Cancer incidence in Karachi, Pakistan: first results from Karachi Cancer Registry

No cancer incidence data from Pakistan have been published in the 5 decades since independence. Incidence data for the period 1995-1997 from the population of the Karachi South district (1.7 million) are presented here. A total of 4,268 new cancer cases were registered during this period: 2,160 cases in males and 2,108 cases in females. Overall, 95.3% of the incident cases were microscopically verified. The incidence rates for all cancers combined were 80.5 per 100,000 (crude) and 136.7 per 100,000 (age- standardised rates [ASR]) for males and 91.8 (crude) and 163.2 per 100,000 (ASR) for females. In males, lung cancer (ASR 20.3) was the most frequently recorded malignancy followed by oral cavity (ASR 13.8) and larynx cancer (ASR 8.6). In females, breast was the most common site of cancer, accounting for one third of female cancers (ASR 51.7), followed by oral cavity (ASR 14.1) and ovarian cancer (ASR 10.2). Karachi reports the highest incidence of breast cancer for any Asian population, except Jews in Israel. Tobacco smoking is estimated to be responsible for 40% of cancers in males and tobacco chewing for a further substantial proportion of head and neck cancers.     

Time Trends of Ovarian Cancer Incidence in China

The aim of this study was to examine the trend of ovary cancer incidence from 1999 to 2010 in China andpredict the burden up to 2020. Crude incidence, age specific incidence and age-adjusted incidence rates werecalculated. Joinpoint regression was performed to obtain estimated annual percentages and Bayesian age-periodcohortmodeling was used to predict the incidence rate until the year 2020. In China, the crude rate of ovarycancer was 7.91/100,000 and the age-adjusted rate was 5.35/100,000 overall during period 1999-2010. The ratesin urban regions were higher than in rural regions. A significant rising trend during 1999-2006 was followedby a drop during 2006-2010 in age-adjusted rates for urban females. In contrast, constant rise was observed inrural women. The decrease in ovary cancer of urban areas tended to be restricted to women aged 50 years andyounger. In contrast, increases of ovary cancer in rural areas appeared in virtually all age groups. Although theage-adjusted incidence rate for ovary cancer was predicted to be reduced after year 2011, the crude rate waslikely to be relative stable up to 2020. The burden of ovary cancer in China will continue to be relative stabledue to the aging population.     

Trends and Analysis of Cancer Incidence for Common Male and Female Cancers in the Population of Punjab Province of Pakistan during 1984 to 2014

Background: The Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission Cancer Registry (PAECCR) program has madeavailability of a common cancer incidence database possible in Pakistan. The cancer incidence data from nuclearmedicine and oncology institutes were gathered and presented. Materials and Methods: The cancer incidencedata for the last 30 years (1984-2014) are included to describe a data set of male and female patients. The dataanalysis concerning occurrence, trends of common cancers in male and female patients, stage-wise distribution,and mortality/follow-up cases is also incorporated for the last 10 years (2004-2014). Results: The total populationof provincial capital Lahore is 9,800,000. The total number of cancer cases was 80,390 (males 32,156, females48,134). The crude incidence rates in PAECCR areas were 580.8/105 during 2010 to 885.4/105 in 2014 (males354.1/105, females 530.1/105). The cancer incidence rates for head and neck (15.70%), brain tumors (10.5%),and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL, 9.53%) were found to be the highest in male patients, whereas breastcancer (46.7%), ovary tumors (6.80%), and cervix (6.31%) cancer incidence rates were observed to be the mostcommon in female patients. The age range distribution of diagnosed and treated patients in conjunction with thepercentage contribution of cancer patients from 15 different cities of Punjab province treated at the Institute ofNuclear Medicine and Oncology, Lahore are also included. Leukemia was found to be the most common cancerfor the age group of 1-12 years. It has been identified that the maximum number of diagnosed cases were foundin the age range of 51-60 years for males and 41-50 years for female cancer patients. Conclusions: Overallcancer incidence of the thirty years demonstrated that head and neck and breast cancers in males and in femalesrespectively are the most common cancers in Punjab province in Pakistan, at rates almost the highest in Asia,requiring especial attention. The incidence of brain, NHL, and prostate cancers among males and ovarian andcervix cancers among females have increased rapidly. These data from a major population of Punjab provinceshould be helpful for implementation of appropriate planning, prevention and cancer control measures and fordetermination of risk factors within the country.     

