水凝胶三维培养对人羊膜间充质干细胞特性及旁分泌效应的影响

文题释义：水凝胶三维培养：应用安全稳定的天然或合成聚合物材料为细胞提供一个空间、立体的生存环境,可增强细胞的黏附、增殖及分泌细胞因子能力。 旁分泌效应：以往研究认为干细胞应用于创面治疗的潜能是干细胞归巢分化为损伤组织,后来发现移植的干细胞大多停留在肝、脾,很少能到达损伤创面。目前研究证实间充质干细胞通过分泌某些营养因子作用于临近的靶细胞,起到促进创面愈合的作用。 背景：研究表明间充质干细胞在创面愈合中具有减轻炎症反应、促进创面愈合、减轻瘢痕形成的作用,然而以往的普通二维培养环境由于存在细胞间接触性抑制,可能导致细胞的基因表达、信号传导和形态学存在差异。 目的：观察人羊膜间充质干细胞旁分泌创面愈合相关因子的能力是否受二维培养环境与三维培养环境的影响。 方法：利用传统酶消化法获得人羊膜间充质干细胞后,分别接种于普通细胞培养瓶(二维培养)与ShakeGel^TM 3D水凝胶中(三维培养),将水凝胶中的人羊膜间充质干细胞分别进行成脂、成骨、成软骨诱导分化,免疫荧光染色确定细胞分化方向;待两种培养环境中的人羊膜间充质干细胞融合至70%-80%,于倒置相差显微镜和激光共聚焦显微镜下观察细胞的生长特点及形态;培养24 h后,应用RT-qPCR技术测定细胞旁分泌创面愈合相关因子的mRNA相对表达量;培养48 h后,利用ELISA试剂盒检测细胞旁分泌创面愈合相关因子的蛋白表达量。 结果与结论：①二维培养组人羊膜间充质干细胞呈扁平状,为典型间充质样细胞形态;三维培养组人羊膜间充质干细胞呈圆形,均匀分散于水凝胶的每一层;②三维培养中的人羊膜间充质干细胞具有3系诱导分化潜能;③三维培养组白细胞介素6、白细胞介素8、表皮生长因子、碱性成纤维细胞因子、透明质酸、肝细胞生长因子、血管内皮生长因子mRNA相对表达量高于二维培养组(P < 0.001,P < 0.05),两组白细胞介素4、白细胞介素10、金属蛋白酶组织抑制因子、基质金属蛋白酶、转化生长因子、角化细胞生长因子mRNA相对表达量比较差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05);④三维培养组白细胞介素6、白细胞介素10、表皮生长因子、碱性成纤维细胞因子、白细胞介素8、肝细胞生长因子、转化生长因子β1、血管内皮生长因子蛋白表达量高于二维培养组(P < 0.001,P < 0.01,P < 0.05),两组白细胞介素4、金属蛋白酶组织抑制因子、基质金属蛋白酶、角化细胞生长因子蛋白表达量比较差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05);⑤结果表明,水凝胶三维培养环境中的人羊膜间充质干细胞可呈现更好的形态及创面修复相关因子旁分泌生物学效应。 ORCID: 0000-0002-9744-2176(王旗) 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料;骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性;组织工程     

