脑血管病的相关文献,就临床开始使用以及正在研究开发的各类自膨胀式支架材料的物理性能、化学性能和生物相容性进行对比分析,比较不同治疗方法的优缺点。 结果与结论：关于血管内治疗的方案,仍然缺乏统一的标准。不同治疗方法都存在一定的弊端,各种治疗方案的安全性及有效性尚需要大规模、前瞻性、随即对照试验予以证实。随着自膨胀式支架材料的更新与发展,自膨胀式支架的应用可成为脑血管病的重要治疗方法。     

症状性颅内动脉狭窄支架置入术后内皮祖细胞的数量及功能与再狭窄的相关性研究

目的探讨症状性动脉粥样硬化性颅内动脉狭窄( sICAS)患者颅内动脉支架置入术后内皮祖细胞( EPCs)数量、功能及血管内皮生长因子( VEGF)水平变化与术后颅内动脉再狭窄的关系。方法选择2008年1月—2012年10月聊城市人民医院神经内科因sICAS行颅内动脉支架置入术的87例患者进行前瞻性研究。87例患者中,男48例,女39例;年龄48~81岁。均采用颅内动脉支架置入术治疗,术后1年行头颈CTA检查,根据患者颅内动脉狭窄情况分为再狭窄组和无狭窄组,分别对两组患者术后1年外周血EPCs的数量、黏附能力、迁移能力,以及VEGF水平进行测定,并对结果进行对比分析。结果87例sICAS患者均成功行经皮血管内支架置入术。术后1年行头颈CTA检查显示,无狭窄组64例,再狭窄组23例,其中14例患者再狭窄>50%。再狭窄组与无狭窄组比较,术后1年外周血中 EPCs 数量分别为(36.5依4.8)个/mL、(65.6依6.7)个/mL,细胞黏附数量分别为(27.4依7.3)个/mL、(58.5依9.4)个/mL,迁移数量分别为(13.6依3.7)个/mL、(24.7依6.8)个/mL, VEGF的水平(57.79依13.53) pg/mL、(94.36依17.57) pg/mL,差异均有统计学意义(t值分别为19.110、14.376、7.425、9.051, P值均<0.05)。结论 sICAS患者采用颅内动脉支架置入术治疗后,EPCs数量、黏附能力、迁移能力及VEGF水平明显下降的患者,发生血管再狭窄的风险增加;术后检测EPCs、VEGF水平对预测发生血管再狭窄的可能性和判断患者的远期预后可能有一定的临床价值。     

颅内自膨式支架Enterprise治疗缺血性脑卒中颈内动脉狭窄的远期效果：随机对照临床试验方案

BACKGROUND: The Enterprise stent system is a closed-loop, recoverable self-expanding stent that is effective in the treatment of intracranial aneurysm. However, most studies on the treatment of intracranial aneurysm after ischemic stroke are case series or case reports. OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy of the Enterprise stent system for the treatment of carotid artery stenosis in patients with atherosclerotic ischemic stroke. METHODS: We will perform a single-center, double-blind, randomized parallel-controlled trial at the Department of Neurology, Beijing Chao-yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, China. A cohort of 100 patients with atherosclerotic ischemic stroke will be included after obtaining written informed consent from participants or their guardians, and then randomly allocated to undergo either Enterprise self-expanding intracranial stent implantation in combination with antiplatelet medication (stent implantation group, n= 50) or only antiplatelet medication (drug group, n= 50) for treatment of carotid artery stenosis. Four time points (0.5, 1, 2, and 3 years after stent implantation or antiplatelet medication) will be selected for outcome observation and evaluation. The primary outcome will be the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score, which is used to evaluate neurologic deficits. The secondary outcomes will be the Barthel index and carotid stenosis rate. The study protocol has been approved by the Ethics Committee of Beijing Chao-yang Hospital, Captical Medical University, China (approval number: GJCY16012) and will be performed in accordance with the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki, formulated by the World Medical Association. This trial was registered at ClinicalTrial.gov (NCT02802072). DISCUSSION: There is a lack of randomized controlled studies addressing the long-term effects of the Enterprise self-expanding intracranial stent system for carotid artery stenosis in patients with ischemic stroke. This study will investigate and further confirm the clinical significance of the Enterprise stent system in the treatment of carotid artery stenosis in patients with ischemic stroke.     

