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1.
目的观察评估七氟醚全麻复合硬膜外腔阻滞与镇痛对胸科手术应激激素和细胞因子的影响。方法选择20例开胸手术病人,随机分为两组,每组各10例,即全麻复合硬膜外腔阻滞组和全身麻醉组,分别测定麻醉诱导前、手术2、4h、术毕、术后1d及术后3d的血浆去甲肾上腺素、肾上腺素、血清促肾上腺皮质激素、皮质醇、C-反应蛋白、白细胞介素-6及白细胞介素-10的水平。结果血浆去甲肾上腺素和血清皮质醇全麻复合硬膜外腔阻滞组术中术后无显著改变,但全麻组术毕和术后1d显著升高(P<0.05),术后3d恢复至术前水平,组间比较前者有显著差异(P<0.05)。两组血浆肾上腺素、白细胞介素-10术中术后均无显著变化。两组血清促肾上腺皮质激素、白细胞介素-6及C-反应蛋白术中术后均显著升高(P<0.05),组间比较无显著差异(P>0.05)。结论硬膜外腔阻滞及术后硬膜外腔自控镇痛可以减轻胸部手术的应激反应。  相似文献   

2.
 背景:近年来,矿化物在异常部位的沉积所形成的病理性钙化如血管钙化,已成为促进多种疾病发生发展的病理基础和危险因素,且广泛的研究认为微炎症反应状态与病理性钙化密切相关。目的:就微炎症反应状态时体内的炎症相关指标与钙化相关因子的关系来对微炎症反应状态和钙化的关系做进一步的概述和总结。方法:应用计算机检索中国知网,万方数据库以及 PubMed 数据库 2000年1月至2015年1月有关微炎症反应状态和钙化关系方面的文献,中文检索词“钙化、微炎症反应状态、炎症因子”,英文检索词“The mechanism of calcification、Micro-inflammatory state、Inflammatory factor”。结果与结论:微炎症反应状态是一种由非病原微生物感染引起的非显性炎症状态,表现为全身循环中炎性蛋白、炎症性细胞因子低水平、持续的升高。目前以前炎症细胞因子白细胞介素1、白细胞介素6、白细胞介素8、肿瘤坏死因α以及急性时相反应蛋白C-反应蛋白作为检测微炎症反应状态的客观、敏感的有效指标。且大量研究已经发现,体内轻度升高的白细胞介素1、白细胞介素6、白细胞介素8、肿瘤坏死因α及C-反应蛋白与促钙化因子呈正相关关系,从而说明微炎症状态具有促进钙化的作用。  中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点:组织构建;骨细胞;软骨细胞;细胞培养;成纤维细胞;血管内皮细胞;骨质疏松;组织工程  相似文献   

3.
背景:椎间盘退变和终板异常可能是椎间盘源性下腰痛的病因,大量文献报道,炎性细胞因子在腰椎退变性疾病中发挥着极其重要的作用。 目的:综述炎性细胞因子在腰椎Modic改变中的研究进展。 方法:应用计算机检索2010-01/2011-09中国生物医学文献服务系统相关文章,检索词为“modic改变,椎体终板”,并限定文章语言种类为中文。同时计算机检索PubMed数据库相关文章,检索词为“modic,vertebral endplate”,并限定文章语言种类为English。共检索到文献48篇,最终纳入符合标准的文献30篇。 结果与结论:腰椎Modic改变是指腰椎终板及终板下骨质在MRI上的异常信号改变,其病变机制目前不是十分清楚。有文献证实退变椎间盘髓核内部炎性物质(肿瘤坏死因子/神经标志物蛋白质基因产物/白细胞介素)的产生,通过终板扩散可导致终板局部炎症,引发终板退变。近年来随着分子生物学和分子免疫学的迅速发展以及对细胞因子和炎症递质研究的深入,细胞因子和炎症递质在腰椎终板退变中的作用越来越受到重视,目前对于细胞因子和炎性递质在腰椎Modic改变中的作用正在进一步的深入中。  相似文献   

