原发性高血压患者总体水水平与血压无机盐及性别的关系

目的探讨原发性高血压患者总体水水平与血压、无机盐及性别之间的关系。 方法收集2017年6至7月就诊于新疆医科大学第一附属医院高血压门诊的273例原发性高血压患者为研究对象,根据总体水(TBW)的中位数值将其分为TBW低水平组(n＝136)和TBW高水平组(n＝137),比较两组患者血压的变化,同时收集患者无机盐水平、体重指数(BMI)等。总体水水平的影响因素采用Logistic回归分析,总体水水平与血压、无机盐等相关性采用Pearson相关性分析。 结果总体水高水平组的体重指数(BMI)[(26.88±3.40)kg/m²]、无机盐[(4.24±0.47)g]、标准无机盐[(3.69±0.35)g]、收缩压(SBP)[(123.11±6.54)mmHg](1 mmHg＝0.133 kPa)和舒张压(DBP)[(68.32±6.91)mmHg]均高于总体水低水平组的BMI[(24.34±3.07)kg/m²]、无机盐[(3.15±0.30)g]、标准无机盐[(2.83±0.23)g]、SBP[(119.01±8.20)mmHg]和DBP[(64.59±5.78)mmHg],均差异有统计学意义(t＝6.48,23.02,24.05,4.57,4.84;均P<0.01)。无机盐是总体水升高的独立危险因素(OR＝1.083,P<0.01),而女性是总体水升高的保护因素(OR＝0.065,P<0.01)。男性的BMI[(26.43±3.25)kg/m²]、总体水[(43.50±5.26)g]、无机盐[(4.23±0.52)g]、标准无机盐[(3.76±0.28)g]、SBP[(123.37±6.29)mmHg]、DBP[(68.69±6.91)mmHg]指标均高于女性的BMI[(24.90±3.52)kg/m²]、总体水[(32.14±3.62)g]、无机盐[(3.22±0.37)g]、标准无机盐[(2.83±0.21)g]、SBP[(119.03±8.23)mmHg]、DBP[(64.50±5.71)mmHg],均差异有统计学意义(t＝3.70,20.53,18.08,30.98,4.92,5.49;均P<0.01)。Pearson相关性分析显示,男性患者SBP与年龄、BMI、总体水、无机盐、腰臀比、标准无机盐,均无相关性(r＝0.138,0.147,0.071,0.056,0.169,0.060;均P>0.05),DBP与年龄存在正相关(r＝0.280,P<0.01);女性患者SBP、DBP均与年龄、BMI、腰臀比存在正相关(r＝0.359,0.242,0.344,0.386,0.263,0.387;均P<0.01)。 结论总体水高水平组血压高于总体水低水平组。无机盐是总体水升高的独立危险因素,而女性是总体水升高的保护因素。男性的BMI、总体水、无机盐、SBP、DBP均高于女性,男性SBP与年龄呈正相关,女性SBP、DBP均与年龄、BMI、腰臀比呈正相关。     

Differential time effect profiles of amlodipine, as compared to valsartan, revealed by ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, self blood pressure measurements and dose omission protocol

Amlodipine and valsartan are once-daily antihypertensive agents. To date, no comparison between these agents given as monotherapies was reported. This study was aimed to evaluate the therapeutic coverage and safety of amlodipine and valsartan in mild-to-moderate hypertensive patients. Multicenter, double-blind, randomized, comparative study. After a 4-week placebo wash-out period, 246 outpatients with office diastolic blood pressure 95 < or = DBP < or =110 mmHg and systolic blood pressure (SBP) < 180 mmHg, in addition to a mean daytime SBP and/or DBP > 135/85 mmHg on 24-h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM), were randomly allocated to once-daily amlodipine 5-10 mg or valsartan 40-80 mg, for 12 weeks. In a subgroup of patients, 48-h ABPM were performed at the end of the treatment period. Dose omission was simulated by a single-blind placebo dosing. The primary efficacy end-point was the 24-h trough office BP after 12 weeks of active therapy. The reductions in 24-h trough BP were more pronounced in amlodipine compared with valsartan group as well in office [SBP: -17.8 +/- 10.9 vs. -14.6 +/- 11.2, P = 0.025, DBP: -12.7 +/- 7.2 vs. -10.9 +/- 7.8 mmHg, P = 0.06) as in ambulatory BP (SBP/DBP: -13.0 +/- 13.7/-10.8 +/- 9.1 vs. -7.2 +/- 19.4/-4.9 +/- 13.4 mmHg, P < 0.05). Forty-eight hours after the last active dose, the slope of the morning BP surge (4-9 h) was less steep with amlodipine vs. valsartan [DBP (P < 0.04), SBP (n.s.)]. Ankle edema were more often reported in amlodipine group. These results suggest a superior BP lowering and a longer duration of action with amlodipine compared with valsartan.     