Cancer incidence in Oman, 1998-2006

Background: This paper gives a profile of the cancer incidence in Oman for a nine-year period from 1998-2006. Methods: Data from the population-based national cancer registry were consolidated for the said nineyearperiod and analyzed. A breakdown of the incidence by year and gender have been given. Age-standardizedincidence of common cancers in Oman and their age-specific rates have been tabulated. Further, a graphicalcomparison between common cancers in Omani men and women have been made with those of other Gulfcountries and some developed countries. Results: There were a total of 8,005 (4,224 males and 3,781 females)cases reported and registered in the registry from January 1998 till December 2006 with a male female ratio of1.1:1. The crude incidence rate was 49.4 per 100,000 males and 45.7 per 100,000 females. The correspondingage-standardized rates were 91.4 and 80.4 per 100,000 in males and females respectively. Conclusions: Incidenceof cancer in Oman is lower than in some Gulf countries and many developed countries. Stomach cancer, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma and leukemia are three commonest cancers in males and breast, thyroid and cervical cancersare the most common in females in the nine-year period     

Descriptive Epidemiology of Female Breast Cancer in Delhi,India

Background: Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in females worldwide. The Population Based Cancer Registry data of Delhi were here used to describe the epidemiology and trends in breast cancer incidence in Delhi. Methods: Crude rate, age-standardized incidence rates (ASR) and age-specific incidence rates were calculated using the data collected by Delhi PBCR for the year 2012. The time trend of breast cancer incidence was evaluated by joinpoint regression using the PBCR data from 1988-2012. Results: A total of 19,746 cancer cases were registered in 2012, 10,148 in males and 9,598 in females. Breast cancer was the leading site of cancer in females accounting for 2,744 (28.6%) of cases with a median age of 50 years. The crude and age standardized incidence rates for breast cancer were 34.8 and 41.0 per 100,000 females, respectively. Age specific incidence rates increased with age and attained a peak in the 70-74 years age group..A statistically significant increase in ASR with an annual percentage change (APC) of 1.44% was observed. Conclusions: The breast, which was the second most common cancer site in Delhi in 1988, has now surpassed cancer of cervix to become the leading site over the years. A similar trend has also been noted for other metropolitan cities viz. Bangalore, Bhopal and Chennai. Though the ASRs in these are comparable, they are still low compared to Western countries. Changing life styles in metropolitan cities like delayed marriage, late age at first child birth, lower parity and higher socio-economic status, may be some of the probable primary cause for higher incidences of breast cancer in urban as opposed to rural areas.     

Colorectal Cancer Incidence and Mortality in China, 2010

Background: The National Central Cancer Registry of China (NCCR) affiliated to the Bureau of DiseaseControl, National Health and Family Planning Commission of China is responsible for cancer surveillancein the entire country. Cancer registration data from each local registry located in each province are collectedby NCCR annually to be analyzed and published to provide useful information for policy makers and cancerresearchers. Materials and Methods: Until 1st June, 2013, 219 population-based cancer registries submitteddata of 2010 to the National Central Cancer Registry of China covering about 207,229,403 population, and 145cancer registries were selected after quality evaluation for this study. Colorectal cancer cases were selected fromthe database according to ICD-10 coded as “C18-C20”. We calculated the crude incidence and mortality ratesby sex, age groups and location (urban/rural). The China population in 2000 and Segi’s population were usedas standardized populations for the calculation of age-standardized rates. The 6th National Population Censusdata of China was used to combined with the cancer registries’ data to estimate the colorectal cancer burden inChina in 2010. Results: Colorectal cancer was the sixth most common cancer in China. It was estimated that therewere 274,841 new cases diagnosed in 2010 (157,355 in males and 117,486 in females), with the crude incidencerate of 20.1/100,000, highest in males in urban areas. Age-standardized rates by China standard population of2000 (ASRcn) and World standard population (Segi’s population, ASRwld) for incidence were 16.1/100,000 and15.9/100,000 respectively. There were 132,110 cases estimated to have died from colorectal cancer in China in2010 (76,646 men and 55,464 women) with the crude mortality rate of 10.1/100,000. The ASRcn and ASRwldfor mortality were 7.55/100,000 and 7.44/100,000 respectively, higher in males and urban areas than in femalesand rural areas. The incidence and mortality rates increased with age, reaching peaksin the 80-84 year old, andoldest age groups, respectively. Conclusions: Colorectal cancer is one of the most common incident cancers andcause of cancer death in China. Primary and secondary prevention, with attention to a health lifestyle, physicalactivity and screening should be enhanced in the general population.     