Angiographic follow-up after placement of a self-expanding coronary-artery stent

BACKGROUND. The placement of stents in coronary arteries after coronary angioplasty has been investigated as a way of treating abrupt coronary-artery occlusion related to the angioplasty and of reducing the late intimal hyperplasia responsible for gradual restenosis of the dilated lesion. METHODS. From March 1986 to January 1988, we implanted 117 self-expanding, stainless-steel endovascular stents (Wallstent) in the native coronary arteries (94 stents) or saphenous-vein bypass grafts (23 stents) of 105 patients. Angiograms were obtained immediately before and after placement of the stent and at follow-up at least one month later (unless symptoms required angiography sooner). The mortality after one year was 7.6 percent (8 patients). Follow-up angiograms (after a mean [+/- SD] of 5.7 +/- 4.4 months) were obtained in 95 patients with 105 stents and were analyzed quantitatively by a computer-assisted system of cardiovascular angiographic analysis. The 10 patients without follow-up angiograms included 4 who died. RESULTS. Complete occlusion occurred in 27 stents in 25 patients (24 percent); 21 occlusions were documented within the first 14 days after implantation. Overall, immediately after placement of the stent there was a significant increase in the minimal luminal diameter and a significant decrease in the percentage of the diameter with stenosis (changing from a mean [+/- SD] of 1.88 +/- 0.43 to 2.48 +/- 0.51 mm and from 37 +/- 12 to 21 +/- 10 percent, respectively; P less than 0.0001). Later, however, there was a significant decrease in the minimal luminal diameter and a significant increase in the stenosis of the segment with the stent (1.68 +/- 1.78 mm and 48 +/- 34 percent at follow-up). Significant restenosis, as indicated by a reduction of 0.72 mm in the minimal luminal diameter or by an increase in the percentage of stenosis to greater than or equal to 50 percent, occurred in 32 percent and 14 percent of patent stents, respectively. CONCLUSIONS. Early occlusion remains an important limitation of this coronary-artery stent. Even when the early effects are beneficial, there are frequently late occlusions or restenosis. The place of this form of treatment for coronary artery disease remains to be determined.     

Neuroform EZ支架及Solitaire AB支架在颅内动脉粥样硬化性重度狭窄治疗中的应用

目的:探讨Neuroform EZ支架及Solitaire AB支架治疗症状性颅内动脉粥样硬化性重度狭窄(ICAS)的疗效和安全性。方法:回顾性队列研究。纳入2018年7月—2019年12月解放军总医院第一医学中心神经内科行Neuroform EZ支架或Solitaire AB支架植入治疗的症状性ICAS患者142例,...     

Use of drug-eluting stent with provisional T-stenting technique in the treatment of renal artery bifurcation stenosis; long-term angiographic follow-up

Atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis (RAS) usually involves the ostium and the proximal one-third of the renal artery main branch. Percutaneous renal artery angioplasty with stent placement is a well recognized treatment for atherosclerotic RAS. Occasionally, atherosclerotic RAS involves renal artery bifurcations. However, stent implantation in atherosclerotic RAS involving bifurcation is not only troublesome, but also challenging because of side branch occlusion and in-stent restenosis (ISR). In the present report, we describe the use of drug-eluting stents (DES) with provisional T-stenting technique for the treatment of renal artery bifurcation lesion. Follow-up angiogram showed no significant ISR 18 months after the procedure. In the treatment of renal bifurcation lesions, a two-stent strategy using DES could be a viable option in selected patients.     