动态脉压与诊所脉压对原发性高血压患者左室肥厚的评估价值

目的通过比较动态脉压和诊所脉压对原发性高血压患者左室肥厚的影响,为高血压患者的康复预防和介入提供理论依据. 方法选择初诊的轻-中度原发性高血压患者 337例,所有入选病例测量非同日 3次诊所血压、进行 24 h动态血压监测和超声心动图检查.①根据动态脉压水平分为 4组、根据诊所脉压水平分为 5组并分别比较.②根据左室质量指数分为左室肥厚组和非左室肥厚组. 结果动态脉压和诊所脉压均与年龄、原发性高血压史、左室质量指数、动脉僵硬度指数和 24 h平均心率呈非常显著的相关性.动脉僵硬度随分组脉压的增大呈显著递增,其与动态脉压的相关性明显强于诊所脉压 (r=0.670,P< 0.01和 r=0.399,P< 0.01. 24 h 脉压和 24 h收缩压在左室肥厚组均明显高于非左室肥厚组 [(49.0± 10.2)mmHg 和 ( 44.7± 8.9) mmHg,P< 0.001]和 [( 132.1± 13.1) mmHg 和( 126.5± 12.7) mmHg,P< 0.001](1 mmHg=0.13 kPa);动态脉压与左室质量指数的相关性明显强于诊所脉压 (r=0.277,P< 0.01和 r=0.105,P< 0.05). 结论 脉压升高是原发性高血压患者左室肥厚的重要危险因素;与诊所脉压比较,动态脉压更能反映高血压靶器官损害的程度.     

Impact of day-to-day arterial pressure variability on the left ventricle geometry in patients with predialysis chronic kidney insufficiency

AIM: To estimate the impact of day-to-day variability of blood pressure (BP) on left ventricular geometry in pre-dialysis patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We estimate the impact of day-to-day variability of BP on left ventricular geometry in 42 non-diabetic pre-dialysis patients (22 F, 20 M, mean age 47 +/- 12 years) with arterial hypertension (> 140 and 90 mm Hg). Serum creatinine was 286.2 +/- 176.8 micromol/l. BP was measured in the morning during 12 days and M +/- SD and delta systolic blood pressure (dSBP = SBPmax - SBPmin) was calculated. Echocardiography was performed and left ventricular mass index and relative wall thickness (RWT) was estimated. RESULTS: LVH was detected in 35(83.3%) patients. Multiple stepwise regression analysis revealed that mean SBP is a stronger predictor of LVH than clinical SBP (R2 = 0.59; p = 0.000001 and R2 = 0.35; p = 0.0007, resp.). Standard deviation of mean SBP correlated with RWT (R2 = 0.30; p = 0.006). dSBP > 30 mmHg was associated with an increase of RWT. CONCLUSION: Mean SBP during 12 days is a stronger predictor of LVH than clinical SBP. Day-to-day variability of SBP with dSBP > 30 mm Hg was associated with development of concentric LVH.     

持续不卧床腹膜透析患者中不同血压表型与左心室肥厚患病率之间的关系研究

目的探讨持续不卧床腹膜透析(continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis,CAPD)患者中不同的血压表型与左心室肥厚的患病率之间的关系及对左心室心肌重构的影响。方法选择127例CAPD患者,根据诊室测量的肱动脉血压将患者分为4组:正常血压组(46例):收缩压(SBP)140mmHg(1mm Hg=0.133kPa)且舒张压(DBP)90mm Hg;孤立收缩期高血压(isolated systolic hypertension,ISH)组(42例):SBP≥140mm Hg且DBP90mm Hg;双期高血压(systolic/diastolic hypertension,SDH)组(39例):SBP≥140mm Hg且DBP≥90mm Hg;孤立舒张期高血压(isolated diastolichypertension,IDH)组(0例):SBP140mm Hg且DBP≥90mm Hg。收集患者基本资料、血生化检查资料,并采用超声心动图检查评估3组患者的心脏形态功能及血流动力学指标,包括左心室质量(LVM)、左心室质量指数(LVMI,身高2.7标化的LVM)、左心室肥厚(LVH)患病率、左心室舒张末期内径(LVEDD)、左心室收缩末期内径(LVESD)、左心室射血分数(LVEF)、左心室短轴缩短率(LVFS)、左心室舒张期早晚期二尖瓣口血流频谱(E峰、A峰、E/A)、心输出量(CO)、心脏指数(CI)、心每搏输出量(SV)、心每搏指数(SI)、总外周阻力(TPR)和总外周血管阻力指数(TPRI)等,并将血压表型、体质量指数(BMI)、性别、透析龄、血肌酐(SCr)、TPRI等纳入左心室肥厚的可能危险因素进行多因素logistics回归分析。结果 3组间基本资料、血脂状态、贫血状况差异均无统计学意义(P0.05);SBP、DBP、平均动脉压(MAP)、脉压(PP),SDH组ISH组正常血压组(P0.01),LVM、LVMI在ISH组和SDH组均高于正常血压组(P0.05);LVH的患病率在ISH组为76.2%,在SDH组为71.8%,均高于正常血压组(50.0%,P0.05)。LVEF、LVFS,SDH组和ISH组均低于正常血压组(P0.01)。LVEDD和LVESD在SDH组和ISH组高于正常血压组(P0.01),E峰在3组间无差异,而A峰在SDH组低于ISH组(P0.01),E/A在SDH组高于ISH组及正常组(P0.01);TPR和TPRI在SDH组高于ISH组和正常血压组。多因素logistics回归分析显示,ISH组和SDH组患LVH的风险分别是正常血压组的2.01倍和1.74倍;女性患LVH的风险是男性的1.36倍;透析龄每增加一个月患LVH的风险增加0.03倍。结论 CAPD患者中,高血压表型是左心室肥厚的独立危险因素,SDH表型患者外周血管阻力较高,左心室舒张功能减低明显,而ISH表型患者LVH患病率和危险度较高,因此高血压不同表型对心血管损伤机制可能存在差异,其中ISH压型对心脏重构的影响较大,LVH患病危险度较高。     