氯化钴模拟低氧环境下人脐带间充质干细胞增殖及基因蛋白的表达

背景：氯化钴可促进人脐带源性间充质干细胞的增殖,具有时间和浓度依赖性,并对其基因蛋白表达具有调控作用。 目的：研究氯化钴模拟的低氧环境对人脐带源性间充质干细胞的增殖及基因蛋白表达的影响,旨在建立高效的间充质干细胞体外培养扩增体系。 方法：采用组织块法提取人脐带间充质干细胞,氯化钴模拟化学低氧环境,在不同浓度(0,100,150,200,250 μmol/L)和不同时间(0,1,2,3,4 d)条件下,用流式细胞仪进行细胞表面相关抗原的鉴定及细胞周期检测;CCK-8法测定细胞增殖情况;RT-PCR测定缺氧诱导因子1α、诱导型一氧化氮合酶、基质细胞衍生因子1、白细胞介素6、转化生长因子β mRNA的表达;Western blot测定缺氧诱导因子1α蛋白的表达。 结果与结论：人脐带间充质干细胞表面相关抗原CD29、CD73、CD90、CD105表达阳性,CD31、CD14、CD34、CD45、CD11b、HLA-DR呈阴性表达,且不受氯化钴模拟的低氧环境影响。氯化钴模拟的化学性低氧可促进人脐带间充质干细胞增殖,且具有一定时间及浓度依赖性。RT-PCR检测到低氧组缺氧诱导因子1α、诱导型一氧化氮合酶、基质细胞衍生因子1 mRNA表达上调,而白细胞介素6及转化生长因子β mRNA表达下调,差异有显著性意义(P < 0.05)。低氧组中缺氧诱导因子1α蛋白表达增高。结果表明氯化钴模拟的体外低氧环境能促进人脐带间充质干细胞增殖,最佳浓度为200 μmol/L,但过高浓度(250 μmol/L)时反而抑制其增殖,机制可能与缺氧诱导因子1α基因与蛋白表达增加相关。 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：干细胞;骨髓干细胞;造血干细胞;脂肪干细胞;肿瘤干细胞;胚胎干细胞;脐带脐血干细胞;干细胞诱导;干细胞分化;组织工程     

内源性骨髓间充质干细胞与骨折微环境中的相关趋化因子

背景：研究表明,骨髓间充质干细胞定向迁移依赖于损伤局部表达趋化因子与细胞表面相应受体的相互作用。然而,哪些趋化因子在介导骨髓间充质干细胞向骨折部位定向迁移过程中起关键作用,目前尚不清楚。 目的：对内源性骨髓间充质干细胞进行示踪,观察其在骨修复中的作用;检测并筛选出骨折微环境中表达量高且与骨髓间充质干细胞趋化规律相关的因子。 方法：建立C57BL/6小鼠荧光/普通骨髓嵌合体,利用嵌合体动物模型制造胫骨骨折模型,在不同时相点检测骨折部位组织绿色荧光蛋白阳性细胞占所有细胞的比例、来源于骨髓间充质干细胞的成骨细胞占全部成骨细胞的比例,判断来源于骨髓的骨髓间充质干细胞在骨折修复中的作用;利用免疫组化等方法检测骨折部位不同时相点趋化因子的蛋白表达水平。 结果与结论：骨折局部绿色荧光蛋白阳性细胞占所有细胞比例在术后1,5,14 d分别为(3.011±0.911)%,(9.031±0.145)%,(12.064±0.145)%;来源于骨髓间充质干细胞的成骨细胞占全部成骨细胞的50%以上;骨折后各时相点微环境中基质细胞衍生因子1、集落刺激因子、肝细胞生长因子、单核细胞趋化蛋白1、间质金属蛋白酶9有不同程度的表达,粒细胞集落刺激因子无明显表达。基质细胞衍生因子1的表达量相对最高。经相关分析认为：基质细胞衍生因子1在骨折微环境中的表达与骨髓间充质干细胞趋化规律具有相关关系。结果表明骨髓内的骨髓间充质干细胞参与骨折修复并在其中起到了重要作用;基质细胞衍生因子1促进骨髓间充质干细胞的定向趋化并参与骨组织的修复。     

脐带源间充质干细胞移植治疗肝纤维化及肝硬化的相关机制

背景：肝硬化是多种原因引起的肝脏慢性病变,目前尚没有有效的治疗方法,很多研究表明,间充质干细胞对肝纤维化及肝硬化有一定的治疗作用。 目的：研究人脐带源间充质干细胞移植对大鼠肝纤维化及肝硬化的治疗作用及其作用机制。 方法：应用CCl4诱导制备肝纤维化及肝硬化模型,造模后经尾静脉注射人脐带间充质干细胞。细胞移植后采用Beckman Coulter analyzer检测人脐带源间充质干细胞移植对大鼠肝功能的影响;采用天狼猩红染色检测肝组织病理改变;应用免疫组织化学染色、Western blot和real-time Q-PCR方法检测Ⅰ、Ⅲ型胶原、基质金属蛋白酶2、基质金属蛋白酶抑制剂2蛋白与mRNA在大鼠肝组织中的表达。 结果与结论：人脐带源间充质干细胞移植可以改善肝纤维化及肝硬化大鼠的肝功能。人脐带源间充质干细胞移植后,除肝纤维化细胞移植1周组与对应模型组相比差异无显著性意义外,其余各细胞移植组肝脏组织中基质金属蛋白酶2 mRNA及蛋白表达水平明显升高,而Ⅰ、Ⅲ型胶原、基质金属蛋白酶抑制剂2表达水平明显降低。人脐带源间充质干细胞通过上调基质金属蛋白酶2表达,下调基质金属蛋白酶抑制剂2表达,对肝纤维化及肝硬化起到治疗作用;在致病因素持续存在的情况下,人脐带源间充质干细胞移植并不能逆转肝纤维化或者肝硬化,只能延缓肝纤维化或肝硬化的进程。中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：干细胞;骨髓干细胞;造血干细胞;脂肪干细胞;肿瘤干细胞;胚胎干细胞;脐带脐血干细胞;干细胞诱导;干细胞分化;组织工程     

