倍他洛尔与氨基胍对大鼠视网膜缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的:通过观察在大鼠急性高眼压模型中视网膜一氧化氮合成酶(nitric oxide synthase,NOS)分布及含量的变化,并检测视网膜丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)水平的变化,探讨氨基胍(aminoguanidine,AG)与倍他洛尔(betaxolol)对大鼠高眼压视网膜缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用。方法:采用前房穿刺加压法建立大鼠缺血再灌注损伤模型,维持灌注时间60min。将各组右眼球经视神经矢状切片标本做HE染色进行视网膜组织学观察,还原型尼克酰胺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸-黄递酶(NADPH-d)法检测视网膜NOS染色阳性的细胞数,硫代巴比妥酸(thiobarbituric acid,TBA)法测定各组左眼球视网膜MDA含量。结果:各组视网膜均有NOS表达,NOS阳性细胞在视网膜主要分布于视网膜节细胞层(ganglion cell layer,GCL)、内丛状层(inner plexiform layer,IPL)、内核层(inner nuclearlayer,INL),200倍视野计数生理盐水组视网膜GCL的NOS阳性细胞数明显高于空白对照组(P<0.01);AG与betaxolol药物治疗各组的NOS阳性细胞数较生理盐水组减少(P<0.05);视网膜NOS阳性细胞数与视网膜MDA含量增减呈正相关性(r=0.69,P<0.01)。结论:AG通过对诱导型NOS的抑制在大鼠高眼压诱导视网膜损伤中起到视神经保护作用。betaxolol通过抑制钙通道,使NO的生成减少,增加抗氧化能力,从而起神经保护作用。     

急性高眼压大鼠外侧膝状体一氧化氮合酶的表达

目的:探讨高眼压视神经损伤中NO的作用。方法:SD大鼠20只,随机分为空白对照组4只,另16只大鼠右眼为实验组,施行高压前房灌注维持时间60min,按照高眼压后再灌注时间不同又随机分为4小组,每组4只,即高眼压后0.5,1,3和7d组。各组应用NADPH-黄递酶法检测外侧膝状体一氧化氮合酶(nitric oxide synthase,NOS)的表达及分布情况。结果:空白对照组及实验各组外侧膝状体均有NOS表达,NOS阳性细胞在外侧膝状体主要分布于腹外侧核。各实验组外侧膝状体的NOS阳性细胞数明显高于空白对照组(P<0.01);实验各组中高眼压后1d组的NOS阳性细胞数明显高于其它3组实验组(P<0.01);其它3组实验组之间比较无显著性差异。结论:NO既参与眼正常生理功能的调节,也在高眼压视神经及其上行视觉通路的损伤中发挥重要作用。     

选择性一氧化氮合酶抑制剂对大鼠视网膜缺血再灌注损伤影响的光镜观察

目的观察选择性一氧化氮合酶(nitric oxide synthase,NOS)抑制剂7-硝基-吲唑(7-nitro-indazole,7-NI)、氨基胍(aminoguanidine,AG)对视网膜缺血再灌注损伤影响的组织学变化,探讨NOS亚型神经原型和诱导型及其所产生的一氧化氮(nitric oxide,NO)在视网膜缺血再灌注损伤中的作用.方法56只Sprague Dawley大鼠随机分为正常对照组、阴性对照组、缺血再灌注非处理组、7-NI缺血前处理组、7-NI再灌注前处理组、AG缺血前处理组、AG再灌注前处理组及7-NI+AG处理组计八组.采用升高眼内压的方法诱导视网膜缺血,100分钟后,缓慢降压至正常眼内压,使视网膜再灌注.用7-NI或/和AG处理动物(腹膜腔内注射),光镜观察视网膜组织学变化,图像分析仪测量视网膜内层(IRL)、内网层(IPL)厚度及神经节细胞(RGCs)的数目.结果缺血再灌注非处理鼠IRL和IPL厚度比正常对照鼠明显变薄(P＜0.0001),RGCs层和内核层神经细胞比正常对照鼠明显减少,残留者排列紊乱,空泡形成及核固缩现象多见.7-NI缺血前处理鼠和AG再灌注前处理鼠IRL和IPL分别比缺血再灌注非处理鼠明显增厚(P＜0.001),RGCs层和内核层神经细胞少数丢失,排列稍乱,偶见空泡形成.7-NI+AG处理鼠IRL和IPL分别比7-NI缺血前处理组和AG再灌注前处理鼠都增厚(P＜0.001),RGCs层和内核层神经细胞排列基本整齐,偶见核固缩现象.结论神经原型和诱导型NOS及其产生的NO在视网膜缺血再灌注损伤中起重要作用;选择性NOS抑制剂7-NI和AG能够选择性抑制神经原型和诱导型NOS的活性,从而抑制NO的生成,对视网膜缺血再灌注损伤有保护作用.     

