LPS对大鼠下丘脑视上核nNOS和c-fos表达的影响

为探讨下丘脑视上核(SON)在神经免疫调节中的作用,本实验应用免疫组化技术观察了腹腔注射脂多糖(LPS)后大鼠下丘脑视上核nNOS和c-fos表达的变化。结果表明:LPS可使大鼠视上核内nNOS和c-fos阳性细胞的OD值显著增高,且视上核内部分神经元可同时表达nNOS和c-fos。结果提示,视上核可能为免疫调节的高级整合中枢之一,可能通过NO和／或c-fos途径调节免疫功能。     

针刀和电针对膝骨关节炎大鼠痛阈和中枢单胺类神经递质的影响

目的:对比观察针刀松解法、电针对膝骨关节炎(KOA)大鼠痛阈和中枢神经递质的影响。方法:80只SD大鼠被随机分为空白对照组、模型组、针刀组和电针组,4%木瓜蛋白酶溶液与0.3 mol/L半胱氨酸溶液(1∶1混置0.5 h)的混合液20μL,分别于造模第1 d、4 d、7 d注射于大鼠左侧膝关节腔中,4周后,治疗组分别以针刀松解法或电针治疗,共3周。采用光辐射热法检测大鼠痛阈,膝关节HE染色,ELISA法分别测定大鼠中脑、下丘脑、延脑、海马、脊髓等不同部位5-HT、NE、DA含量。结果:膝骨关节炎大鼠造模后痛阈显著降低(P0.01),而针刀松解法或电针治疗后,第1周、第2周、第3周痛阈值均明显高于模型组(P0.05,P0.01);针刀和电针疗法可以改善大鼠膝骨关节炎病理组织损伤,可调节大鼠中脑、下丘脑、海马、脊髓等部位5-HT的合成与代谢,调节脊髓、下丘脑和延脑NA合成和代谢,调节中脑DA合成与代谢。结论:针刀和电针疗法对膝骨关节炎大鼠痛阈、组织形态学和中枢单胺类神经递质的含量有一定的调节作用。提示2种疗法可通过调节中枢神经5-羟色胺和儿茶酚胺类神经递质的合成和代谢的失衡状态,以减轻关节软骨损伤,缓解膝骨关节炎发生发展时出现的疼痛。     

电针对慢性应激大鼠海马神经元型一氧化氮合酶表达的影响

目的探讨电针（electroacupuncture,EA）对慢性应激海马神经元型一氧化氮合酶（nNOS）表达的影响。方法30只雌性SD大鼠随机分成3组：模型组、电针组和对照组。每组10只。模型组大鼠连续接受21d各种不同的应激,平均每种应激使用2～3次。电针组模型建立后中止刺激,给予电针“三阴交”穴和“百会”穴．连续电针21d。对照组不给予刺激和电针。第42天将3组大鼠处死取脑。利用免疫组织化学方法检测海马区nNOS的表达情况。结果模型组大鼠海马nNOS阳性神经元的数量减少（P〈0．05）,染色变淡;电针后海马nNOS阳性神经元的数量有所增加（P〈0．05）。结论电针可上调nNOS在大鼠海马内的表达。     

哌唑嗪对自发性高血压大鼠下丘脑nNOS表达的影响

目的研究哌唑嗪延缓自发性高血压大鼠(SHR)病理生理进程是否与调控下丘脑内神经元型一氧化氮合酶(nNOS)的表达有关。方法 8周龄雄性SHR,持续给予哌唑嗪1个月后,检测平均动脉压(MAP)和心率(HR)以及进行肾脏组织化学染色,并应用免疫荧光染色结合显微图像分析及Western blot测定下丘脑nNOS的表达水平。结果与未给药同龄SHR相比,给药SHR组MAP和HR明显降低,肾脏纤维化损害程度减轻,下丘脑nNOS蛋白水平升高,室旁核和视上核内nNOS阳性神经元含量增加,但均未达到正常同龄Wistar大鼠水平。结论哌唑嗪可能通过调节下丘脑nNOS发挥中枢降压作用,进而部分逆转自发性高血压发病进程。     