4.
背景:成骨细胞在不同的培养环境、细胞因子刺激下增殖、分化及功能不同。 目的:总结成骨细胞体外培养技术与成骨细胞增殖速度的研究进展。 方法:检索1990/2011PubMed数据及万方数据库有关运动、成骨细胞培养和骨组织工程等方面的文献,英文检索词为“exercise, Osteoblast raise method”,中文检索词为“运动,成骨细胞,骨组织工程”。排除与研究目的无关和内容重复者。保留29篇文献做进一步分析。 结果与结论:骨组织工程构建中种子细胞的选择方式、支架材料的不同形式、细胞因子、培养环境、力学因素都对成骨细胞的培养有重要影响。构建骨组织工程中成骨细胞在不同的培养环境、细胞因子刺激下会有不同的增殖能力和分化结果。成骨细胞的增殖速度与旋转壁式生物反应器提供的低剪力环境、适宜的细胞因子、细胞支架的选择密切相关。 关键词:成骨细胞;培养;骨组织工程;运动;细胞增殖 doi:10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.11.033  相似文献   

5.
背景:快速康复外科即加强术后康复,是指采用有循证医学证据的围手术期处理的一系列优化措施,以减少降低手术患者的生理及心理创伤刺激,从而加速患者康复。近年来,随着手术、麻醉技术的提高,其已成为骨科领域的研究热点,尤其是关节外科,并在临床当中得到了广泛的应用。目的:综述近年来国内外膝关节置换过程中应用优化措施的临床研究。方法:第一作者应用计算机检索1997年1月至2016年9月Pub Med数据库、中国期刊全文数据库相关文章,英文检索词“Joint replacement,enhanced recovery after surgery,multi-mode analgesia,diet management,steroid hormones”;中文检索词“关节置换,快速康复,多模式镇疼,饮食管理,类固醇激素”。共检索到81篇相关文献,另外纳入1部专著。结果与结论:(1)膝关节置换的围手术期由外科医生、麻醉科医生、护理人员、营养师等共同参与通过进行术前健康教育、缩短术前禁食、禁水时间,术前超前镇疼,不放置导尿管;术中采用全身麻醉及适当的收肌管阻滞镇疼、规范氨甲环酸使用;术后多模式镇疼,麻醉恢复后尽早功能锻炼,早期进水,预防恶心呕吐等快速康复方案显示关节置换后患者的住院时间已从4-12 d减少至1-3 d,并且术后并发症发生率以及再入院率等方面均无显著提高;(2)研究还表明,快速康复方案可适用于绝大多数膝关节置换患者,其中包括高龄、术前合并心肺疾病、2型糖尿病以及术前吸烟、饮酒等患者。  相似文献   

6.
背景:很多研究都提示机体衰老和疾病过程中均伴有Thl和Th2细胞因子平衡发生偏离的现象。 目的:就运动、衰老和免疫领域的细胞因子与Thl/Th2分化、衰老与Th1/Th2型细胞因子、Th1/Th2型细胞因子平衡在运动延缓衰老中的可能作用方面的研究进行归纳分析。 方法:检索1990/2011PubMed数据及万方数据库有关运动、免疫和衰老等方面的文献,英文检索词为“exercise,immune senescence”,中文检索词为“运动,衰老,免疫”。排除与研究目的无关和内容重复者。保留42篇文献做进一步分析。 结果与结论:随着增龄,老年人易出现T淋巴细胞克隆向Th1亚群分化,进而出现Th1型细胞因子分泌增多,抑制Th2型细胞因子的分泌,破坏了Thl/Th2平衡在机体免疫防御反应的调节中所具有关键性作用,导致糖尿病、肿瘤和自身免疫性疾病等发病率增加。大量研究也证实,运动可以延缓衰老,减少老年性疾病的发生率。是否可以通过Thl/Th2偏移及其偏移的逆转来解释呢?还有待科学实验来予以验证。  相似文献   

