经尿道双极等离子体电切术治疗膀胱肿瘤的疗效观察

目的:探讨经尿道双极等离子体电切术治疗膀胱肿瘤的安全性与有效性。方法:采用英国Gyrus公司的经尿道双极等离子体电切系统行经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术(TURBt)治疗膀胱肿瘤271例,患者年龄18～90岁,平均63.6岁。其中单发肿瘤160例,多发肿瘤111例,膀胱侧壁有肿瘤分布者96例。结果:首次诊断为膀胱肿瘤行经尿道双极电切术的时间为46±21(15～75)min,膀胱穿孔21例;96例侧壁肿瘤切除时出现明显的闭孔神经反射56例。随访6～72个月,复发149例,其中再次行电切术102例,行部分膀胱切除加输尿管移植术24例,行全膀胱切除术20例。结论:用双极等离子体电切术治疗膀胱肿瘤是一种安全、有效的手术方式,但不能防止闭孔神经反射的发生。     

经尿道等离子体双极电切治疗浅表膀胱肿瘤160例

目的探讨经尿道等离子体双极电切术治疗浅表膀胱肿瘤(PKRBt)的安全性与有效性。方法用英国Gyrus公司的经尿道等离子体双极电切系统行浅表膀胱肿瘤切除术160例。肿瘤分级G1为121例,G2为39例。患者男性118例,女性42例,年龄31~89岁,平均59.7岁。多发肿瘤41例,单发119例,膀胱侧壁有肿瘤分布者53例。结果经尿道膀胱肿瘤等离子体双极电切术手术时间5~48min,平均(16±14)min,无经尿道电切综合征;53例侧壁肿瘤切除时,28例发生闭孔神经反射,2例导致各1处膀胱穿孔。随访1~12个月,17例复发,8例再行PKRBt,9例改行根治术。结论PKRBt是一种安全、有效的手术方式。闭孔神经反射是PKRBt的常见并发症之一。     

喉罩全麻在老年患者经尿道膀胱侧壁肿瘤电切术中的应用

<正>经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术(transurethral resection of bladder tumor,TURBt)由于手术微创、术后恢复快、反复治疗伤害小等优点易于被患者接受,是泌尿外科常见的治疗浅表膀胱肿瘤的微创手术。多数TURBt能在腰-硬联合麻醉下完成,但对于膀胱侧壁的肿瘤行电切时,由于术中电切时产生的电流刺激膀胱侧壁从而引起闭孔神经反射,可出现突发     

经尿道超脉冲等离子体双极电切治疗浅表膀胱肿瘤60例

目的：探讨经尿道超脉冲等离子体双极电切治疗浅表膀胱肿瘤的临床效果。方法选取我院2012年1月～2013年12月收治的60例浅表性膀胱肿瘤患者作为研究对象,所有患者均行经尿道超脉冲等离子体双极电切治疗,就所有患者临床诊治资料进行了回顾性分析,着重总结经尿道超脉冲等离子体双极电切治疗浅表膀胱肿瘤的临床效果。结果60例患者经尿道超脉冲等离子体双极电切术均一次性实施成功,手术实施用时为15～60min,平均用时为（30.0±5.0）min。术中6例（10.0%）患者发生闭孔神经反射,其中2例患者并发膀胱腹膜外穿孔损伤,处理后愈合。60例患者术后并未发生大出血、电切综合征及尿道狭窄等并发症,无肿瘤残余。随访2年6例患者肿瘤复发,复发率为10.0%。结论经尿道超脉冲等离子体双极电切治疗浅表膀胱肿瘤具有极为显著的临床疗效,治疗后并发症较少,安全性较高,可推广应用。     

高频能量发生器经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术治疗非肌层浸润性膀胱癌(附43例报道)

目的 探讨应用高频能量发生器(HFG)经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术治疗非肌层浸润性膀胱癌的安全性和有效性.方法 采用HFG的能量助推双极等离子电切单元行经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术(TURBT)治疗非肌层浸润性膀胱癌43例,能量助推混切电极切除肿瘤直达深肌层,同时扩大到电切距肿瘤基底边缘1cm范围的正常组织,术后个体化定期膀胱内灌注羟基喜树碱.结果 手术时间15 ～ 55min,平均30min.全组无膀胱穿孔病例,31例侧壁或伴发侧壁肿瘤者有15例发生不同程度的闭孔神经反射.全组随访6 ～18个月,复发4例,均行再次电切.结论 HFG经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术治疗非肌层浸润性膀胱癌安全有效.     