运动预干预对睡眠剥夺大鼠学习记忆及海马nNOS表达的影响

目的:探讨跑台运动预干预对完全睡眠剥夺(TSD)大鼠空间学习记忆能力、海马单胺类神经递质水平和神经元型一氧化氮合酶(nNOS)表达的影响。方法:将40只大鼠随机分为对照组(CON)、运动组(EX)、完全睡眠剥夺组(TSD)及睡眠剥夺运动组(EX+TSD)。除CON组及TSD组大鼠,EX组和EX+TSD组大鼠进行跑台运动预干预4周,运动结束后建立大鼠72 h睡眠剥夺模型(小平台水环境法),然后运用八臂迷宫实验(ERM)评估大鼠空间学习记忆能力,用高效液相-电化学法检测大鼠海马单胺类神经递质多巴胺(DA)、去甲肾上腺素(NE)、5-羟色胺(5-HT)的表达水平,用免疫组化法检测海马一氧化氮合酶(nNOS)神经元的表达。结果:(1)与CON组比较,ERM实验中TSD组大鼠工作记忆错误次数(WME)、参考记忆错误次数(RME)均显著增多,正确反应的次数(CN)减少,完成八臂迷宫时间显著延长(P 0. 01);海马内DA及NE的水平均显著下降(P 0. 01),而5-HT的水平增加(P 0. 01),海马nNOS阳性细胞平均光密度显著增加(P 0. 01);(2)与TSD组比较,ERM实验中EX+TSD组大鼠WME及RME均显著减少,CN增多,完成八臂迷宫时间均显著缩短(P均0. 05); EX+TSD组海马DA的表达水平显著增加(P 0. 05),5-HT的表达水平下降(P 0. 05),NE的表达水平则无显著变化(P 0. 05),海马nNOS阳性细胞平均光密度显著下降(P 0. 05)。结论:规律的跑台运动预干预可以增强TSD大鼠的学习记忆能力,其机制可能与此运动下调大鼠海马内nNOS活性、减弱高浓度NO的神经毒性纠正TSD大鼠单胺类神经系统紊乱,对睡眠剥夺引起的海马神经元损害具有保护作用有关。     

急性应激对大鼠纹状体nNOS表达及分布的影响

目的:研究应激对大鼠纹状体内神经型一氧化氮合酶(neuronal nitric oxide synthase,nNOS)表达和分布的影响。方法:建立大鼠运输应激模型(120 r/min,持续2 h),将24只大鼠随机分为对照组和应激组。应用Western Blot分别测定对照组和应激组大鼠脑内nNOS的表达量并结合免疫细胞化学染色探察应激前后纹状体nNOS神经元的分布及其形态学特征的变化。结果:Western Blot结果显示应激后nNOS在蛋白水平上显著提高(P0.05);免疫组化染色显示nNOS阳性神经元在纹状体呈散在分布,可见棕色免疫阳性物质主要位于细胞质中,细胞核着色浅,细胞轮廓清晰,突起明显;与对照组相比,应激组阳性细胞数显著增多(P0.05),且着色较深。结论:应激使大鼠纹状体内nNOS表达显著增多,nNOS的升高可能是引起运输焦虑的深层原因之一。     

疲劳应激大鼠下丘脑腹内侧核和背内侧核神经元中一氧化氮合酶的表达

为研究下丘脑腹内侧核和背内侧核中神经元型一氧化氮合酶 (nNOS)与运动疲劳的关系,采用雄性大鼠经 4周大强度游泳训练制成运动性疲劳模型,用ABC免疫组织化学方法观测两核中nNOS阳性神经元的表达状况,并进行图像分析和统计学处理。结果显示:疲劳组大鼠两核中nNOS阳性神经元的数量和阳性产物面积均大于对照组 (P<0. 001 ),即两核中nNOS出现上调。结论:下丘脑腹内侧核和背内侧核中的nNOS神经元与运动疲劳的形成密切相关,NO可能在两核对疲劳应激反应的调节中发挥重要作用。     

免疫抑制剂雷帕霉素对LPS免疫激发大鼠脑内免疫相关核团神经元Fos和nNOS表达的影响

观察免疫抑制剂雷帕霉素对大鼠中枢免疫核团Fos和nNOS表达的影响,并探讨雷帕霉素对中枢免疫调节的作用。将大鼠分为雷帕霉素(10mg/kg)实验组和生理盐水对照组。两组动物分别给药后,腹腔注射免疫激发剂细菌脂多糖(LPS,25mg/kg),用免疫组织化学方法显示并计数下丘脑室旁核、视上核和孤束核中Fos蛋白阳性、nNOS样免疫阳性神经元和Fos/nNOS双标神经元数量,并对数据进行统计学处理。结果显示:实验组动物的下丘脑室旁核、视上核和孤束核内Fos、Fos/nNOS神经元数目较对照组均显著减少(P<0.01)。这一结果表明免疫抑制剂雷帕霉素降低了中枢免疫相关核团内因LPS免疫应激所引起的nNOS的表达,提示雷帕霉素在抑制机体免疫机能的同时,也降低了神经-内分泌系统对免疫的抑制作用。     