7.
背景:对于全髋关节置换后创伤早期的应激阶段,创伤局部和全身细胞因子动态变化规律的研究还鲜见报道。 目的:观察全髋关节置换后早期无菌性炎症阶段创伤局部引流血和全身循环血中相关细胞因子水平的动态变化。 方法:选取行全髋关节置换患者9例,分别在关闭伤口时、置换后1,4和24 h采集静脉血样本以及创伤局部引流血液样本;采用酶联免疫吸附法分别测定血清中白细胞介素6,肿瘤坏死因子α,白细胞介素1β和白细胞介素17水平。 结果与结论:全髋关节置换后早期创伤局部引流血和循环血中白细胞介素6水平均明显升高,并且在各个时间点上创伤局部引流血中白细胞介素6水平均高于循环血(P < 0.05);置换后早期循环血中肿瘤坏死因子α水平明显升高,创伤局部引流血肿瘤坏死因子α的水平无明显变化,但仍高于循环血中的水平(P < 0.05);白细胞介素1β和白细胞介素17的水平在置换后无显著改变,且在创伤局部和循环中的含量无显著性差异。结果提示在全髋关节置换后急性无菌性炎症阶段,循环血中炎性细胞因子的水平不会直接反映局部的炎症反应。  相似文献   

8.
背景:利用尿酸钠刺激滑膜细胞制备体外急性痛风性关节炎滑膜模型,在评价治疗这类疾病药物作用机制方面有重要意义。 目的:通过不同浓度尿酸钠体外直接刺激滑膜细胞后滑膜细胞细胞因子的浓度变化,探讨急性痛风性关节炎滑膜模型制备条件。 方法:培养大鼠滑膜细胞,分别添加终浓度为0(空白组),50,125,250,500,1 000 μmol/L的尿酸钠进行干预,于培养24,48 h后测定细胞活力及培养液中细胞因子白细胞介素1β、白细胞介素8、肿瘤坏死因子α的浓度。 结果与结论:各组在24,48 h内药物对细胞活力无影响。与空白组比较,尿酸钠干预组在24,48 h培养液中细胞因子白细胞介素1β、白细胞介素8、肿瘤坏死因子α浓度均提高,尿酸钠浓度为500 μmol/L,给药时间为24 h,培养液中各细胞因子浓度最高。说明利用一定浓度尿酸钠和刺激时间,便于筛选理想的急性痛风性关节炎体外模型。  相似文献   

9.
背景:人工关节置换作为一种成熟的治疗方法现已在国内外广泛应用,关节假体感染是人工关节置换后严重的并发症之一,感染后将给患者带来严重后果。目前,对假体感染的诊断还没有一项临床或实验室检查在灵敏度、特异度和精确度上达到令人满意的程度。 目的:讨论并总结人工关节置换后假体感染的相关血液炎性标志物诊断方法。 方法:由第一作者用计算机检索中国期刊全文数据库(CNKI:2002至2012年)和PubMed(2002至2012年)数据库,检索词分别为“关节置换、假体感染、诊断、实验室检查”和“joint replacement prosthesis infection, diagnosis, laboratory tests”。从寻找关节置换后假体感染的临床表现及相关诊断方法上进行相关介绍及总结。共检索到153篇文章,按纳入和排除标准对文献进行筛选,共纳入30篇文章。 结果与结论:白细胞介素6血清水平对于诊断关节假体感染准确性最高,之后依次是C-反应蛋白,红细胞沉降率,白细胞计数。然而,常规检查白细胞介素6条件还是有限,进一步评估白细胞介素6和其他细胞因子在不同的患者身上诊断关节假体感染的准确性还需要更深入的研究。  相似文献   

10.
显微内窥镜腰椎间盘手术炎性细胞因子动态观察   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0  
传统手术治疗腰椎间盘突出症对腰椎结构的完整性和稳定性有不同程度的影响.手术创伤、失血、输血及麻醉等因素刺激炎性细胞释放大量的细胞因子(Cytokine),干扰机体的生理环境,影响患者术后康复.  相似文献   

11.
The immune responses after musculoskeletal trauma are physiological reactions of the organism to restore homeostasis. An imbalance between the early systemic inflammatory response syndrome and the later compensatory anti-inflammatory response syndrome may be responsible for organ dysfunction and increased susceptibility to infections. Cytokines are known to be integral components of the immune response, and the balance or imbalance of the different cytokines partly controls the clinical course in the patients. The major pro-inflammatory cytokines include tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), IL-6, and IL-8. These cytokines are predominantly produced by monocytes and macrophages, they mediate overlapping effects, and their actions can be additive. TNF-α and IL-1β are early regulators of the immune response, and both induce the release of secondary pro-inflammatory cytokines. IL-10 is an anti-inflammatory cytokine which reduces the synthesis of pro-inflammatory mediators. The extent of traumatic damage correlates with the immunological changes and determines a graded depression of leucocytes to express cytokines on edotoxin exposure. Correspondingly, it has become clinically evident that in unstable traumatised patients, the recommendation today is damage control orthopaedics, i.e. initial stabilisation of long bone fractures by external fixation followed by definitive stabilisation at about 1 week.  相似文献   