经尿道等离子体双极电切术治疗良性前列腺增生及膀胱肿瘤

目的　探讨经尿道等离子体双极电切的安全性与有效性。　方法　用经尿道等离子体双极电切行前列腺切除 (PKRP) 30 0例 ,前列腺 2 1～ 12 6 g ,平均 (49.7± 35 .8) g ;行浅表性膀胱肿瘤切除 (PKRBT) 37例 ,肿瘤分级G12 5例 ,G2 12例。术后随访 1～ 6个月。　结果　PKRP手术时间 13～ 98min ,平均 (48± 31)min ;切除前列腺组织重量 7～ 91g ,平均 (31± 2 9)g。无 1例需输血 ,无电切综合征发生。术后 1、3、6个月 ,最大尿流率 (Qmax)由术前的 (5 .2± 3.9)ml/s分别上升至 (19.2±4 .1)、(2 1.8± 4 .6 )、(2 2 .3± 5 .7)ml/s;国际前列腺症状评分 (IPSS)由术前的 2 4 .7下降至 5 .7、5 .4、5 .1;生活质量评分 (QOL)由术前的 5 .3分别下降至 1.7、1.8、1.2。 3项指标手术前后比较差异均有显著性意义 (P <0 .0 5 )。PKRBT手术时间 5～ 39min ,平均 (2 4± 13)min。 17例侧壁肿瘤切除时 ,5例发生闭孔神经反射 ,其中 1例发生膀胱穿孔。随访 1～ 6个月无复发。　结论　用等离子体双极电切进行PKRP和PKRBT安全有效。     

经尿道等离子体双极电切泌外手术300例报告

目的：探讨经尿道等离子体双极电切的临床效果和安全性。方法：用经尿道等离子体双极电切前胁列腺切除（PKRP）265例,术中监测中心静脉压及血电解质;行浅表性膀胱肿瘤切除（PKRBT）27例;行膀胱颈部等离子电切术（PKRN）8例。结果：PKRP手术时间15～120min,平均65min,无前列腺电切综合征,术后随访3～6个月,最大尿流率由术前8.2ml/s升到术后19.2m1/s,国际前列腺症状评分由术前25分降到8分。PKRBT手术时间5～36min,平均23min,4例发生闭孔神经反射,随访3～8个月无复发。PKRN手术时问10～15min,平均30min,随访1～6个月,最大尿流率由术前9.2ml/s升刮术后20.9ml／s。结论：等离子体双极电切行PKRP、PKRBT和PKRN具有安全性高、并发症少、疗效好的优点。     

经尿道钬激光切除与经尿道电切治疗浅表性膀胱肿瘤的疗效比较

目的　比较经尿道钬激光切除与经尿道电切治疗浅表性膀胱肿瘤的疗效及安全性。方法　随机选取 32例膀胱肿瘤患者行经尿道钬激光切除 ,另 2 7例行经尿道电切 ,总结两组患者临床资料 ,并对手术时间、导尿管留置时间、术后膀胱冲洗例数、肿瘤复发情况、肿瘤分期、膀胱穿孔例数、尿道外口狭窄发生率等指标进行比较。　结果　钬激光组手术时间 15～ 5 0min ,平均 2 5min ,膀胱穿孔 1例 ;术后无需膀胱冲洗 ;导尿管留置时间 1～ 4d ,所有患者均获得肿瘤分期 ;随访 1年 ,无尿道狭窄 ,复发 7例。电切组手术时间 10～ 5 5min ,平均 2 8min ,膀胱穿孔 6例 ,术后 5例需膀胱冲洗 ,导尿管留置时间 1～ 6d ,7例获得肿瘤分期 ;随访 1年 ,尿道狭窄 3例 ,复发 8例。两组平均手术时间、导尿管留置时间、术后肿瘤复发、尿道狭窄发生率均无明显差异 (P >0 .0 5 ) ,钬激光组获得准确肿瘤分期例数明显多于电切组 ,而膀胱穿孔及术后膀胱冲洗例数明显少于电切组 (P <0 .0 5 )。　结论　钬激光是一种治疗膀胱肿瘤高效、安全的方法 ,在准确判断肿瘤分期、减少膀胱穿孔及减少出血方面比电切更优越。     

经尿道气化电切加电切术治疗膀胱肿瘤的探讨

自2000年5月～2003年12月。我院采用经尿道膀胱肿瘤气化电切术(TUVBt)加经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术(TURBt)治疗膀胱肿瘤患者42例。效果满意。现报告如下。     

经尿道表浅膀胱癌汽化电切加电切术的临床应用

目的 探讨经尿道膀胱肿瘤汽化电切术（TVBt）加电切术（TURt）治疗表浅膀胱癌（SBC）的疗效。方法 对52例表浅膀胱癌患者行TVBt＋TURBt术，其中8例合并前列腺增生症（BPH）者同时行经尿道前列腺电汽化术（TVP）。结果 本组52例膀胱肿瘤一次切除。平均手术时间TVBt＋TURBt为30min；TVBt＋TRBt＋TVP为90min。无输血。术后随访0．5-5．0年，肿瘤复发13例。结论TVBt＋TURBt具有操作简便、止血效果好、汽化深度可靠、术后并发症及复发率低、恢复快等优点，是治疗SBC的首选方法。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.