An 18-week, prospective, randomized, double-blind, multicenter study of amlodipine/ramipril combination versus amlodipine monotherapy in the treatment of hypertension: the assessment of combination therapy of amlodipine/ramipril (ATAR) study

BACKGROUND: A combination of antihypertensive agents of different drug classes in a fixed-dose combination (FDC) may offer advantages in terms of efficacy, tolerability, and treatment compliance. Combination of a calcium channel blocker with an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor may act synergistically to reduce blood pressure (BP). OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy and tolerability of an amlodipine/ramipril FDC with those of amlodipine monotherapy. METHODS: This 18-week, prospective, randomized, double-blind study was conducted at 8 centers across Brazil. Patients with stage 1 or 2 essential hypertension were enrolled. After a 2-week placebo run-in phase, patients received amlodipine/ramipril 2.5/2.5 mg or amlodipine 2.5 mg, after which the doses were titrated, based on BP, to 5/5 then 10/10 mg (amlodipine/ramipril) and 5 then 10 mg (amlodipine). The primary end point was BP measured in the intent-to-treat (ITT) population. Hematology and serum biochemistry were assessed at baseline and study end. Tolerability was assessed using patient interview, laboratory analysis, and physical examination, including measurement of ankle circumference to assess peripheral edema. RESULTS: A total of 222 patients completed the study (age range, 40-79 years; FDC group, 117 patients [mean dose, 7.60/7.60 mg]; monotherapy, 105 patients [mean dose, 7.97 mg]). The mean (SD) changes in systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP), as measured using 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) and in the physician's office, were significantly greater with combination therapy than monotherapy, with the exception of office DBP (ABPM, -20.76 [1.25] vs -15.80 [1.18] mm Hg and -11.71 [0.78] vs -8.61 [0.74] mm Hg, respectively [both, P = 0.004]; office, -27.51 [1.40] vs -22.84 [1.33] mm Hg [P = 0.012] and -16.41 [0.79] vs -14.64 [0.75] mm Hg [P = NS], respectively). In the ITT analysis, the mean changes in ambulatory, but not office-based, BP were statistically significant (ABPM: SBP, -20.21 [1.14] vs -15.31 [1.12] mm Hg and DBP, -11.61 [0.72] vs -8.42 [0.70] mm Hg, respectively [both, P = 0.002]; office: SBP, -26.60 [1.34] vs -22.97 [1.30] mm Hg and DBP, -16.48 [0.78] vs -14.48 [0.75] mm Hg [both, P = NS]). Twenty-nine patients (22.1%) treated with combination therapy and 41 patients (30.6%) treated with monotherapy experienced > or =1 adverse event considered possibly related to study drug. The combination-therapy group had lower prevalence of edema (7.6% vs 18.7%; P = 0.011) and a similar prevalence of dry cough (3.8% vs 0.8%; P = NS). No clinically significant changes in laboratory values were found in either group. CONCLUSIONS: In this population of patients with essential hypertension, the amlodipine/ramipril FDC was associated with significantly reduced ambulatory and office-measured BP compared with amlodipine monotherapy, with the exception of office DBP. Both treatments were well tolerated.     

Antihypertensive effect of oral potassium aspartate supplementation in mild to moderate arterial hypertension.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies showed that potassium chloride (48-120 mmol/day) supplementation reduced arterial blood pressure (BP) in hypertensive patients. OBJECTIVES: Our aim was to evaluate the effect of a lower dose of potassium aspartate salt on BP in individuals with essential arterial hypertension. METHODS: One hundred and four patients (65 males, age 53 +/- 12 years) with mild to moderate essential hypertension (systolic/diastolic BP 154.2/96.2 +/- 10.8/5.4 mmHg) were allocated in two comparable groups of 52 to receive or not 30 mmol/day per os of potassium aspartate supplementation for four weeks. Office and 24-h BP, as well as serum and urinary electrolytes, were measured at baseline and at the follow-up visit after four weeks. RESULTS: Office and 24-h BP did not change in the control group, while these values were significantly reduced in the potassium supplementation group. Changes in office (systolic BP: 154.4 +/- 8.2 vs. 142.2 +/- 7.6 mmHg; diastolic BP: 95.0 +/- 5.6 vs. 87.2 +/- 4.3 mmHg, P < 0.001 for both) and 24-h BP (systolic BP: 142.7 +/- 8.2 vs. 134.8 +/- 6.3 mmHg; diastolic BP: 90.8 +/- 4.4 vs. 84.6 +/- 3.8 mmHg, P < 0.001 for both) following potassium supplementation were highly significant. The changes in day time and night time BP were similar. The treated group showed significantly increased potassium serum level and 24-h urinary excretion of potassium (P < 0.01 in both cases) after four weeks, while the untreated group showed no significant changes of the same parameters. Urinary Na/K ratio decreased significantly with potassium supplementation (P < 0.001). In the treated group changes in office (r = 0.58, P < 0.001) and 24-h SBP (r = 0.51, P < 0.001), but not in DBP (r = 0.29 and r = 0.25, n.s.), correlated positively with the urinary Na/K ratio at baseline. CONCLUSIONS: A relatively low supplementation of 30 mmol/day of potassium as aspartate lowered office and 24-h ambulatory BP in subjects with mild to moderate essential hypertension. The antihypertensive effect was sustained throughout the day, and was greater in the patients with high basal urinary Na/K ratio.     