12.
The effects of anesthetics on immune cell apoptosis and cytokine stimulation were studied in a prospective study. American Society of Anesthesiologists I/II patients underwent elective inguinal hernia repair or varicose veins stripping surgery and were randomized to either epidural anesthesia (n = 14) or general anesthesia with sevoflurane (n = 19) or propofol (n = 15). Blood was sampled before anesthesia induction (T0), at the end of surgery (T1), and 6 h later (T2). Apoptosis was determined by ANNEXIN-V staining of white blood cells; monocytes were isolated and stimulated for cytokine production. Results were compared with 10 healthy volunteers well-matched for age and gender. Apoptosis of lymphocytes and monocytes was increased in the epidural and sevoflurane groups at T2. Propofol group had increased production of interleukin-6 at T1 and sevoflurane and epidural groups had decreased production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha at T2. Results emphasize the modulation of immune function by epidural and sevoflurane but not propofol anesthesia in a clinical setting.  相似文献   

13.
IL-12/IL-13 axis in allergic asthma   总被引:27,自引:0,他引:27  
Allergic airway diseases are associated with skewed T(H)2 cytokine production, although the underlying cause of this aberrant immune response is not well understood. Recently, 2 double-digit cytokines, IL-12 and IL-13, have been proposed to play pivotal roles in the T(H)2-polarized immune response to inhaled allergens. IL-12 is a critical determinant of T(H)1-mediated immune responses, and it has been shown that deficiency in this cytokine can lead to T(H)2-polarized immune responses. IL-13, on the other hand, has recently been shown to be a critical mediator of the effector arm of the allergic response. Overproduction of this cytokine has been shown to induce many common features of the allergic diathesis, such as airway hyperresponsiveness, eosinophilic inflammation, IgE production, mucus hypersecretion, and subepithelial fibrosis. Substantial evidence suggests that an imbalance in the production of these 2 critical immunoregulatory cytokines occurs in the lungs of atopic and asthmatic individuals, such that IL-13 is overproduced, and IL-12 production is impaired. As a result of this imbalance, IL-13 production may go unchecked and induce the classical allergic phenotype. Although it is not entirely clear what tips the balance between these 2 cytokines, genetic studies suggest that this could indeed be a primary event. Interestingly, the genes encoding both of these cytokines reside within the chromosomal regions on 5q, which have been associated with asthma in many populations. Although no evidence exists to date to support an association between asthma and polymorphisms in the IL12 gene, evidence is accumulating that supports an association between genetic alterations in the IL13 gene and atopy and asthma. From these observations, we can conclude that an imbalance in the IL-12/IL-13 axis may contribute to the development of allergic diseases, such as asthma. Studies to more fully examine the yin-yang relationship between these 2 critical immunoregulatory cytokines are clearly warranted.  相似文献   

14.
Patients undergoing surgical procedure develop an inflammatory response due to surgical trauma that may be modulated by anesthetics. The aim of this study was to investigate the cytokine profile in the plasma of adult patients who underwent minimally invasive surgery with balanced anesthesia with propofol, fentanyl, and sevoflurane. The study included 15 healthy patients scheduled for tympanoplasty or septoplasty under balanced anesthesia. Blood samples were drawn at four time points: before anesthesia, before surgery, 120?min after anesthesia induction, and on the first postoperative day. Plasma interleukin (IL)-1??, -2, -4, -6, -8, -10, -12, TNF-??, and INF-?? levels were assessed by flow cytometry. IL-6 levels were elevated on the day after the surgery (p?<?0.001). All other cytokines did not change either during or after balanced anesthesia (p?>?0.05). In conclusion, balanced anesthesia with propofol, fentanyl, and sevoflurane anesthesia is not associated with intraoperative changes in the plasma cytokines in healthy patients undergoing minimally invasive otorhinological surgeries. Considering IL-6 results, a postoperative inflammatory response may have occurred due to surgical stress.  相似文献   