Cdc42参与脐带间充质干细胞向炎性因子的趋化

背景:间充质干细胞移植后的归巢能力关系到细胞移植的疗效,研究其趋化和迁移的调控将有助于提高间充质干细胞临床应用的价值。目的:观察Cdc42在人脐带间充质干细胞定向迁移中的作用。方法:首先以组织块法分离培养人脐带间充质干细胞,与炎性因子肿瘤坏死因子α、白细胞介素1β、转化生长因子β共培养后Western检测Cdc42表达变化。化学合成Cdc42的干扰RNA,转染细胞后分别采用Transwell和Matrigel胶观察细胞迁移和黏附能力。应用Western检测Cdc42下游靶分子ERK1/2的变化。结果与结论:与炎性因子共培养后的人脐带间充质干细胞中Cdc42表达明显增加,接近无因子对照组的2倍水平。siRNA下调Cdc42的表达能够显著抑制人脐带间充质干细胞的迁移和黏附,且其下游信号分子ERK1/2的表达以及磷酸化水平均相应受到抑制。提示体外培养环境下Cdc42参与了人脐带间充质干细胞的趋化过程。     

脐带沃顿胶干细胞移植对脊髓损伤大鼠炎症因子表达的影响

背景：免疫炎症反应促使大量炎症因子的产生和释放是继发性脊髓损伤的其对主要原因。 目的：探讨脐带沃顿胶干细胞移植对急性脊髓损伤大鼠的神经修复作用及其对炎症因子单核细胞趋化蛋白1和白细胞介素10表达的影响。 方法：81只健康成年雄性SD大鼠,随机分为假手术组、模型组和脐带沃顿胶干细胞移植组(n=27),后两组以脊髓半切方法建立急性脊髓损伤模型,造模后脐带沃顿胶干细胞移植组经尾静脉移植1×10⁶个脐带沃顿胶干细胞。移植后不同时间通过BBB评分评价各组大鼠的运动功能;ELISA检测不同时间点各组大鼠血清中单核细胞趋化蛋白1的含量;qRT-PCR和Western分析不同时间点损伤脊髓组织中单核细胞趋化蛋白1及白细胞介素10的表达;免疫组织化学检测损伤组织中脐带沃顿胶干细胞的迁移和神经分化情况。 结果与结论：与假手术组和模型组相比,脐带沃顿胶干细胞移植组大鼠的神经功能明显恢复(P < 0.05)。脐带沃顿胶干细胞移植组大鼠血清中单核细胞趋化蛋白1水平显著低于模型组(P < 0.05)。脐带沃顿胶干细胞移植组脊髓组织单核细胞趋化蛋白1 mRNA和蛋白表达显著低于模型组(P < 0.05),白细胞介素10 mRNA和蛋白表达显著高于模型组(P < 0.05)。移植组中脐带沃顿胶干细胞可迁移至损伤部位,并表达神经胶质纤维酸性蛋白。这些结果提示脐带沃顿胶干细胞可能通过调控脊髓损伤组织的炎症反应,促进神经修复,这也可能是脐带沃顿胶干细胞治疗脊髓损伤的机制之一。中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：干细胞;骨髓干细胞;造血干细胞;脂肪干细胞;肿瘤干细胞;胚胎干细胞;脐带脐血干细胞;干细胞诱导;干细胞分化;组织工程     