Cancer in Australia: actual incidence and mortality data from 1982 to 2007 and projections to 2010

Background: The Australian Institute of Health and Welfare and the Australasian Association of Cancer Registries collaborate every year to provide updated information on cancer occurrences and trends in Australia. Method: Actual number of cases and deaths is presented together with age‐standardised rates for all cancers combined and selected cancer sites from 1982 to 2007, with projections to 2010. Differences in incidence and mortality rates according to age, Indigenous status and remoteness areas are also provided. In addition, change over time in 5‐year relative survival estimates for those diagnosed with cancer is presented, as is information on the participation in Australia's national screening programs for breast, cervical and bowel cancer. The term ‘cancer’ is used to refer to primary tumours which are invasive. Results: In 2007, a total of 108,368 new cases of cancer (excluding basal and squamous cell carcinoma of the skin) and 39,884 deaths from cancer occurred in Australia. Prostate cancer was the most commonly diagnosed cancer in males, while breast cancer was the most commonly diagnosed cancer in females. Lung cancer was by far the most common cause of cancer death in both males and females. In the last decade, cancer incidence rates increased in males and stabilised in females, while mortality rates decreased steadily. The overall incidence rate of cancer for Indigenous Australians was lower than that for non‐indigenous Australians, while the overall mortality rate from cancer was higher. Furthermore, the 5‐year relative survival for many cancers improved markedly from 1982–1986 to 1998–2004.     

Prediction of the Cancer Incidence in Nepal

Background: The burden of cancer will increase both in males and females in Nepal. Due to the unavailability of a population based cancer registry it is difficult to precisely predict of future incidence rates. However, using hospital-based data to predict the cancer incidence in Nepal it was found that it will certainly increase both in males and females from 2013 to 2020. Material and Methods: For this research we used the cases from the first national cancer registry report (2003) to the cases of the most recent (2012) accumulated by all the hospital based cancer registries in Nepal. We used simple linear regression to analyze the data and thereby obtained a simple linear regression equation. Result: In 2020 the highest incidence rate will be for males 38.5 per 100,000 and for females, 41.4. The present study demonstrated that female cancer incidence will be higher than that in males in Nepal. Conclusion: This study provided evidence of future trends, which will feature an increasing rate of cancer in Nepal.     

Disability Adjusted Life Years for Cancer Patients in India

The disability adjusted life year (DALY) has been employed to quantify the burden of diseases. This measureallows for combining in a single indicator “years of life lived with disabilities (YLD)” and “years of life lost frompremature death (YLL)”. The present communication attempts to estimate the burden of cancers in-terms ofYLL, YLD and DALY for “all sites” and leading sites of cancer in India for the years 2001, 2006, 2011 and 2016.The YLL, YLD and DALY were estimated by employing Global Burden of Disease (GBD) methodology usingthe DISMOD procedure. The published data on age, gender and site specific cancer incidence and mortality forthe years 2001-2003 relating to six population-based cancer registries viz. Bangalore, Barshi, Bhopal, Chennai,Delhi and Mumbai, expectation of life by gender for urban areas of the country for 1999-2003 and the projectedpopulation during years 2001, 2006, 2011 and 2016 were utilized for the computations. DALYs were found tobe lower for males (2,038,553, 2,313,843, 2,656,693 and 3,021,708 for 2001, 2006, 2011 and 2016 respectively)as compared to females (2,560,423, 2,961,218, 3,403,176 and 3,882,649). Amongst males, highest DALYs werecontributed by cancer of the lung and esophagus while in females they were for cancers of breast and cervix uteri.It is estimated that total DALYs due to cancer in India combined for both genders would increase from 4,598,976in 2001 to 6,904,358 by 2016. Premature mortality is a major contributor to disease burden. According to thepresent estimates, the YLL component of DALY is about 70.0%. The above described computations reveal anurgent need for initiating primary and secondary prevention measures for control of cancers.     