15.
Cardiovascular surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) can lead to postoperative complications like postpericardiotomy syndrome (PPS), capillary leak syndrome or multiple organ failure. PPS morbidity in children is up to 30%, mortality up to 4%. For these complications the CPB is made responsible. Their etiology is not yet clarified in detail, but it is thought to be of immunologic origin. The exact knowledge of these reactions is crucial for the selection of treatment strategies and is the issue of this overview. Cardiovascular surgery is accompanied by the release of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-8) and the activation of the alternative complement pathway. This reaction is mainly a response to the surgical trauma and the medication. The exclusively CPB-specific response is the elevated activation of the alternative complement pathway. CPB also induces an antiinflammatory response. The immunosuppressive cytokine IL-10 is systemically released before the release of proinflammatory cytokines. Perioperatively T-helper (Th) cells shift transiently to the Th2 phenotype and indicate the prevalence for a humoral immune response. This shift starts immediately after the onset of the CPB. Increased immunosuppression may be involved in PPS development and seems to be linked to an allergic/atopic predisposition. CPB surgery induces population shifts of the leukocyte subsets, changes of their degree of activation and contributes to the peripheral phenotype of immune suppression. During CPB surgery, circulating neutrophils are inactivated and activated cells are selectively depleted by the CPB filters. In children, cardiovascular surgery with CPB induces a systemic antiinflammatory response. The following factors contribute to this response: elimination of activated cells; compensatory reaction to local, systemically not observable, proinflammatory responses; IL-10 release; anesthetics and medication; and leukocyte extravasation. The subsequent proinflammatory reaction is the reaction to surgical trauma and modulates the antiinflammatory reaction. Immune suppression seems to be an important response to CPB and PPS development and may lead to temporary anergy. Possible therapeutic consequences may include treatment strategies that modulate the antiinflammatory response. More studies in neonates and infants are needed to test this hypothesis. Novel microanalytical techniques have to be developed to achieve this goal.  相似文献   

16.
《Human immunology》2016,77(1):63-67
Neutrophils inform and shape immune responses. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an essential part in the perception of microbes and shape the complex host responses that occur during infection. The TLRs present on neutrophils play an indispensable role in neutrophil mediated pathogen recognition and elimination. This study was done to identify the role of significant TLRs in immune responses leading to differences in cytokine/chemokine release following stimulation. We evaluated the concentrations of various significant cytokines (IL-1β, TNF, MIP-1α, MCP-1 and IL-8) secreted by neutrophils from healthy donors and pulmonary tuberculosis patients following TLR ligand stimulation. TLR stimulation increased the release of such cytokines in both the groups. Thus it is noted that TLR stimulation of neutrophils definitely lead to increased cytokine response. Also, the release of all the studied cytokines are found to be greatly increased in patient neutrophils, affirming that neutrophils undergo secretory level modifications during tuberculosis infection.  相似文献   

17.
PROBLEM: To investigate whether the mode of delivery or the drugs given to the mother during labor may affect the newborns' immune system. METHOD OF STUDY: Three groups of term newborns were included: A, spontaneously delivered with i.v. analgesia (n = 37); B, spontaneously delivered with epidural analgesia (n = 26); and C, delivered by cesarean section under general anesthesia (n = 29). Natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity, mitogenic response, and the capacity of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) to produce interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-3, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were examined. RESULTS: NK cell cytotoxicity increased significantly in all three groups of newborns on the second day of life. Decreased IL-2 production was observed in newborns delivered by cesarean section. Spontaneous IL-1β secretion was higher in newborns to mothers treated with epidural analgesia. Spontaneous IL-6 secretion was elevated in infants to mothers undergoing general anesthesia and surgery or epidural analgesia. TNF-α production was increased in newborns delivered by cesarean section. CONCLUSION: The immune response of the newborn is affected by the mode of delivery and/or drugs given to the mother during labor.  相似文献   