热休克反应对大鼠视网膜缺血再灌注损伤的防御作用

目的 观察热休克反应对大鼠视网膜缺血再灌注损伤的防御作用。 方法 将20只Wistar大鼠20只眼随机分为4组，每组5只大鼠。行前房灌注（perfusion）平衡盐溶液制造急性高眼压模型,为高眼压组(P组)；在制造急性高眼压模型前24 h向大鼠腹腔内注射槲皮素(quercetin) (400 mg/kg)，为高眼压＋槲皮素组(P+Q组)；在制造急性高眼压模型前24 h 热休克(heat shock)大鼠，为高眼压＋热休克组(P+H组)；分别在制造急性高眼压模型前48 、24 h，向大鼠腹腔内注射槲皮素、热休克大鼠，为高眼压＋槲皮素+热休克组(P+Q+H组) 。按照国际临床视觉电生理学会的标准化方案，采用国特医疗系统对热休克反应后实验性高眼压大鼠模型和HSP70被槲皮素特异性抑制后实验性高眼压大鼠模型进行暗适应视网膜电图(dark adapted electroretinogram, D-ERG)、振荡电位(oscillatory potentials, OPs)和明适应E RG(light adapted ERG, L-ERG)记录。采用Western blotting方法检测各组大鼠视网膜HSP 70表达情况。 结果 P+H组大鼠视网膜HSP70表达在各组大鼠中最高，P+Q、P+Q+H组大鼠视网膜HSP70表达受到抑制。前房灌注后各组大鼠ERG各波潜伏期延长、幅值减小，P+H组D-ERG的b波、OPs的O₂波的幅值较P组高。灌注0 h后，P+H组各波幅值显著增高(P值均<0.05)；灌注24 h 后，P+H组大鼠视网膜功能恢复较P组好。P+Q、P+Q+H组大鼠灌注后ERG各波及OPs的O₂波潜伏期最长，幅值最低，甚至消失。 结论 热休克反应可以提高大鼠视网膜细胞对缺血再灌注损伤的防御作用。 （中华眼底病杂志，2003，19：117-120）     

选择性一氧化氮合酶抑制剂对鼠视网膜缺血再灌注损伤影响的光镜观察

目的:观察选择性一氧化氮合酶(nitric oxide synthase,NOS)抑制剂7-硝基-吲唑(7-nitro-indazole,7-NI)、氨基胍(aminoguanidine,AG)对视网膜缺血再灌注损伤影响的组织学变化,探讨NOS亚型神经原型和诱导型及其所产生的一氧化氮(nitric oxide,NO)在视网膜缺血再灌注损伤中的作用.方法:56只Sprague Dawley大鼠随机分为正常对照组、阴性对照组、缺血再灌注非处理组、7-NI缺血前处理组、7-NI再灌注前处理组、AG缺血前处理组、AG再灌注前处理组及7-NI+AG处理组计八组.采用升高眼内压的方法诱导视网膜缺血,100分钟后,缓慢降压至正常眼内压,使视网膜再灌注.用7-NI或/和AG处理动物(腹膜腔内注射),光镜观察视网膜组织学变化,图像分析仪测量视网膜内层(IRL)、内网层(IPL)厚度及神经节细胞(RGCs)的数目.结果:缺血再灌注非处理鼠IRL和IPL厚度比正常对照鼠明显变薄(P＜0.0001),RGCs层和内核层神经细胞比正常对照鼠明显减少,残留者排列紊乱,空泡形成及核固缩现象多见.7-NI缺血前处理鼠和AG再灌注前处理鼠IRL和IPL分别比缺血再灌注非处理鼠明显增厚(P＜0.001),RGCs层和内核层神经细胞少数丢失,排列稍乱,偶见空泡形成.7-NI+AG处理鼠IRL和IPL分别比7-NI缺血前处理组和AG再灌注前处理鼠都增厚(P＜0.001),RGCs层和内核层神经细胞排列基本整齐,偶见核固缩现象.结论:神经原型和诱导型NOS及其产生的NO在视网膜缺血再灌注损伤中起重要作用;选择性NOS抑制剂7-NI和AG能够选择性抑制神经原型和诱导型NOS的活性,从而抑制NO的生成,对视网膜缺血再灌注损伤有保护作用.     