人骨髓间充质干细胞培养上清与肝星状细胞相关酶的分泌

背景：研究证实骨髓间充质干细胞移植治疗能改善甚至逆转肝纤维化,但其具体机制尚不清楚。 目的：检测人骨髓间充质干细胞培养上清对肝星状细胞中基质金属蛋白酶2及组织抑制基质金属蛋白酶1表达的影响。 方法：采用密度梯度离心法分离人骨髓间充质干细胞,收集原代培养7 d的骨髓间充质干细胞培养上清,加入肝星状细胞中培养作为实验组,并设置单独肝星状细胞组、单独骨髓间充质干细胞组为对照。培养24,48 h后,检测各组细胞上清中基质金属蛋白酶2蛋白与组织抑制基质金属蛋白酶1蛋白的表达。 结果与结论：与单独肝星状细胞组、单独骨髓间充质干细胞组比较,实验组培养24,48 h后肝星状细胞基质金属蛋白酶2及组织抑制基质金属蛋白酶1表达减少(P < 0.05或P < 0.01)。表明骨髓间充质干细胞培养上清抑制肝星状细胞中基质金属蛋白酶2、组织抑制基质金属蛋白酶1的表达。     

白藜芦醇联合间充质干细胞改善损伤内皮细胞的代谢记忆效应

背景：白藜芦醇联合间充质干细胞是否能够进一步改善高糖诱导内皮细胞产生的不良记忆目前鲜有报道。 目的：验证不同浓度的白藜芦醇联合间充质干细胞对高糖诱导人脐静脉内皮细胞损伤代谢记忆效应的保护作用。 方法：将人脐静脉内皮细胞分为10组：正常对照组、甘露醇对照组、高糖组、白藜芦醇低剂量组(0.1 μmol/L)、白藜芦醇中剂量组(1 μmol/L)、白藜芦醇高剂量组(10 μmol/L)、干细胞组、白藜芦醇低剂量+干细胞组、白藜芦醇中剂量+干细胞组及白藜芦醇高剂量+干细胞组。分别于5.5 mmol/L葡萄糖培养第1,4,6天收集细胞培养上清液、提取细胞核蛋白,应用ELISA法检测细胞培养上清中血管细胞黏附分子1、单核细胞趋化蛋白1、纤溶酶原激活剂抑制剂1的表达水平,以Western blot法检测细胞内核因子κB的蛋白水平。 结果与结论：与正常对照组相比,高糖可诱导内皮细胞核因子κB表达上调,同时血管细胞黏附分子1 、单核细胞趋化蛋白1和纤溶酶原激活剂抑制剂1水平升高,且在糖浓度恢复正常后仍持续上升。与高糖组相比,白藜芦醇及其联合干细胞干预后可以使内皮细胞核因子κB表达及血管细胞黏附分子1、单核细胞趋化蛋白1和纤溶酶原激活剂抑制剂1水平呈白藜芦醇剂量依赖性降低。干细胞组上述指标与高糖组比差异无显著性意义,甘露醇组与正常对照组相比差异无显著性意义。结果提示白藜芦醇可能通过核因子κB通路降低血管细胞黏附分子1、单核细胞趋化蛋白1和纤溶酶原激活剂抑制剂1水平,改善高糖代谢记忆效应介导的内皮细胞损伤。而间充质干细胞发挥内皮细胞保护作用可能不仅有赖于核因子κB通路。     