局灶性脑缺血大鼠皮质和尾壳核神经干细胞增殖分化与nNOS的表达

本研究旨在探讨局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠皮质和尾壳核神经干细胞的增殖分化与nNOS表达的关系。大脑中动脉线栓法制作大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注模型,5溴脱氧尿核苷(BrdU)标记分裂增殖细胞,免疫组化单标和双标记技术检测各组大鼠缺血侧皮质和尾壳核BrdU阳性细胞和nNOS的表达。模型组大鼠皮质和尾壳核BrdU阳性细胞再灌注后3d开始增多,14d达高峰,nNOS阳性细胞再灌注后7d表达增强,28d达高峰,BrdU/nNOS双标细胞在14d达高峰,占皮质BrdU阳性细胞数的42.95%,尾壳核内占42.56%。新生细胞分化组BrdU阳性细胞和BrdU/nNOS双标细胞显著多于模型组(P<0.05),皮质双标细胞占BrdU阳性细胞数的54.08%,尾壳核内占47.84%。提示局灶性脑缺血可增强大鼠皮质和尾壳核的增殖能力,部分增殖细胞分化为nNOS阳性神经元,参与神经网络的重建。     

原发性高血压进程中下丘脑内神经元型一氧化氮合酶和血管紧张素Ⅱ1型受体的共表达

目的:观察Wistar-Kyoto(WKY)大鼠和自发性高血压大鼠(SHR)下丘脑室旁核(PVN)和视上核(SON)内神经元型一氧化氮合酶(nNOS)和血管紧张素Ⅱ1型受体(AT-1R)的共表达,以及加压素(AVP)和nNOS基因水平的表达差异.方法:应用免疫荧光双标染色结合RT-PCR技术.结果:SHR和WKY大鼠PVN和SON内都有大量的nNOS和AT-1R免疫阳性神经元分布并部分共存,但SHR组nNOS和AT-1R共存率明显高于对照组.与之一致,SHR组PVN和SON内nNOS和AVP mRNA含量都高于对照组.结论:在高血压发病进程中,NO发生代偿性增加,可部分负反馈抑制中枢肾素-血管紧张素系统,但这种抑制不能完全逆转过度激活的血管紧张素Ⅱ和AVP.     

Modes of reinforcement and gender and culture of experimenter and subject: effects of "alien" and external reinforcement for Japanese and American men and women

In this study, we examined external and "alien" reinforcement (ER and AR. respectively) as a factor in social learning, and studied the combined effects of culture and reinforcement mode. A female (Experiment 1) and a male (Experiment 2) experimenters conducted experimental sessions. Both men and women, who grew up in the same culture as the experimenter, participated and performed the experimental task. A three-way interaction effect of experimenter gender, culture, and reinforcement mode was found on task performance. And the effect was more pronounced for a Japanese experimenter. A female and a male experimenters conducted Experiments 3 and 4, respectively; however participants this time were men and women who grew up in different cultures than the experimenter. Results indicated that the pattern of the subject gender and reinforcement mode interaction effect, when the experimenter was Japanese with American subjects, was exactly opposite to that when the experimenter was American. These experiments showed that AR was as effective for social learning as ER, and that the cultural backgrounds of experimenter and subject influenced AR and ER effectiveness.     