Paclitaxel-eluting nanofiber-covered self-expanding nonvascular stent for palliative chemotherapy of gastrointestinal cancer and its related stenosis

Self-expanding non-vascular metal stents (SEMS) is now a choice of treatment for tumor-induced obstructive symptoms of gastrointestinal tract. But in-growing tumor causes re-stenosis. Here, we studied a paclitaxel-eluting nanofiber-covered stent for palliative chemotherapy of gastrointestinal cancer and its related stenosis. In vivo and in vitro feasibility of nanofiber-covered nonvascular stent was evaluated in this study. Nanofiber-covered stent released paclitaxel (PTX) in controlled manner for 30 days. PTX-NFM significantly inhibited the growth of CT-26 colon cancer in comparison with PTX injection. PTX maintained higher tumor concentrations over 1.0 μg/ml for more than 14 days without systemic exposure. TUNEL and H&E staining proved locally concentrated PTX induced the higher apoptosis than PTX injection. In this way, PTX-eluting nanofiber-covered stent possibly inhibits in-growth of cancer and extends patency of stent. Clinical feasibility of PTX-eluting nanofiber nonvascular stent for cholangiocarcinoma and gastrointestinal cancers will be investigated in further studies.     

One-year treatment follow-up of plantar fasciitis: radial shockwaves vs. conventional physiotherapy

OBJECTIVE:

To compare radial shockwave treatment with conventional physiotherapy for plantar fasciitis after 12 months of follow-up.

METHOD:

This was a randomized, prospective, comparative clinical study. Forty patients with a diagnosis of plantar fasciitis were divided randomly into two treatment groups: group 1, with 20 patients who underwent ten physiotherapy sessions comprising ultrasound, kinesiotherapy and guidance for home-based stretching; and group 2, with 20 patients who underwent three applications of radial shockwaves, once a week, and guidance for home-based stretching. All patients were assessed regarding pain and functional abilities before treatment, immediately after and 12 months after treatment. The mean age was 49.6±11.8 years (range: 25-68 years), 85% were female, 88% were overweight, 63% were affected bilaterally, and 83% used analgesics regularly.

RESULTS:

At the 12-month follow-up, both treatments were effective for improving pain and functional ability among the patients with plantar fasciitis. The improvement with shockwaves was faster.

CONCLUSION:

Shockwave treatment was not more effective than conventional physiotherapy treatment 12 months after the end of the treatment.     

颅内后交通动脉宽颈动脉瘤支架辅助弹簧圈栓塞治疗

目的探讨应用自膨胀颅内专用支架（Neuroform支架）与弹簧圈栓塞相结合治疗后交通动脉宽颈动脉瘤技术的临床应用价值。方法35例患者（35个颅内后交通动脉宽颈动脉瘤）,其中男性16例,女性19例,年龄32～70岁,平均年龄51岁。采用Neuroform支架与电解可脱微弹簧圈（GDC）结合栓塞治疗。通过微导管释放Neuroform支架覆盖动脉瘤瘤颈。将另一微导管通过支架网孔进入动脉瘤腔以GDC栓塞动脉瘤。结果全部病例采用Neuroform支架结合GDC栓塞．其中28例致密栓塞,7例部分栓塞。仅2例术中发生支架内血栓,其余患者均恢复良好,出院。24例术后3个月血管造影随访：其中19例致密栓塞的动脉瘤均未显影,载瘤动脉通畅;5例动脉瘤颈有残留。结论Neuroform颅内支架使用安全．适用于颅内后交通动脉宽颈动脉瘤的支架辅助弹簧圈栓塞,特别适用于迂曲的脑血管。     

“双管法”镍钛记忆合金支架置入术治疗气管狭窄和气管瘘的临床应用

目的 探讨在局麻和数字减影血管造影机(DSA)监视下应用“双管法”置入镍钛记忆合金支架急诊治疗气管良恶性狭窄和气管瘘的疗效.方法 回顾性分析2003-2011年间,在DSA监视和咽喉、气管局麻下,先经鼻或气管瘘口留置通气导管,予以2～4 L/min流量供氧,再经气管置入不同类型镍钛记忆合金气管支架的25个典型病例.结果 25例患者行镍钛记忆合金支架均成功,共置入一体式倒Y型支架2枚,“子弹头”覆膜支架1枚,管状覆膜支架5枚,管状裸支架20枚.所有患者术后呼吸困难明显改善,气促评级由Ⅲ～Ⅳ级改善为0～Ⅰ级,氧饱和度(SPO2)由高流量吸氧时的(73.24±3.07)％提高至自然呼吸时的(92.55±3.08)％,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 在局麻和DSA下,采用“双管法”置入镍钛记忆合金气管支架,是一种安全,有效的治疗方法,操作简单,具有一定的临床应用价值.