Effects of barnidipine on blood pressure and left ventricular diastolic function in patients with hypertension and metabolic syndrome: A 12-week, open-label noncomparison study

Background: Barnidipine is one of a new generation of dihydropyridine calcium-channel blockers. Despite evidence of favorable effects on blood pressure (BP) and insulin sensitivity, this drug has rarely been tested in hypertensive patients with metabolic syndrome (MS).Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of barnidipine on BP and left ventricular (LV) diastolic function in patients with hypertension and MS.Methods: Consecutive subjects aged 18 to 75 years with systolic BP (SBP) of 140 to 179 mm Hg and/or diastolic BP (DBP) of 90 to 109 mm Hg and MS (based on Adult Treatment Panel III criteria) were assessed for inclusion in the study. Lifestyle changes according to current guidelines were recommended and barnidipine monotherapy 10 mg daily was initiated. All patients entered a 2-week run-in period. After a 6-week treatment period, the daily dosage was doubled for the remainder of the study in patients whose BP remained uncontrolled (≥140/≥90 mm Hg). We assessed the glycolipidic profile and LV structure and function using standard Doppler and tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) echocardiography before and after 12 weeks of treatment. Ambulatory BP records and electrocardiographic and echocardiographic tracings were coded and shipped to a central laboratory for blinded analysis. Possible adverse events (AEs) were recorded at predetermined intervals throughout the follow-up period and at unplanned intervals whenever an AE became known to the investigators.Results: Thirty-four consecutive patients were assessed for inclusion. Thirty consecutive patients (20 men, 10 women; mean {SD| age, 55.9 {10.3| years; 5 current smokers) were included in the study. At study entry, mean office SBP was 146 mm Hg, DBP was 87 mm Hg, and heart rate was 72 beats/min. At the study end, mean office SBP/DBP was <140/90 mm Hg in 20 patients (66.7%). From baseline to study end, 24-hour ambulatory BP decreased significantly by 12 and 8 mm Hg for SBP and DBP, respectively (both, P = 0.001). The smoothness index was 0.92 for SBP and 0.82 for DBP. Fasting plasma glucose concentration decreased significantly from 110 to 104 mg/dL (P = 0.001). Total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations did not change significantly. From baseline to study end, there were no significant changes in LV structure or systolic function (LV mass, 50.7 vs 50.6 g/ht^2.7; LV diastolic/systolic diameters, 47.50/29.80 vs 48.40/30.76 mm; wall motion score index, 1.0 vs 1.0; ejection fraction, 61% vs 60%), while the peak E/A velocity ratio on TDI increased from 1.078 to 1.245 (P = 0.009). No AEs (including AEs reflected by chemistry values) either unrelated or related to treatment were noted during the 12-week duration of the study.Conclusions: In these hypertensive patients with MS, a 12-week treatment period with barnidipine in addition to lifestyle modifications was associated with significant reductions in 24-hour BP and BP variability, reduction in plasma glucose concentration, and improvement in LV diastolic relaxation. No significant changes in lipid concentrations, LV structure, or systolic function were found.     

Association between human atrial natriuretic peptide Val7Met polymorphism and baseline blood pressure, plasma trough irbesartan concentrations, and the antihypertensive efficacy of irbesartan in rural Chinese patients with essential hypertension

BACKGROUND: Individual variations in the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of antihypertensive drugs are influenced by genetic and environmental factors. The ANP gene, which encodes the precursor of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), is among the candidate genes for genetic susceptibility to hypertension. OBJECTIVE: This study examined the relationship between ANP Val7Met polymorphism (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism database ID: rs5063) and baseline blood pressure (BP), plasma trough irbesartan concentrations, and the antihypertensive efficacy of irbesartan in rural Chinese patients with essential hypertension. METHODS: Patients with essential hypertension who had taken no antihypertensive medications within 4 weeks of study initiation received oral irbesartan 150 mg/d for 4 weeks. Genotyping was performed for all patients. BP was measured before dosing on the 1st and 28th days of treatment. Plasma irbesartan concentrations were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescent detection. Antihypertensive efficacy was defined as attainment of a diastolic BP (DBP) <90 mm Hg (DBP analysis), a systolic BP (SBP) <140 mm Hg (SBP analysis), and a DBP <90 mm Hg and SBP <140 mm Hg (DBP and SBP analysis). RESULTS: The study included 756 patients, 621 with the Val/Val genotype and 135 with the Val/Met+Met/Met genotypes. There were no significant differences in age, body mass index, sex, education level, occupation, alcohol consumption, or smoking status between the 2 groups. Patients with the Val/Met+Met/Met genotypes had a significantly lower mean baseline DBP compared with those with the Val/Val genotype (adjusted regression coefficient [SE]: -2.5 [1.0] mm Hg; P = 0.012) and significantly lower mean steady-state plasma trough irbesartan concentrations (adjusted regression coefficient: -12.6 [4.1]; P = 0.002). No significant association was found between antihypertensive efficacy and Val7Met polymorphism in the overall population, but in an analysis by baseline DBP status, patients with the Val/Met+Met/Met genotype a baseline DBP > or =100 mm Hg had significantly smaller reductions in DBP (adjusted regression coefficient: -5.7 [1.4] mm Hg; P < 0.001) and SBP compared with those with the Val/Val genotype and a baseline DBP > or =100 mm Hg (adjusted regression coefficient: -9.8 [2.9] mm Hg; P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The findings of this study suggest that in these rural Chinese patients with essential hypertension, ANP Val7Met polymorphism may be a genetic marker for baseline DBP, plasma irbesartan concentrations, and the antihypertensive efficacy of short-term irbesartan therapy.     