肌肉注射脐带间充质干细胞对扩张型心肌病大鼠相关细胞因子的影响

背景：已有研究表明,在一定的剂量范围内,健康大鼠肌肉注射异种脐带间充质干细胞安全可靠,也证实了这一途径对扩张型心肌病大鼠心力衰竭同样安全有效。目的：探讨肌肉注射脐带间充质干细胞对扩张型心肌病大鼠相关细胞因子表达的影响。方法：雄性SD大鼠160只,随机抽取20只作为正常组,余大鼠通过阿霉素腹腔注射方式建立扩张型心肌病模型。造模成功大鼠随机分为模型组、上清液祖、低剂量组、中剂量组、高剂量组,分别经四肢肌肉注射人脐带间充质干细胞培养液、上清液及不同剂量的人脐带间充质干细胞,注射后观察大鼠一般情况,并于首次注射后4周再次给予相同剂量的培养液、上清液或脐带间充质干细胞。结果与结论：ELISA检测结果显示,肌注前后模型组大鼠血清肝细胞生长因子、白血病抑制因子、粒细胞集落刺激生物因子及血管内皮生长因子水平均较正常组增高(P < 0.05),肌注后低剂量组肝细胞生长因子、白血病抑制因子、血管内皮生长因子和粒细胞集落刺激生物因子较肌注前显著升高(P < 0.05),且较模型组明显升高(P < 0.05),中剂量组白血病抑制因子较肌注前明显升高(P < 0.05),高剂量组肝细胞生长因子、血管内皮生长因子和粒细胞集落刺激生物因子较肌注前无明显差异(P > 0.05)。免疫组化及RT-PCR结果均显示,各肌肉注射组大鼠心肌细胞胰岛素样生长因子1、血管内皮生长因子、肝细胞生长因子均较正常组表达增强,中剂量组呈强阳性表达,较其他各组增强明显。以上结果表明中、低剂量人脐带间充质干细胞肌肉注射可使扩张型心肌病大鼠血清肝细胞生长因子、白血病抑制因子、粒细胞集落刺激生物因子及血管内皮生长因子水平增高,并增加心肌组织胰岛素样生长因子1、肝细胞生长因子、血管内皮生长因子表达。中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：干细胞;骨髓干细胞;造血干细胞;脂肪干细胞;肿瘤干细胞;胚胎干细胞;脐带脐血干细胞;干细胞诱导;干细胞分化;组织工程全文链接：     

成骨细胞旁分泌影响软骨细胞中MMPs与TIMPs的表达

背景：细胞之间体外共培养能最大限度的模拟体内真实的微环境,细胞划痕实验及炎症因子白细胞介素1β刺激后基质金属蛋白酶及基质金属蛋白酶抑制剂之间的平衡可能破坏,从而导致关节软骨细胞外基质的降解,软骨细胞功能的失调,关节软骨的退变。目的：在成骨细胞上清液与软骨细胞体外共培养下,观察炎症因子白细胞介素1β对体外培养的软骨细胞的迁移、基质金属蛋白酶及组织金属蛋白酶抑制剂表达的影响。方法：实验分为软骨细胞单培养组﹑软骨细胞与成骨细胞上清液共培养组和软骨细胞与成骨细胞上清液共培养+白细胞介素1β组,划痕实验观察3组24 h软骨细胞的迁移变化;半定量PCR实验分析以上3组24 h软骨细胞中基质金属蛋白酶1,2,3,9及组织金属蛋白酶抑制剂1,2,3,4的变化情况。结果与结论：与单培养组比较,共培养组和共培养+白细胞介素1β组细胞迁移率显著增加(P < 0.01);与单培养组比较,共培养组中基质金属蛋白酶1,2,3,9基因表达明显增高(P < 0.05),共培养+白细胞介素1β组基质金属蛋白酶1,3,9基因表达明显增高(P < 0.01);与单培养组比较,共培养组和共培养+白细胞介素1β组中组织金属蛋白酶抑制剂1基因表达明显升高(P < 0.01),组织金属蛋白酶抑制剂3,4基因表达明显下降(P < 0.05)。提示成骨细胞上清液与软骨细胞共培养促进软骨细胞的迁移,增强软骨细胞中基质金属蛋白酶1,2,3,9的基因表达且调节组织金属蛋白酶抑制剂家族的基因表达。白细胞介素1β抑制共培养的软骨细胞迁移及组织金属蛋白酶抑制剂家族的基因表达。        中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建;骨细胞;软骨细胞;细胞培养;成纤维细胞;血管内皮细胞;骨质疏松;组织工程     

Secretion of cytokines and chemokines by polarized human epithelial cells from the female reproductive tract

BACKGROUND: Pro-inflammatory chemokines that attract and cytokines that activate immune cells contribute to normal physiological homeostasis in the female reproductive tract, and are needed to deal effectively with potential pathogenic microbes. Mucosal epithelial cells are capable of producing these factors that communicate with cells of the innate and adaptive immune systems. METHODS: Epithelial cells from Fallopian tube, endometrium and endocervix were isolated and grown to high transepithelial resistance in cell inserts from seven patients who had hysterectomies. Interleukin (IL)-8, IL-6, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and macrophage inflammatory peptide-1beta (MIP-1beta) were assessed by Luminex bead analysis or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in epithelial cell conditioned media from the apical and basolateral compartments. RESULTS: With the exception of MCP-1, the seven chemokines/cytokines constitutively produced by the polarized epithelial cells were preferentially secreted apically. A concentration pattern was found in all cases, with IL-8 and IL-6 produced in the greatest quantity. CONCLUSIONS: The concentrations of IL-8, IL-6, G-CSF and MCP-1 are similar to the levels found in reproductive tract fluids of patients with infection. The constitutive secretion and compartmentalization of large quantities of bioactive chemokines and cytokines provide additional evidence for the role of epithelial cells as gatekeepers of innate immune protection in the female reproductive tract.     