Time Trend Analysis of Oral Cancer in Iran from 2005 to 2010

Background: There is a considerable lack of understanding of oral cancer incidence, especially its time trend in Iran. In this study, the authors aimed to analyze time trend of oral cancer incidence with a focus on differences by gender in a period of six years - from 2005 to 2010. Materials and Methods: Both population-based cancer registry and national cancer registry (NCR) data based on pathologic reports from 2005 to 2010 were obtained from the Ministry of Health and Medical Education (MOHME). Population data were also received from Statistical Centre of Iran. Age-standardized incidence rates (ASRs) based on the World Standard Population were then calculated. Finally, Negative Binomial regression was run for time trend analysis. Results: The maximum ASR for males was calculated as 2.5 per 100,000 person-years in 2008 and the minimum was observed as 1.9 per 100,000 person-years in 2005 and 2006. Meanwhile, the maximum ASR for females was estimated as 1.8 per 100,000 person-years in 2009 and the minimum was calculated as 1.6 per 100,000 person-years in 2005 and 2006. Additionally, in females, incidence risk ratio (IRR) did not show a clear decreasing or increasing trend during the six years. Nevertheless, in males an increasing trend was observed. The maximum IRR adjusted for age group and province, for females was reported in 2009 (IRR=1.05 95% CI: 0.90-1.23), and for males was estimated in 2010 (IRR=1/2 95% CI: 1.04 - 1.38). Conclusions: Our findings highlight disparities between oral cancer incidence trends in males and females over the six years from 2005 to 2010.     

Profile of Lung Cancer in Kuwait

Background: Lung cancer is the most frequent cancer in males and the fourth most frequent site in females,worldwide. This study is the first to explore the profile of lung cancer in Kuwait. Materials and Methods: Casesof primary lung cancer (Kuwaiti) in Kuwait cancer Registry (KCR) were grouped in 4 periods (10 years each)from 1970-2009. Epidemiological measures; age standardized incidence rate (ASIR) with 95% confidence intervals(CI), Standardized rate ratio (SRR) and Cumulative risk and Forecasting to year 2020-2029 used for analysis.Results: Between years, 2000-2009 lung cancer ranked the 4th and the 9th most frequent cancer in males andfemales respectively. M:F ratio 1:3. Mean age at diagnosis (95%CI) was 65.2 (63.9-66.4) years. The estimatedrisk of developing lung cancer before the age of 75 years in males is 1.8% (1/56), and 0.6 (1/167) in females. TheASIR for male cases was 11.7, 17.1, 17.0, 14.0 cases/100,000 population in the seventies, eighties, nineties and in2000-2009 respectively. Female ASIR was 2.3, 8.4, 5.1, 4.4 cases/100,000 population in the same duration. Lungcancer is the leading cause cancer death in males 168 (14.2%) and the fifth cause of death due to cancer in femalesaccounting for 6.1% of all cancer deaths. The ASMR (95%CI) was 8.1 (6.6-10.0) deaths/100,000 population and2.8 (1.3-4.3) deaths/100,000 population in males and females respectively. The estimated Mortality to incidenceRatio was 0.6. Conclusions: The incidence of lung cancer between years 2000-2009 is not different from thatreported in the seventies. KCR is expecting the number of lung cancer cases to increase.     

Cancer statistics in China, 2015

With increasing incidence and mortality, cancer is the leading cause of death in China and is a major public health problem. Because of China's massive population (1.37 billion), previous national incidence and mortality estimates have been limited to small samples of the population using data from the 1990s or based on a specific year. With high‐quality data from an additional number of population‐based registries now available through the National Central Cancer Registry of China, the authors analyzed data from 72 local, population‐based cancer registries (2009‐2011), representing 6.5% of the population, to estimate the number of new cases and cancer deaths for 2015. Data from 22 registries were used for trend analyses (2000‐2011). The results indicated that an estimated 4292,000 new cancer cases and 2814,000 cancer deaths would occur in China in 2015, with lung cancer being the most common incident cancer and the leading cause of cancer death. Stomach, esophageal, and liver cancers were also commonly diagnosed and were identified as leading causes of cancer death. Residents of rural areas had significantly higher age‐standardized (Segi population) incidence and mortality rates for all cancers combined than urban residents (213.6 per 100,000 vs 191.5 per 100,000 for incidence; 149.0 per 100,000 vs 109.5 per 100,000 for mortality, respectively). For all cancers combined, the incidence rates were stable during 2000 through 2011 for males (+0.2% per year; P = .1), whereas they increased significantly (+2.2% per year; P < .05) among females. In contrast, the mortality rates since 2006 have decreased significantly for both males (?1.4% per year; P < .05) and females (?1.1% per year; P < .05). Many of the estimated cancer cases and deaths can be prevented through reducing the prevalence of risk factors, while increasing the effectiveness of clinical care delivery, particularly for those living in rural areas and in disadvantaged populations. CA Cancer J Clin 2016;66:115–132. © 2016 American Cancer Society.     