Blood pressure and left ventricular hypertrophy in patients on different peritoneal dialysis regimens.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the relation between the results of ambulatory 24-hour blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) and left ventricular mass index (LVMI), then to find the independent determinant for left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients. Finally, to evaluate the differences in the clinical and cardiovascular characteristics between patients on continuous ambulatory PD (CAPD) and continuous cyclic PD (CCPD). DESIGN: An open, nonrandomized, cross-sectional study. SETTING: Divisions of nephrology and cardiology in a medical center. PATIENTS: Thirty-two uremic patients on maintenance PD therapy (22 patients on CAPD, and 10 on CCPD) without anatomical heart disease or history of receiving long-term hemodialysis. INTERVENTIONS: Home blood pressure (BP) and office BP were measured using the Korotkoff sound technique by sphygmomanometer. ABPM was employed for continuous measurement of BP. Echocardiography was performed for measurement of cardiac parameters and calculation of LVMI. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed for independent determinant of LVH in PD patients. The differences in clinical and cardiovascular characteristics between CAPD and CCPD patients were compared. RESULTS: Simple regression analysis showed positive correlations between LVMI and the duration of hypertension, ambulatory nighttime BP/BP load/BP load > 30%, serum phosphate, calcium-phosphate product, ultrafiltration (UF) volume, and percentage of UF volume during the nighttime. A negative correlation was noted between LVMI and dipping. In multiple regression analysis, the duration of hypertension was the only variable linked to LVMI. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, only ambulatory nighttime systolic BP load > 30% had an independent association with LVH.There were correlations between office/home BP and ambulatory 24-hour BP. In addition, CCPD patients had higher LVMI, UF volume during the nighttime, and percentage of UF volume during the nighttime than those of CAPD patients. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, ambulatory nighttime systolic BP load > 30% had an independent association with LVH. Office and home BP measurements were correlated with ABPM in PD patients. The result that CCPD patients had a higher LVMI than CAPD patients may be due to a relative volume overload during the daytime in CCPD patients.     

Higher extracellular fluid volume in women is concealed by scaling to body surface area

Abstract

Objective. The objective was to assess body surface area (BSA) for scaling extracellular fluid volume (ECV) in comparison with estimated lean body mass (LBM) and total body water (TBW) across a range of body mass indices (BMI). Methods. This was a multi-centre study from 15 centres that submitted raw data from routine measurement of GFR in potential kidney transplant donors. There were 819 men and 1059 women in total. ECV was calculated from slope-intercept and slope-only measurements of GFR. ECV was scaled using two methods: Firstly, division of ECV by the scaling variable (ratio method), and secondly the regression method of Turner and Reilly. Subjects were placed into five BMI groups: < 20, 20–24.9, 25–29.9, 30–34.9, and 35 + kg/m². LBM and TBW were estimated from previously published, gender-specific prediction equations. Results. Ratio and regression scaling gave almost identical results. ECV scaled to BSA by either method was higher in men in all BMI groups but ECV scaled to LBM and TBW was higher in women. There was, however, little difference between men and women in respect to ECV per unit weight in any BMI group, even though women have 10% more adipose tissue. The relations between TBW and BSA and between LBM and BSA, but not between LBM and TBW, were different between men and women. Conclusion. Lean tissue in women contains more extracellular water than in men, a difference that is obscured by scaling to BSA. The likely problem with BSA is its insensitivity to body composition.     

Effects of Verapamil Slow Release Plus Trandolapril Combination Therapy on Essential Hypertension