半乳糖凝集素3对内皮细胞生长、迁移及炎症反应的影响

目的:探讨半乳糖凝集素3(GAL-3)对人脐静脉内皮细胞(HUVECs)生长、迁移及炎症反应的影响及其作用机制。方法:体外培养HUVECs,给予GAL-3重组蛋白2 mg/L或GAL-3短发夹RNA(shRNA)慢病毒载体处理,实验分为正常对照组、GAL-3重组蛋白处理组、阴性对照组和GAL-3-shRNA组。通过实时荧光定量PCR检测GAL-3、单核细胞趋化蛋白1(MCP-1)、IL-6、基质金属蛋白酶9(MMP-9)和cyclin D1的mRNA水平;利用Western blot检测GAL-3、MCP-1和IL-6的蛋白表达;利用ELISA检测MCP-1和IL-6在培养基中的水平;通过CCK-8实验和划痕实验检测HUVECs的活力和迁移能力;利用Western blot检测信号分子热休克蛋白90(HSP90)、ERK1/2、p-ERK1/2、JNK和p-JNK的蛋白水平。结果:首先,给予GAL-3重组蛋白处理后,GAL-3、MCP-1和IL-6的mRNA及蛋白水平,MMP-9和cyclin D1的mRNA水平,MCP-1和IL-6在培养基的分泌水平均明显高于正常对照组;而GAL-3-shRNA感染细胞后,上述分子的表达水平均低于正常对照组和阴性对照组。其次,GAL-3重组蛋白处理后,细胞活力和迁移能力明显高于正常对照组;而GAL-3-shRNA感染后,细胞活力和迁移能力均低于正常对照组和阴性对照组。此外,GAL-3重组蛋白处理组中,p-ERK1/2和HSP90的蛋白水平高于正常对照组;而GAL-3-shRNA组中,p-ERK1/2和HSP90的蛋白水平均低于正常对照组和阴性对照组。p-JNK的蛋白水平在各组间比较,差异无统计学显著性。结论:GAL-3促进血管内皮细胞的生长、迁移及炎症反应的发生,其机制可能与HSP90-ERK1/2信号通路有关。     

Regulation of Migration of Human Colonic Myofibroblasts

Background and Aim: The migration of mesenchymal cells to areas of mucosal or submucosal tissue damage is an essential factor for wound healing in the intestine. Thus far, neither migration inducing factors nor signal transduction cascades involved in the migration of colonic myofibroblasts (CMF) have been studied in detail. Methods: Primary CMF were isolated from the mucosa of surgical specimens or endoscopic biopsies. Migration assays of CMF were performed in the modified 48-well Boyden chamber. Secreted growth factors were quantified by ELISA. Results: CMF secrete autocrine or paracrine migration stimulating factors. Culture supernatant of CMF collected after 24, 48, and 72 h (=conditioned media) stimulated the migration of CMF ( 48.9 &#45 4.5; 60.3 &#45 5.3 and 67.8 &#45 6.4 cells/hpf, respectively). Heating of conditioned media to 95°C or addition of cycloheximide during the conditioning period abolished migration. Addition of PDGF-AB (2.5-50 ng/ml) or IGF-I (10-300 ng/ml) to CMF conditioned media further increased the migration of CMF to a maximum of 177 and 160%, respectively, when compared to the migration induced by conditioned medium alone. Addition of EGF (2.5-50 ng/ml) or TGF- &#103 1 (1-50 pg/ml) caused an increased CMF migration up to 139 and 128%, respectively. MCP-1 (5-50 ng/ml) and bFGF (10-200 ng/ml) had no effect on CMF migration. Conclusion: The growth factors PDGF-AB, IGF-I, EGF and TGF- &#103 1 stimulate the migration of CMF. However, factors secreted by CMF are essential for their ability to migrate in response to these growth factors. The identification of physiologically relevant migration inducing factors may help to elucidate the network of interactions and the complex mechanisms involved in intestinal wound healing or fibrosis.     