Increasing Trend in Colorectal Cancer Incidence in the Southeast of Iran 2003-2013: A Population Based Cancer Registry Study

Rates based on age-adjusted incidence of colorectal cancers over a 10-year period in Kerman, the biggestprovince of Iran, were estimated from 2003 to 2013. Data were obtained from the population-based cancerregistry unit of Kerman University of Medical Sciences (CR-KMU). Information included age, sex, city, ICD-Oand year of registry. Our trend analyses cover 3.91% of the Iranian population. The data set comprised casesdiagnosed from 2003 to 2013.The population of over 20 years was interpolated using 2003 and 2010 censuses.Then, truncated age-adjusted incidence rates were calculated. Increase was noted from 2003-2009 to 2010-2013for 731 cancer cases considered in the analysis. The increases was most prominent in 2009. Totally, the frequencyof the cancer was greater in males. Moreover, calculating truncated age-adjusted incidence rate indicated thatthe most prevalent age of colorectal incidence was in the 50-59 year age group except in 2007-2008 and 2012-2013, when greatest incidences occurred in people aged 60-69 years. Our data revealed that the incidence ratesof colorectal cancer have increased over the past decade in our region of Iran.     

The future burden of cancer in England: incidence and numbers of new patients in 2020

We estimated the future cancer incidence rates and the future numbers of cancer cases in England up to 2020 using cancer registration data for 1974-2003, and the official population projections from ONS up to 2023. Data were analysed using an age-period-cohort model as developed for the Nordic countries. We predict that for all cancers combined there will be relatively little change in age-standardised incidence rates in 2020. The number of new cancer cases per year in England is, however, predicted to increase by 33%, from 224,000 in 2001 to 299,000 cases in 2020. This increase is mainly due to the anticipated effects of population growth and ageing; cancer patients in 2020 will be older than today's cancer population.     

A Single Measure of Cancer Burden in Korea from 1999 to 2010

Background: The purpose of this study was to develop a single measure of cancer burden (SMCB), which canprioritize cancer sites by considering incidence and mortality. Materials and Methods: Incidence data from 1999to 2010 were obtained from the Korea Central Cancer Registry. Mortality data from 1999 to 2010 were obtainedfrom Statistics Korea. The SMCB was developed by adding incidence and mortality scores. The respective scoreswere given such that incidence and mortality were classified by ten ranges of equal intervals. Results: Accordingto the SMCB in 2010, stomach cancer ranked 1st in males with 20 points, and colorectal cancer was 2nd with 11points. Breast cancer and thyroid cancer were joint 1st with 11 points for females. The SMCB for females wasless than that for males. The burden of stomach cancer was 1st in males from 1999-2010. The incidences oflung cancer and liver cancer decreased, whereas thyroid cancer and colon cancer increased during the period.Breast cancer and thyroid cancer burden showed tendencies to increase in females. Comparison of SMCB withdisability-adjusted life years (DALY) and socioeconomic costs in 2005 showed that the top five cancer sites weresimilar, but there were differences in the size of the cancer burden. Conclusions: The SMCB indicated that theburdens of stomach cancer in males and thyroid and breast cancers in females were large. The single measureshowed an advantage, reflected as the equivalent dimensions of incidence and mortality, whereas DALY andeconomic costs showed tendencies to reflect premature death.     

Cancer statistics for African Americans

The American Cancer Society provides estimates on the number of new cancer cases and deaths, and compiles health statistics on African Americans in a biennial publication, Cancer Facts and Figures for African Americans. The compiled statistics include cancer incidence, mortality, survival, and lifestyle behaviors using the most recent data on incidence and survival from the National Cancer Institute's (NCI) Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program, mortality data from the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS), and behavioral information from the Behavior Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS), and National Health Interview Survey (NHIS). It is estimated that 132,700 new cases of cancer and 63,100 deaths will occur among African Americans in the year 2003. Although African Americans have experienced higher incidence and mortality rates of cancer than whites for many years, incidence rates have declined by 2.7 percent per year in African-American males since 1992, while stabilizing in African-American females. During the same period, death rates declined by 2.1 percent and 0.4 percent per year among African-American males and females, respectively. The decrease in both incidence and death rates from cancer among African-American males was the largest of any racial or ethnic group. Nonetheless, African Americans still carry the highest cancer burden among US racial and ethnic groups. Most cancers detectable by screening are diagnosed at a later stage and survival rates are lower within each stage of disease in African Americans than in whites. The extent to which these disparities reflect unequal access to health care versus other factors is an active area of research.     