Background: Fixed-dose combination antihypertensive therapy has been recommended for patients with essential hypertension who are unresponsive to monotherapy or as a first-line treatment.Objective: We investigated the effects of a fixed-dose combination of the phenylalkylamine-type calcium channel blocker verapamil slow release (SR)plus the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor trandolapril on blood pressure (BP), serum lipid profile, urinary albumin excretion (UAE), left ventricular mass (LVM), and LVM index (LVMI), as well as the adverse events associated with this treatment.Methods: Patients aged 30 to 65 years with mild to moderate essential hypertension were included in the study. All of the patients received capsules containing combination treatment with verapamil SR 180 mg plus trandolapril 2 mg orally, daily for 12 weeks. Mean arterial pressure (MAP), systolic BP (SBP), diastolic BP (DBP), and heart rate (HR) were measured at baseline and at 4, 8, and 12 weeks of treatment. Serum lipid profile, UAE, LVM, LVMI, and body mass index (BMI) were determined at baseline and at the end of the study period. All patients underwent electrocardiography and echocardiography at baseline and week 12. The primary end point of the study was to achieve an SBP/DBP ≤140/≤90 mm Hg (ie, normotensive) during week 12. All adverse events were assessed as mild, moderate, or severe at each visit. According to the response rate at week 12, patients were divided into 2 groups: those who became normotensive (responders) or those who remained hypertensive (SBP/DBP >140/>90 mm Hg; nonresponders).Results: Forty-one patients (29 women, 12 men; mean [SD] age, 47.7 [7.8] years; mean [SD] BMI, 29.4 [3.5] kg/m²) were enrolled. The median durationof hypertension prior to enrollment was 5 months. Mean MAP, SBP, DBP, UAE, total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), LDL-C/highdensity lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) ratio, LVM, LVMI, and BMI decreased significantly after 12 weeks of combination treatment; HR and triglyceride level did not change significantly. Treatment-related adverse events occurred in 31.7% of patients, and none were severe or caused any patient to withdraw from the study. The most common adverse events were cough, constipation, headache, and dryness in the throat. Microalbuminuria, which may be a marker of endothelial dysfunction, was found in 7 (17.1%) patients at baseline and regressed significantly after 12 weeks.Conclusions: In this study population, the fixed-dose combination of verapamil-trandolapril was an effective and well-tolerated antihypertensive therapy. This combination significantly reduced MAP, BP, TC, LDL-C, LDL-C/HDL-C ratio, UAE, LVM, and LVMI. Also, microalbuminuria decreased after this treatment. Verapamil-trandolapril may be useful in preventing microalbuminuria and left ventricular hypertrophy in patients with essential hypertension.     

Assessment of the antihypertensive efficacy of various doses of delapril by office and ambulatory blood pressure measurement: The DEFIND study

This study was undertaken to compare and verify the antihypertensive effects of various delapril doses versus placebo on office and ambulatory blood pressure (BP). After a 2-wk placebo period, 303 patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension were randomized in a double-blind study to 8 wk of treatment with placebo, or delapril 7.5 mg twice daily, delapril 15 mg twice daily, delapril 30 mg twice daily, or delapril 30 mg once daily. BP changes versus baseline and rates of normalized office systolic blood pressure (SBP) > 140 mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) > 90 mm Hg, as well as responder office SBP > 140 mm Hg or reduction ≥20 mm Hg and office DBP > 90 mm Hg or reduction ≥10 mm Hg, were calculated. In the intention-to-treat population (n=296), office SBP and DBP reductions were more notable with 30 mg twice daily (15.6/11.5 mm Hg) and 15 mg twice daily (14.8/12.5 mm Hg) than with other delapril regimens (30 mg once daily: 11.8/10.5 mm Hg; 7.5 mg twice daily: 12.9/10.1 mm Hg) and placebo (P< .05 for DBP;P< .01 for SBP). The same was true for frequency of responders (63.8% and 60.3%; P≤.05 vs placebo) and normalized patients (58.6% and 53.4%;P< .05 vs placebo). Analysis of ambulatory BPs confirmed the accuracy of office BPs. Drug-related adverse events occurred in 3.4% to 6.7% of patients given delapril and in 6.5% of those given placebo. The lowest effective dose of delapril, 15 mg twice daily, may be recommended as the initial dose for patients who begin treatment with this agent.     

A multicenter, randomized, double-blind comparison of the efficacy and safety of irbesartan and enalapril in adults with mild to moderate essential hypertension, as assessed by ambulatory blood pressure monitoring: the MAPAVEL Study (Monitorización Ambulatoria Presión Arterial APROVEL)