Complimentary Endothelial Cell/Smooth Muscle Cell Co-Culture Systems with Alternate Smooth Muscle Cell Phenotypes

Development of in vitro models of native and injured vasculature is crucial for better understanding altered wound healing in disease, device implantation, or tissue engineering. Conditions were optimized using polyethyleneteraphalate transwell filters for human aortic endothelial cell (HAEC)/smooth muscle cell (HASMC) co-cultures with divergent HASMC phenotypes (‘more or less secretory’) while maintaining quiescent HAECs. Resulting HASMC phenotype was studied at 48 and 72 h following co-culture initiation, and compared to serum and growth factor starved monocultured ‘forced contractile’ HASMCs. Forced contractile HASMCs demonstrated organized α-smooth muscle actin filaments, minimal interleukin-8 (IL-8) and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) secretion, and low intracellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), and tissue factor expression. Organization of α-smooth muscle actin was lost in ‘more secretory’ HASMCs in co-culture with HAECs, and IL-8 and MCP-1 secretion, as well as ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and tissue factor expression were significantly upregulated at both time points. Alternately, ‘less secretory’ HASMCs in co-culture with HAECs showed similar characteristics to forced contractile HASMCs at the 48 h time point, while by the 72 h time point they behaved similarly to ‘more secretory’ HASMCs. These co-culture systems could be useful in better understanding vascular healing, however there remain time constraint considerations for maintaining culture integrity/cell phenotype.     

Interferon-Gamma (IFN-γ) and Interleukin-6 (IL-6) in Peritoneal Fluid and Macrophage-Conditioned Media of Women With Endometriosis

PROBLEM: The presence of the various cytokines in human peritoneal fluid has been incompletely evaluated. Changes in cytokine levels may be related to activation of peritoneal macrophages, development of endometriosis, and infertility. This study assesses peritoneal fluid levels of interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), and peritoneal macrophage production of IL-6, in women with and without endometriosis. METHOD: Peritoneal fluid was obtained from 62 women at the time of diagnostic or operative laparoscopic surgery for benign gynecologic disease. Peritoneal macrophages were isolated, cultured for 24 h, and the culture media collected. IFN-γ and IL-6 levels in peritoneal fluid samples and macrophage conditioned media were determined by commercial ELISA. RESULTS: IL-6 was significantly higher in the macrophage conditioned media of women with endometriosis as compared with controls. IL-6 levels were fourfold higher in early stage endometriosis (P < 0.05) and eightfold higher in advanced endometriosis. There were no significant differences between groups in the peritoneal fluid levels of IL-6 or IFN-γ. CONCLUSIONS: Peritoneal macrophage IL-6 secretion is increased in women with endometriosis, and appears to correlate with disease stage. IFN-γ does not appear to be responsible for the activation of macrophages in women with endometriosis.     

New immortalized human stromal cell lines enhancing in vitro expansion of cord blood hematopoietic stem cells

One of the most promising technique for the in vitro expansion of cord blood (CB) hematopoietic stem cells (SCs) seems to be their co-culture with stromal feeder-layers. Hence, we developed and immortalized by retroviral transduction with the temperature-sensitive SV40 large T antigen three new human cell lines, two derived from bone marrow (HM1-SV40 and HM2-SV40) and one from umbilical cord (HCB1-SV40), and investigated the inductive capacity of their conditioned culture media on clonal growth of CB hematopoietic SCs. Immunocytochemistry showed that cell lines were positive to either cytokeratins or stromal markers, as well as to epidermal growth factor (EGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and adrenomedullin. Moreover, cell lines expressed interleukin (IL)-1 beta, IL-6, granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), G-CSF and stem cell factor (SCF), and secreted variable amount of IL-1 beta, IL-6 and GM-CSF. Collectively, these findings indicate that cell lines possess the stromal-cell phenotype. The conditioned supernatants of the three cell lines induced similar increases in the clonal growth of both fresh and cryopreserved-thawed CB hematopoietic SCs cultured on semisolid media deprived of growth factors and cytokines. However, the inductive capacity was significantly higher in the case of cryopreserved cells, where the rise in clonal growth reached that induced by the addition to the culture media of IL-3, GM-CSF and SCF. Our findings allow us to conclude that our new human stromal cell lines could be used as feeder-layers for CB hematopoietic SC expansion in vitro.     