一氧化氮与眼病的关系

一氧化氮（nitric oxide,NO）是近年来眼科疾病的研究热点.其在体内一氧化氮合酶（nitric oxide synthase,NOS）的催化下生成,作为一种小分子介质调节眼部血流.诸多脉络膜视网膜疾病如葡萄膜炎、青光眼、缺血-再灌注损伤、前部缺血性视神经病变、糖尿病视网膜病变以及视网膜色素变性等发病机制中均发现NO的异常,与NO相拮抗的内皮素-1（Endothelin-1,ET-1）也日益受到关注.对NO合成途径的干预有望成为一种新的眼科治疗手段.     

iNOS mRNA在缺血再灌注损伤鼠视网膜中的表达

目的　研究iNOSmNRA在缺血再灌注过程鼠视网膜中的表达 ,探讨NO对视网膜缺血再灌注损伤的作用和意义。方法　动物模型采用升高眼压造成视网膜缺血 ,再恢复正常眼压形成血流再灌注。用Biotin标记iNOScRNA探针进行分子原位杂交。结果　正常组、对照组视网膜没有iNOSmRNA表达 ;再灌注 3、12、2 4h均有iNOSmRNA表达 ,与正常组相比差异有显著性 (P <0 0 1) ,并且再灌注 12hiNOSmRNA表达量最高 ,明显高于其他实验组 (P <0 0 1) ;再灌注48、96h没有发现iNOSmRNA表达。结论　在缺血再灌注过程视网膜有较高的iNOSmRNA表达 ,iNOS催化产生的NO可能参与了视网膜的缺血再灌注损伤。     

川芎嗪对大鼠缺血再灌注视网膜SOD,MD和NO水平及细胞凋亡的影响

目的 :观察川芎嗪对大鼠视网膜缺血再灌注后视网膜超氧化物歧化酶 (superoxidedismutase ,SOD)、丙二醛 (malondialdehyde ,MDA)、一氧化氮 (nitricoxide ,NO)水平及视网膜细胞凋亡的影响。方法 :采用大鼠视网膜压力缺血再灌注模型 ,分光光度法测定SOD、MDA和NO ,琼脂糖凝胶电泳分析DNA断裂。结果 :视网膜缺血 6 0min再灌注后SOD水平下降 ,而MDA和NO水平则升高 ;视网膜缺血 6 0min再灌注 12h ,提取DNA进行琼脂糖凝胶电泳可见凋亡样DNA断裂 (ApoptoticDNAfragmentation)。川芎嗪能显著对抗视网膜缺血再灌注时视网膜SOD水平的下降、MDA和NO水平的升高 ;同时能阻断大鼠视网膜缺血再灌注 12h后视网膜细胞DNA凋亡样断裂。结论 :川芎嗪可能通过抑制自由基的产生和提高抗氧化能力来对抗大鼠视网膜缺血再灌注诱导的细胞凋亡     

L-NAME对急性高眼压状态下大鼠视网膜的影响

目的通过对大鼠实验前给予左旋-硝基精氨酸甲脂（L-NAME,NO前体左旋精氨酸类似物）后,观察急性高眼压后大鼠视网膜电图（ERG）b波幅的变化,iNOSmRNA的表达情况。探讨L-NAME和iNOS在高眼压视网膜损伤中的作用。方法Wister大鼠48只随机分为6组,前房加压灌注成高眼压模型,6组分别为高眼压30min,90min组,高眼压90min后12h组;注射L-NAME＋高眼压30min,90min组,注射L-NAME＋高眼压90min后12h组。Alnplaldamk15型视电生理仪检测FERG-b波波幅变化。RT-PCR法检测iNOSmRNA的表达。结果注射L-NAME组的ERG-b波波幅与未用药高眼压组相比,前者明显恢复（P〈0.01）。高眼压30min,90min,高眼压90min后12hiNOSmRNA的表达逐渐增强,但L-NAME组iNOSmRNA的表达明显低于对应的高眼压未用药组（P〈0.01）。结论L-NAME做为一氧化氮合酶的抑制剂,通过抑制iNOS合成,有助于缺血后的视网膜功能的恢复,对视网膜起到保护作用。     