Timing and intensity of early fevers and the development of allergies and asthma

BACKGROUND: Early childhood fevers appear to protect against later allergies and asthma. What is not known is the time in which fevers exert this effect and whether the degree of temperature increase is important. OBJECTIVE: We sought to examine the relationship between the time and degree of early fevers and later allergies and asthma. METHODS: Eight hundred thirty-five children from southeast Michigan were enrolled at birth. Clinic records from their first 2 years were abstracted for episodes of fever. At age 6 to 7 years, children underwent allergy testing. We examined fevers occurring within 6-month intervals in the first 2 years of life and outcomes at age 6 to 7 years. The primary outcome measures were allergic sensitization, asthma, asthma with allergic sensitization, and asthma without allergic sensitization. RESULTS: In the unadjusted analysis each episode of fever between 7 and 12 months of age was associated with a lower odds of allergic sensitization (odds ratio [OR], 0.71; 95% CI, 0.54-0.93) and asthma with allergic sensitization (OR, 0.43; 95% CI, 0.21-0.90) at age 6 to 7 years. Likewise, every 1 degrees C increase in the maximum temperature between 7 and 12 months was associated with a lower odds of allergic sensitization (OR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.61-0.96) and asthma with allergic sensitization (OR, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.40-0.94). After adjusting for potential confounders, each episode of fever between 7 and 12 months was associated with a lower likelihood of asthma with allergic sensitization (adjusted OR, 0.33; 95% CI, 0.11-0.94) at age 6 to 7 years. CONCLUSIONS: Both the timing and intensity of childhood fevers appear to be important factors in the development of allergies and asthma.     

Rates of oxygen consumption and of anaerobic glycolysis in renal cortex and medulla of adult and new-born rats and guinea-pigs

1. Rates of oxygen uptake and of anaerobic glycolysis were estimated in slices from the renal cortex and medulla (a) of adult rats and guinea-pigs, (b) of new-born (1-, 5- and 21-day-old) rats and of guinea-pigs of 1, 12, 21, 24 and 120 hr age.2. In the adult rat, Q(O2) values for the cortex were 12.55 +/- 0.20 (22) and for the medulla: 8.56 +/- 0.17 (22) mul./hr.mg dry weight, while in the new-born rat (24 hr old) they were 10.99 +/- 0.46 (12) and 9.33 +/- 0.18 (9) mul./hr.mg dry weight respectively.3. Values for Q(CO2) (N2) (anaerobic glycolysis) in the 14 hr old new-born rat were in the renal cortex 9.65 +/- 0.35 (5) and in the medulla 7.39 +/- 0.43 (5) mul./hr.mg dry weight; while in the adult they were 2.25 +/- 0.08 (16) and 5.76 +/- 0.14 (16) mul./hr.mg dry weight, respectively.4. In the adult guinea-pig values for Q(CO2) (N2) were of the same order as in the adult rat, though the rate of O(2) uptake was for the cortex 8.12 +/- 0.22 (12) and for the medulla 5.02 +/- 0.23 (11) mul./hr.mg dry weight.5. Though the Q(O2) values in the renal cortex and medulla were smaller in the 1 hr old new-born guinea-pig, they were already increasing in the 12 hr old neonate.6. The results are discussed in the light of enzyme changes occurring during the process of maturation of the nephron as indicated by histochemical observations.     

Association between functional alterations of senescence and senility and disorders of gait and balance

OBJECTIVES:

Declines in cognition and mobility are frequently observed in the elderly, and it has been suggested that the appearance of gait disorders in older individuals may constitute a marker of cognitive decline that precedes significant findings in functional performance screening tests. This study sought to evaluate the relationship between functional capacities and gait and balance in an elderly community monitored by the Preventive and Integrated Care Unit of the Hospital Adventista Silvestre in Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.

METHODS:

Elderly individuals (193 females and 90 males) were submitted to a broad geriatric evaluation, which included the following tests: 1) a performance-oriented mobility assessment (POMA) to evaluate gait; 2) a mini-mental state examination (MMSE); 3) the use of Katz and Lawton scales to assess functional capacity; 4) the application of the geriatric depression scale (GDS); and 5) a mini-nutritional assessment (MNA) scale.

RESULTS:

Reductions in MMSE, Katz and Lawton scores were associated with reductions in POMA scores, and we also observed that significant reductions in POMA scores were present in persons for whom the MMSE and Katz scores did not clearly indicate cognitive dysfunction. We also demonstrated that a decline in the scores obtained with the GDS and MNA scales was associated with a decline in the POMA scores.

CONCLUSIONS:

Considering that significant alterations in the POMA scores were observed prior to the identification of significant alterations in cognitive capacity using either the MMSE or the Katz systems, a prospective study seems warranted to assess the predictive capacity of POMA scores regarding the associated decline in functional capacity.     

男性乳腺发育症临床病理分析及雌,孕激素受体检测

对１１３例男性乳腺发育症进行临床病理分析。同时检测其中３０例乳腺组织中雌激素受体和孕激素受体分布情况，结果发现两者阳性率分别为８０．０％和８３．３３％。结合文献讨论了男性乳腺发育症的发生与高血清激素浓度及乳腺组织高受体水平的关系。