干细胞分泌因子促进难愈性创面愈合的机制及应用前景

背景：干细胞能够分泌多种伤口愈合相关因子。 目的：总结并分析干细胞分泌的创面愈合相关因子治疗难愈性创面的可行性,及其可能的调控及修复机制。 方法：应用计算机检索Google、Pubmed及万方数据库相关文献,英文检索词为“chronic wound,refractory wound,cutaneous,wound healing,wound repair,diabetic wound,stem cell-derived conditioned medium,cellular cytokine solution”。中文检索词为“创面修复,创伤修复”。选择论点论据可靠且分析全面的与干细胞分泌的促进伤口愈合因子密切相关的文章,排除内容重复文献,最终纳入34篇文献进行总结综述。 结果与结论：多种干细胞培养上清液中富含创面愈合相关因子,可作为细胞因子制剂治疗难愈性创面。然而由于干细胞来源不同,体外培养条件不同,其因子分泌状况也有所差异,因此应用何种来源的干细胞分泌因子,如何在体外最大限度地刺激干细胞产生创面愈合相关因子以及其未来在临床应用中的使用时机、频次和剂量仍有待进一步探索。     

Early post-operative measurement of cytokine plasma levels combined with pre-operative bilirubin levels identify high-risk patients after liver resection

Identification of patients at risk of a complicated course after liver resection is crucial for adapting post-operative care. In the present study, we investigated the diagnostic value of the plasma levels of various cytokines obtained immediately after surgery. IL-6, IL-10, IL-8, monokine induced by interferon-γ (MIG), monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) and interferon-inducible protein-10 (IP-10) concentrations were measured in 26 patients after liver resection using a cytometric bead assay and were correlated with liver function, resectate weight, surgery duration, ischemia/reperfusion, hospitalization time and occurrence of complications. Patients with post-surgical complications showed distinctive patterns of IL-6 and IL-8 as early as minutes to hours after surgery. In addition, although pre-operative bilirubin in most patients remained within the normal range, a cut-off of 1 mg/dl separated the patients into groups with different profiles of IL-6, IL-8, and MCP-1 secretion and different likelihoods of experiencing post-operative complications (bilirubin levels ≥1.0 vs. <1.0 mg/dl; IL-6 (4 h): 701 vs. 265; IL-8 (6 h): 262 vs. 97?pg/ml; p<0.05 for both). Extended hospitalization, related to delayed recovery, was correlated with increased IL-8 and MCP-1 immediately after surgery. In conclusion, on the basis of these observations, we suggest that early measurement of post-operative levels of MCP-1, IL-6, and IL-8 can be used to identify individuals at risk of post-operative complications immediately after liver surgery.     

棕榈酸刺激的巨噬细胞对HepG2细胞侵袭和迁移的影响

目的:研究棕榈酸刺激的巨噬细胞对肝癌细胞侵袭和迁移能力的影响,并进一步探讨其作用机制。方法:应用棕榈酸(0.16 mmol/L)刺激人急性单核细胞白血病细胞系THP-1来源的巨噬细胞,并取其上清液处理HepG2细胞。细胞迁移实验检测巨噬细胞的迁移能力,侵袭实验和划痕实验分别观察HepG2细胞的纵向迁移能力和横向迁移能力;RT-qPCR检测巨噬细胞和HepG2细胞的炎症/趋化因子及HepG2细胞上皮-间充质转化标志蛋白(E-cadherin和N-cadherin)的mRNA表达水平。结果:棕榈酸促进了巨噬细胞迁移,显著上调巨噬细胞白细胞介素1β(IL-1β)、白细胞介素6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)和单核细胞趋化蛋白1(MCP-1)的mRNA表达;用棕榈酸刺激巨噬细胞的上清液处理HepG2细胞,其纵向迁移能力和横向迁移力明显强于未经棕榈酸处理组,且HepG2细胞的多种炎症因子和N-cadherin表达上调,E-cadherin表达下调。结论:棕榈酸可以增强巨噬细胞的迁移能力,刺激巨噬细胞产生大量炎症因子/趋化因子,进一步通过旁分泌/内分泌作用于HepG2细胞,促进HepG2细胞的上皮-间充质转化,增强HepG2细胞的侵袭与迁移能力。