一氧化氮及其合酶与糖尿病视网膜病变发病关系的研究进展

一氧化氮(nitric oxide,NO)是由一氧化氮合酶(nitric oxide synthase,NOS)催化合成的一种重要的信号分子和生物活性物质.目前的研究表明,NO及NOS在糖尿病视网膜病变(diabetic retinopathy,DR)的发生、发展中发挥重要的作用,因此NO及NOS成为当今治疗干预DR的一个研究热点,本文主要就NO及NOS与DR发病关系的研究进展作一综述.     

Inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibitors abolished histological protection by late ischemic preconditioning in rat retina

Brief ischemia was reported to protect retinal cells against injury induced by subsequent ischemia-reperfusion with de novo protein synthesis, and this phenomenon is known as late ischemic preconditioning. The aims of the present study were to determine whether nitric oxide synthase (NOS) was involved in the mechanism of late ischemic preconditioning in rat retina using pharmacological tools. Under anesthesia with pentobarbital sodium, male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to 60 min of retinal ischemia by raising intraocular pressure to 130 mm Hg. Ischemic preconditioning was achieved by applying 5 min of ischemia 24 hrs before 60 min of ischemia. Retinal sections sliced into 5 microm thick were examined 7 days after ischemia. Additional groups of rats received NG-nitro-L-arginine and NG-monomethyl-L-arginin, non-selective NO synthase inhibitors, 7-nitroindazole, a neuronal NOS inhibitor, and aminoguanidine and L-N6-(1-iminoethyl) lysine, inducible NO synthase (iNOS) inhibitors before preconditioning, and were subjected to 60 min of ischemia. In the non-preconditioned group, cell loss in the ganglion cell layer and thinning of the inner plexiform and inner nuclear layer were observed 7 days after 60 min of ischemia. Ischemic preconditioning for 5 min completely protected against the histological damage induced by 60 min of ischemia applied 24 hrs thereafter. Treatment of rats with aminoguanidine and L-N6-(1-iminoethyl) lysine, but not NG-nitro-L-arginine, NG-monomethyl-L-arginine or 7-nitroindazole, wiped off the protective effect of ischemic preconditioning. The inhibitory effect of aminoguanidine was abolished by L-arginine, but not D-arginine. The results in the present study suggest that NO synthesized by iNOS is involved in the histological protection by late ischemic preconditioning in rat retina.     

Effect of nitric oxide synthesis inhibition on post-occlusive choroidal blood flow in rats.

Experiments were designed to study involvement of nitric oxide on vascular responses to ocular ischemia in the anesthetized rat. Anterior choroidal blood flow was measured using laser-Doppler flowmetry. In some experiments, cerebral cortical blood flow also was measured. Ischemia was produced by either occlusion of the cephalic blood supply or more locally via a ligature tightened around the eye stalk. Arterial blood pressure and choroidal blood flow was continuously measured before, during and after a 20 min ischemic challenge. Both methods of ischemia reduced choroidal blood flow (>90%) with no consistent ocular hyperemia seen upon reperfusion. No significant differences in response pattern between the two ischemia techniques were apparent. Treatment with the non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide (L-NAME 2 mg/kg, i.v.) did not alter either basal choroidal blood flow or the pattern of reperfusion. A larger dose of L-NAME (50 mg/kg, i.v.) reduced both basal choroidal blood flow and the final reperfusion level (most likely due to continued depression of the basal ocular choroidal blood flow). Neither D-NAME nor the neuronal nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, 7-nitroindazole, altered basal anterior choroidal blood flow or the reperfusion pattern seen after reperfusion. The results confirm our previous observations that inhibition of endothelial nitric oxide lowers. basal choroidal blood flow in the rat eye. However, in contrast to the cerebral circulation where L-NAME greatly attenuates initial reperfusion to the cerebral cortex, inhibition of nitric oxide synthase does not appear to notably further influence anterior choroidal reperfusion.     