Differences in Cancer Incidence among Predominantly Muslim and Buddhist Subpopulations in Songkhla

Background: The population of Songkhla, a province in Southern Thailand, can be divided into apredominantly Muslim subpopulation (PMSP, approximately 70% Muslim) and a predominantly Buddhistsubpopulation (PBSP, around 14% Muslim). Objectives: This study was conducted to 1) describe the incidenceof various cancers in both PMSP and PBSP, and 2) compare the incidence of various cancers between the twosubpopulations. Materials and Methods: Cancer cases diagnosed between 1990 and 2010 were drawn from thedatabase of Songkhla Cancer Registry. Population denominators were estimated from the 3 population censusessurveyed by the National Statistical Office of Thailand in 1990, 2000, and 2010. Results: The age-standardizedincidence rates (ASR) of the 5 commonest male cancers among both subpopulations were calculated. In females,a lower incidence of cancers of the cervix and breast in PMSP compared to PBSP, with odds ratios of 0.54 (95%CI: 0.45-0.64) and 0.51 (95% CI: 0.43-0.60) respectively, was observed. In males, the incidence of cancers of thelung, liver, colon-rectum, and some other cancers were significantly different between the two populations in thepast, but only prostate cancer showed a lower incidence among males in PMSP in recent years. Independent ofsex and year of diagnosis, the incidence of lung, liver, NHL, and colorectal cancers was lower in MPSP comparedto BPSP, with odds ratios of 0.75 (95% CI: 0.65-0.85), 0.74 (95% CI: 0.62-0.88), 0.74 (95% CI: 0.60-0.91), and0.67 (95% CI: 0.56-0.78) respectively. Conclusions: The differences in incidence of some cancers and religionrelatedculture between the two subpopulations need 2 sets of cancer-control plans and goals to fit the uniquepopulation context in deep Southern Thailand. This plan can be used in the 3 southernmost provinces of Thailandwhere the percentage of Muslims is over 85%.     

Epidemiology of Female Reproductive Cancers in Iran: Results of the Gholestan Population-Based Cancer Registry

Background: Malignancies of the female reproductive tract are estimated to be the third most common groupof cancers in women. Objectives: We here aimed to present their epidemiological features in Golestan provincelocated in Northeast of Iran. Materials and Methods: Data on primary female reproductive cancers diagnosedbetween 2004-2010 were obtained from Golestan Population-based Cancer Registry (GPCR). CanReg-4 andSPSS software were used for data entry and analysis. Age standardized incidence rates (ASR) (per 100,000person-years) were calculated using the world standard population. Poisson regression analysis was used tocompare incidence rates. P-values of less than 0.05 were considered as significant. Results: A total of 6,064cancer cases were registered in Golestan females in the GPCR during 2004-2010, of which 652 cases (11%) werefemale reproductive cancers. Cancers of the ovary (ASR=6.03) and cervix (ASR=4.97) were the most common.We found significant higher rates in females living in cities than in villages. Our results showed a rapid increasein age specific incidence rates of female reproductive cancers at the age of 30 years. Conclusions: We foundsignificant higher rates of female reproductive cancers among residents of cities than villages. Differences inthe prevalence of risk factors including reproductive behavior between the two populations may partly explainsuch diversity. Our results also showed a rapid increase in incidence rates of these cancers in young age females.Further studies are warranted to determine risk factors of female reproductive cancers in our population.     

Cancer statistics, 2002

Every year the American Cancer Society estimates the number of new cancer cases and deaths expected in the United States in the current year and compiles the most recent data on cancer incidence, mortality, and survival, using National Cancer Institute (NCI) incidence and National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) mortality data. Incidence and death rates are age adjusted to the 1970 US standard population. It is estimated that 1,284,900 new cases of cancer will be diagnosed and 555,500 people will die from cancer in the United States in the year 2002. From 1992 to 1998, cancer death rates declined in males and females, while cancer incidence rates decreased among males and increased slightly among females. Most notably, African-American men showed the largest decline for both incidence and mortality. Nevertheless, African Americans still carry the highest burden of cancer with later-stage cancer diagnosis and poorer survival compared with whites. Despite the continued decline in cancer death rates, the total number of recorded cancer deaths in the United States continues to increase slightly due to the aging and expanding population.