18.
Recent studies about autoimmune diseases in animal models and in humans focused their attention on lymphocyte activation and in vitro cytokine production. The respective contribution of the Th1 and Th2 cytokines to the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases is still a matter of debate. In this study the role of IL-2, IL-4, IFN- &#110, IL-10 and IL-12 cytokines were investigated by examining their spontaneous and mitogen-induced (OKT3 and PHA or LPS) synthesis and T-cells proliferative response by peripheral blood mononuclear cells to determine their role in the pathogenesis of AIHA. Thirteen patients affected by AIHA, idiopathic or associated with other diseases, and 13 healthy subjects, randomly selected from a group of blood donors, were investigated. This study indicated that AIHA is characterised by increased basal synthesis of IL-4 and decreased levels of IFN- &#110 compared with healthy controls ( p <0,01). These results suggest that there is a basal decrease of Th1 cytokine and an increase of the Th2 ones. Enhanced IL-2 levels in AIHA patients are likely due to the necessity of a T-cell proliferation stimulus rather than produced as Th1 prevalent stimulation. Furthermore, it has been observed a significant increase in IL-12 production in LPS stimulated cultures from healthy controls, but not in AIHA patients, that shows IL-10 increased levels, which could cause a secondary decrease in IFN- &#110 production and a stimulation of Th2 differentiation. These observations indicate that decreased production of Th1-type cytokines and prevalent Th2 ones leading to autoantibodies production in AIHA may be secondary to the imbalance between IL-10 and IL-12. These results strongly suggest that manipulation of the cytokine network, i.e. IL-10/IL-12 balance, maintained by cells of the innate immune system, can have a strong effect on the incidence of AIHA and their modulation might be useful for a therapeutic control of the disorder.  相似文献   

19.

Background

Immunological disorder has shown to be related to the pathogenesis of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The microenvironment of AML is immunosuppressive, favoring the survival of malignant hematopoietic cells. However, the systematic research on AML abnormal immune microenvironment, especially the T helper (Th) cells imbalance, remains unsettled.

Design and methods

The levels of cytokines in bone marrow plasma including Th1-associated cytokine (IFN-γ), Th2-associated cytokine (IL-4), Th17-associated cytokines (IL-17, IL-6, TGF-β, and IL-21), regulatory T cell (Treg)-associated cytokines (IL-35 and IL-10) and Th22-associated cytokine (IL-22) were examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in AML patients and controls. The relative expression levels of IL-4, IL-10, and IL-21 mRNA were analyzed by real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

Results

Significant differences on cytokine levels tested were observed among the AML newly-diagnosed (ND) patients, AML patients in complete remission (CR) and controls except IL-21 and IL-35. In AML-ND group IFN-γ level was positively correlated with IL-21 or IL-22 level. Additionally, significant associations were observed between IL-17, IL-21 and some clinical characteristics.

Conclusion

Our results showed that many cytokines were abnormal in AML bone marrow microenvironment. The dysregulation of Th subsets cytokines is thought to contribute to the pathogenesis of AML.  相似文献   

20.
The study was undertaken to analyze intracerebral expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines after traumatic brain injury (TBI) in man in order to compare the findings with previous experimental data regarding the pathogenesis of secondary brain injury. Contused brain tissue biopsies were obtained from 12 consecutive patients undergoing surgery for brain contusions 3 h to 5 days after trauma. Cytokine expression was analyzed by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. In patients undergoing surgery less than 24 h after trauma, strong expression of both the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1-beta, IL-6 and interferon (IFN)-gamma and the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-4 was detected. In patients undergoing surgery between 3 and 5 days after trauma, IL-4 expression was significantly lower (P < 0.05) compared to the patients operated early. IL-1-beta and IFN-gamma expression remained strong in comparison to IL-6 and IL-4 expression (P < 0.05). Immunohistochemistry for IL-1-beta confirmed that the protein was produced with a temporal and regional pattern that corresponded to in situ hybridization results. The study provides in situ data on intracerebral cytokine expression after contusion in the clinical setting. Strong intracerebral cytokine expression occurs in the perilesional zone both in the early and the delayed phase after traumatic brain injury in humans. The temporal regulation of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines differs which reveals different therapeutic windows for pharmacological intervention.  相似文献   

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