BACKGROUND: When blood pressure (BP)-lowering efficacy is assessed by measurements taken in a clinic setting, angiotensin II-receptor antagonists show similar efficacy to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and better tolerability. A search of MEDLINE to date, however, reveals no randomized, double-blind studies using ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM) to compare the BP-lowering efficacy of irbesartan and enalapril in a large number of patients ( > 200) with essential hypertension. OBJECTIVE: This study compared 24-hour BP reduction and BP control, as assessed by ABPM, in patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension treated with irbesartan or enalapril. The relative tolerability of the 2 treatments was also evaluated. METHODS: This was a multicenter, randomized, double-blind study in patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension (office diastolic BP [DBP] 90-109 mm Hg or systolic BP [SBP] 140-179 mm Hg). After a 3-week, single-blind placebo washout phase, patients with a mean daytime DBP > or = 85 mm Hg, as measured by ABPM between 10 AM and 8 PM, were randomized to 12 weeks of active treatment with irbesartan or enalapril. Starting doses were 150 and 10 mg/d, respectively, with titration to 300 or 20 mg/d if clinic DBP was > or = 90 mm Hg at week 4 or 8. Based on clinic measurements, BP control was defined as a BP reading < 140/90 mm Hg after 12 weeks of treatment; patients achieving a reduction in DBP of > or = 10 mm Hg at 12 weeks were considered responders. The ABPM criterion for BP control, independent of clinic values, was achievement of a daytime BP < 130/85 mm Hg after 12 weeks of treatment; patients achieving a reduction in 24-hour DBP > or = 5 mm Hg at 12 weeks were considered responders, in dependent of clinic values. RESULTS: A total of 238 patients were randomized to treatment, 115 to irbesartan and 123 to enalapril. The study population was approximately 52.0% female and 48.0% male, with a mean ( +/- SD) age of 52.7 +/- 10.6 years. The study was completed by 111 patients in the irbesartan group (dose titrated to 300 mg/d in 72.0% of patients) and 115 patients in the enalapril group (dose titrated to 20 mg/d in 76.5% of patients). BP reductions were similar in the 2 groups, both as measured in the clinic (DBP, 12.7 +/- 8.8 mm Hg irbesartan vs 12.4 +/- 7.4 mm Hg enalapril; SBP, 19.0 +/- 14.1 mm Hg vs 17.5 +/- 14.0 mm Hg) and by 24-hour ABPM (DBP, 9.4 +/- 8.5 mm Hg vs 8.8 +/- 8.5 mm Hg: SBP, 14.7 +/- 14.7 mm Hg vs 12.6 +/- 13.1 mm Hg). As assessed by ABPM, rates of BP control were 40.5% (45/111) for irbesartan and 33.9% (39/115) for enalapril, and the response rates were a respective 71.2% (79/111) and 71.3% (82/115). The overall incidence of adverse events (40.0% irbesartan, 51.2% enalapril) was not statistically different between groups, although the incidence of adverse events considered probably related to antihypertensive treatment was significantly higher with enalapril than with irbesartan (24.6% vs 9.2%, respectively; P = 0.026), essentially because of the higher incidence of cough (8.1% vs 0.9%). CONCLUSIONS: As assessed by ABPM, irbesartan 150 to 300 mg/d was as effective in lowering BP and achieving BP control as enalapril 10 to 20 mg/d. Based on the number of treatment-related adverse events, irbesartan was better tolerated than enalapril.     

高血压患者血压节律与血管活性物质相关性研究

目的观察高血压患者血压昼夜节律异常的病理生理变化特征,探讨高血压患者血管活性物质与血压昼夜节律的相关性。方法93例高血压患者进行动态血压监测和血栓素A2(TXA2)、前列环素(PGI2)、神经肽Y(NPY)、降钙素基因相关肽(CGRP)测定。结果93例高血压患者按动态血压监测结果分为杓型、非杓型组,在非杓型组中,TXA2、NPY明显增高(TXA2:P<0.01,NPY:P<0.05),PGI2,CGRP明显降低(P均<0.001);且夜间血压下降与TXA2、NPY呈负相关(TXA2:SBP:r=-0.254,P<0.05,DBP:r=-0.229,P<0.05;NPY:SBP:r=-0.277,P<0.01,DBP:r=-0.245,P<0.05),与PGI2,CGRP正相关(PGI2:SBP:r=0.302,P<0.005,DBP:r=0.324,P<0.005;CGRP:SBP:r=0.289,P<0.01,DBP:r=0.332,P<0.01)。多元线性回归分析:TXA2,PGI2,NPY与夜间收缩压下降直线相关(F=7.554,P<0.001),TXA2,PGI2,CGRP与夜间舒张压下降直线相关(F=7.242,P<0.001)。结论高血压患者TXA2,PGI2,NPY,CGRP可能参与血压昼夜节律的调节。     

Assessment of fluid status in peritoneal dialysis patients.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the influence of abnormalities in fluid status and body composition on agreement between multifrequency bioimpedance analysis (MF-BIA), segmental BIA (sigmaBIA), the Watson formula, and tracer dilution techniques. DESIGN: Cross-sectional. SETTING: Multicenter. PATIENTS: 40 patients (29 males, 11 females) on peritoneal dialysis (PD). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Agreement between the various techniques used to assess total body water (TBW) [MF-BIA, deuterium oxide (D2O), and the Watson formula] and extracellular water (ECW) [MF-BIA, bromide dilution (NaBr), and sigmaBIA], also in relation to the relative magnitude of the body water compartments [ECW (NaBr):body weight (BW) and TBW (D2O):BW] and body composition (DEXA). Second, the relation between body water compartments with echocardiographic parameters. RESULTS: Wide limits of agreement were observed between tracer dilution techniques and MF-BIA [TBW (D2O - MF-BIA) 2.0 +/- 3.9 L; ECW (NaBr - MF-BIA) -2.8 +/- 3.9 L], which were related to the relative magnitude of the body water compartments: r = 0.70 for ECW and r = 0.40 for TBW. sigmaBIA did not improve the agreement [ECW (NaBr-sigmaBIA): 3.7 +/- 2.9 L]. Also, wide limits of agreement were observed between D2O and the Watson formula (-2.3 +/- 3.3 L). The difference between D2O and Watson was related to hydration state and to percentage of fat mass (r = 0.70 and r = -0.53, p < 0.05). Both ECW and TBW as assessed by BIA and tracer dilution were related to echocardiographic parameters. CONCLUSION: Wide limits of agreement were found between MF-BIA and sigmaBIA with dilution methods in PD patients, which were related to hydration state itself. The disagreement between the Watson formula and dilution methods was related to both hydration state and body composition.     