Expression of the inducible isoform of nitric oxide synthase in the retinas of human subjects with diabetes mellitus

PURPOSE: Inducible nitric oxide synthase has been implicated in the pathogenesis of cerebral ischemic damage, in the angiogenic process and in diabetic vascular damage. This study was undertaken to determine whether inducible nitric oxide synthase is present in the retinas from human subjects with diabetes mellitus. METHODS: This was an experimental immunohistochemical prospective study. Ten postmortem eyes from five subjects with diabetes mellitus, 10 eyes from five subjects without diabetes and without known ocular disease, and two eyes from one subject with unilateral ocular ischemic syndrome secondary to severe carotid artery obstruction were examined. We used immunohistochemical techniques and antibodies directed against inducible nitric oxide synthase, glial fibrillary acidic protein, and vimentin. The main outcome measure was immunoreactivity for these antibodies. RESULTS: Immunoreactivity for inducible nitric oxide synthase was not observed in retinas from all subjects without diabetes and without ocular disease. Six retinas from three subjects with diabetes and nonproliferative retinopathy, and the retina from the eye with ocular ischemic syndrome showed immunoreactivity for inducible nitric oxide synthase in cells with elongated processes. Based on morphology and on glial fibrillary acidic protein and vimentin immunoreactivity, this inducible nitric oxide synthase immunoreactivity appeared to localize to retinal Müller glial cells. CONCLUSIONS: These observations suggest that Müller cells may be involved in the microvascular remodeling of the diseased retina and that high concentrations of nitric oxide produced by inducible nitric oxide synthase could contribute to neurotoxicity and angiogenesis that occur in diabetic retinopathy.     

一氧化氮与视网膜缺血-再灌注损伤

一氧化氮（NO）在视网膜缺血-再灌注损伤中占重要地位。视网膜缺血-再灌注时,一氧化氮合成酶（NOS）被多种炎性介质和细胞因子激活,使NO大量生成。NO是一种活性很强的自由基,具有广泛的生物学活性。在缺血-再灌注早期,少量NO可降低缺血缺氧对视网膜的损伤程度;晚期过多的NO可通过多种途径对视网膜造成损害。就目前有关NO在视网膜缺血-再灌注损伤中的研究进展进行综述。     

Expression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase in the retina of a rat model of chronic glaucoma

We investigated the expression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) in a rat retina model of chronic glaucoma, which was produced by electrocauterization of the episcleral vessels. Western-blot analysis showed that nNOS expression was significantly increased in cauterized retinas. nNOS immunoreactivity was observed in the cells of both the inner nuclear layer and the ganglion cell layer. Double labeling of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) revealed that RGCs in the retina of cauterized rat was nNOS-immunopositive. Systemic administration of L-NAME (N(G)-nitro-L-arginine-methyl-ester), a non-specific NOS inhibitor, reduced RGC loss in cauterized rat retina, but there was no statistical significance (P =.06). These results suggest that the cytotoxicity of excessive NO plays a role in selective RGC loss in glaucoma.     

川芎嗪对大鼠缺血再灌注视网膜SOD，MDA和NO水平及细胞凋亡的影响

目的 观察川芎嗪对大鼠视网膜缺血再灌注后视网超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）,丙二醛（MDA）,一氧化氮（NO）水平及细胞凋亡的影响。方法 采用大鼠视网膜压力缺血再灌注模型,分光光度法测定SOD,MDA和NO,琼脂糖凝胶电泳分析DNA断裂。结果 川芎嗪能显著对抗视膜膜缺血再灌注后视网膜SOD水平的下降及MDA和NO水平的升高;同时能阻断缺血再灌注12h后细胞DNSA凋亡样断裂。结论 川芎嗪可能通过抑制自由基的产生和提高抗氧化能力来对抗大鼠视网缺血再灌注诱导的细胞凋亡。     

The role of nitric oxide in physiology and pathogenesis of ocular diseases

Nitric oxide (NO) is a gas with diverse biological activities produced from arginine by nitric oxide synthetase (NOS). The loss of retinal ganglion cells is a hallmark of many ophthalmic diseases including glaucoma, retinal ischemia due to central artery occlusion and anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. It may well be significant in optic neuritis, optic nerve, trauma and AIDS. NO appears to be involved in the regulation of intraocular pressure, in the modulation of ocular blood flow and in apoptosis. This article gives a short and simplified overview of the biochemistry of NO and its role in physiology and pathogenesis of ocular diseases.