多普勒超声对依那普利逆转高血压左室肥厚的评价

作者应用转换酶抑制剂（ＡＣＥＩ）──依那普利（Ｅｎａｌａｐｒｉｌ）对３０例轻、中度高血压病患者进行治疗。观察８周后发现：①该药能有效控制血压，治疗前后比较收缩压、舒张压均明显下降（Ｐ＜０．００１），而并无心率增快的副作用；②能逆转左室肥厚（ＬＶＨ），减轻左室心肌重量、左室心肌重量指数等指标（Ｐ＜０．００１）；③对左室收缩功能指标如射血分数等没有明显影响（Ｐ＞０．００５）；④能改善左室舒张功能指标，而以ＰＥ／ＰＡ、Ｅｉ／Ａｉ最为显著Ｐ＜０．００１。结果提示，应用依那普利治疗高血压，短时间内（８周）不仅能有效控制血压，且具有一定逆转ＬＶＨ和改善左室舒张功能的作用。     

Pulse blood pressure (according to 24-hour monitoring) and left ventricular myocardial structural changes in patients with hypertensive disease

AIM: To study a relationship of the magnitude of structural changes in the left ventricle (LV) to the mean daily pulse blood pressure (PBP) in patients with hypertensive disease (HD). MATERIALS AND METHODS: 70 male patients (mean age 49 +/- 1 years) with stages I (n = 54) to 11 (n = 16) HD. LV mass (LVM) was estimated by echocardiography according to the formula derived by R. B. Devereux et al. and normalized to body surface area [the LVM index (LVMI)]. The relative thickness index (RTI) for the posterior wall (PWRTI) and ventricular septum (VSRTI) was calculated as a ratio of the sum of PWRTI and VSRTI to the LV end-diastolic size. LVMI > 125 g/m2 was considered to be a criterion for LV hypertrophy (LVH). 24-hour blood pressure (BP) monitoring was performed with a Spacelabs-90207 device (USA). According to the 24-hour PBP value, the patients were divided into 2 groups: 1) those (n = 17) having PBP24 > 53 mm HG and 2) those (n = 53) having PBP24 < 53 mm Hg. RESULTS: Group 1 patients were found to have significantly higher LVMI, LV WRTI, and incidence of LVH and a complex of changes in the BP profile as higher values of 24-hour systolic, diastolic and mean BP, PBP, and BP variations. Multiple regression analysis revealed a highly significant contribution of PBP24 to the development of LVH. CONCLUSION: The pedictive value of PBP as an index that characterizes a dynamic pressure load in regard to LV structural changes is higher than that of mean BP as a static load index and a BP variation index.     

Increased Levels of Modified Advanced Oxidation Protein Products Are Associated with Central and Peripheral Blood Pressure in Peritoneal Dialysis Patients

♦ Background and aims:

Oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Central blood pressure (BP) is thought to be more relevant than peripheral BP for the pathogenesis of CVD. Advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) are markers of oxidative stress. This study investigated the relationship between AOPP and central BP in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients.

♦ Methods:

In a cross-sectional study of 75 PD patients (67% men), we analyzed two oxidative stress markers, AOPP (modified assay, mAOPP, correcting for the impact of triglycerides) and pentosidine, three inflammation markers, interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP). All patients underwent measurement of central systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) by applanation tonometry.

♦ Results:

Patients with mAOPP levels above the median had a higher central SBP and DBP than those below the median values. In univariate analysis, the levels of mAOPP associated with central SBP and central DBP. Multiple regression analysis, adjusting for age, gender, diabetes, CVD, protein-energy wasting (PEW), hs-CRP and extracellular water by multi-frequency bioimpedance or N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), confirmed independent associations between mAOPP and central SBP and central DBP respectively.

♦ Conclusions:

The mAOPP level is independently associated with the central SBP and DBP in PD patients. This finding suggests that oxidative stress may be involved in the pathogenesis of hypertension or that hypertension itself or factors associated with hypertension such as fluid overload may have an additional effect on oxidative stress in PD patients.     

Evaluation of left ventricular mass measured by 3D echocardiography using magnetic resonance imaging as gold standard

OBJECTIVE: Increased left ventricular mass (LVM) and presence of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) are predictors of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, but can be reversed with proper treatment of the underlying cause. Therefore accurate as well as reproducible methods for diagnosis and follow-up are needed. We evaluated different modalities by which to measure LVM in patients with no known LVH using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as the gold standard: ECG using the formulae proposed by Sokolow-Lyon and Cornell, 2D echocardiography and 3D echocardiography. METHODS: 34 subjects were included in the study; 17 had a history of myocardial infarction, 7 had pulmonary hypertension and 10 were healthy. All patients and controls had a standard 12-lead ECG, a transthoracic 2D and 3D echocardiographic study and a cardiac MRI. RESULTS: ECG estimates of LVM correlated poorly with LVM by MRI (r = 0.18, NS and 0.16, NS for Sokolow-Lyon and Cornell, respectively), whereas a moderate correlation between 2D and 3D echocardiography and MRI was observed (r = 0.63, p<0.001 and r = 0.74, p<0.001, respectively). All methods were reproducible with no significant bias. CONCLUSION: LVM measured by 3D echocardiography is highly accurate compared to LVM measured by MRI. LVM calculated from 2D echocardiography also proved useful, whereas estimates of LVM by ECG are inaccurate in a non-hypertrophic population.