妊娠合并输尿管结石急诊腔内镜治疗体会

目的探讨妊娠合并输尿管结石急诊的腔内镜治疗的安全性和有效性。方法自2001年9月～2006年4月,对11例妊娠合并输尿管结石急症的患者行急诊腔内镜治疗进行回顾性分析。结果所有患者的肾绞痛、发热等急症症状经治疗后完全消失。结石一次取净者8例。残留结石者3例,留置双J管至分娩后。无发生先兆流产或早产等情况,所有11例患者均顺利生产,婴儿健康。无输尿管穿孔及其他并发症。结论经尿道输尿管镜腔内技术治疗妊娠合并输尿管结石阻塞是安全和有效的。     

Noninvasive anesthesia,analgesia and radiation-free extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy for stones in the most distal ureter: experience with 165 patients

PURPOSE: Spontaneous ureteral stone passage often causes severe renal colic, especially when the stone passes through the narrow ureteral orifice. In these situations noninvasive anesthesia-free, analgesia-free and radiation-free extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) (Dornier Medical Systems, Marietta, Georgia) is a valuable tool. It can be performed at any time without needing any further patient preparation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 165 patients underwent ESWL using the Lithostar Ultra device (Siemens, Erlangen, Germany). Only ureteral calculi within 5 cm. of the ureterovesical junction were included in this study. Patients were treated while supine and stones were localized by ultrasound through the filled bladder without x-ray exposure. Treatment was started without anesthesia or analgesia and analgesics were administered only at patient request during treatment. RESULTS: Of the patients 93% were treated without anesthesia or analgesia and 7% required a single intravenous dose of 25 mg. pethidine. Postoperatively renal colic developed in 40 patients (24%). In 4 cases (2.4%) renal drainage was required for analgesia resistant pain or obstructive pyelonephritis. On day 1 after ESWL 90% of the patients were stone-free or had fragments 2 mm. or less, while 10% had residual fragments 3 mm. or greater. Of all patients 7% were re-treated once. At 3 months postoperatively 129 of the 130 evaluable patients (99%) were stone-free. CONCLUSIONS: ESWL of stones located in the most distal ureter using the Lithostar Ultra device is effective, safe and radiation-free. It is done without anesthesia and in most cases without analgesics. This simple and noninvasive procedure is an excellent first line treatment modality for prevesical stones and it represents a valid alternative to conservative management or invasive endoscopy.     

Transureteral lithotripsy in pediatric practice

PURPOSE: The present study reviews ureteroscopy intervention for the treatment of ureteral stones in pediatric patients in the last 6 years at three institutions in Iran. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Sixty-six ureteroscopies were performed in 66 prepubertal patients (mean age 9 years; range 2-15 years) with a male/female ratio of 31/35. Ultrasonography, plain film, or intravenous urography was performed in all cases. The mean stone size was 8 mm (range 5-15 mm). All the interventions were performed under general anesthesia with semirigid ureteroscopes of 8F to 11.5F. The stone was located in the left ureter in 32 patients and in the right in 34 patients. Stones were located in the distal ureter in 59 patients, in the midureter in 5, and in the proximal ureter in 2. Before ureteroscopy, ureteral dilatation with a balloon was done to 12F if necessary. If the calculus could not be removed with the basket (stone.8 mm), lithotripsy using ultrasonic, electrohydraulic (EHL), or pneumatic equipment was performed. RESULTS: Ureteroscopy with an 11.5F, 9F, 8.5F, or 8F ureteroscope were performed in 26, 14, 5, and 21 patients, respectively, and ureteral dilatation was necessary in 23, 0, 0, and 2 cases, respectively. We were unable to introduce the ureteroscope into the ureter in three patients (two boys with an 11.5F ureteroscope and one girl with an 8.5F ureteroscope) with distal ureteral stones. The stones moved to the kidney in four patients. Stone management was with basketing alone in 14, EHL in 3, ultrasonic lithotripsy in 8, and ballistic lithotripsy in 34 patients. The stone-free rate was 88% (58 patients) at 48 hours postprocedure. The complication rate was 23% and included renal colic (1), gross hematuria (11), and pyelonephritis (3). No patient had obvious perforation or stricture of the ureter at 3-month follow-up. CONCLUSION: Our series demonstrates the high success rate that can be achieved with ureteroscopic removal of ureteral calculi in children. Ureteroscopic treatment, especially with a small-caliber ureteroscope, should be considered the first choice for treatment of calculi in the distal ureter in children.     

Physiologic effect of nifedipine and tamsulosin on contractility of distal ureter

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Renal colic not only leads to significant morbidity but imposes a financial burden on society in lost productivity and healthcare dollars spent. Both tamsulosin and nifedipine can facilitate spontaneous stone passage in the distal ureter and reduce the associated colic. We evaluated the physiologic effect of these agents on the distal pig ureter. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Bilateral ureters were removed en bloc with the bladder trigone from three pigs. Five-millimeter rings were taken from the intramural and distal ureter. Isometric tension recording was performed during both spontaneous and electrically stimulated contraction. Measurements of contractile interval and amplitude were taken in baseline buffer solution, nifedipine at 10(-6) g/L, and tamsulosin at 10(-6) g/L. Spontaneous contractile activity was also measured with phenylephrine at 10(-4) g/L followed by tamsulosin at 10(-6) g/L. RESULTS: Under conditions of spontaneous contractility, phenylephrine decreased the contraction interval by 46%, an effect which was reversed by tamsulosin. Tamsulosin increased the baseline interval by 27% (P < 0.025) and decreased the amplitude by 7% (P > 0.1). Nifedipine blocked all contractile activity. Under stimulated contractility, tamsulosin had no effect on the interval and decreased the amplitude by 7% (P > 0.1). Nifedipine blocked all contractile activity. CONCLUSIONS: We believe that both tamsulosin and nifedipine prevent the disorganized antiperistalsis associated with ureteral spasm while allowing some degree of antegrade fluid-bolus (stone) propagation. It is this mechanism of action that facilitates spontaneous passage and reduces associated renal colic when tamsulosin and nifedipine are used for the management of ureteral stone disease.     

输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术治疗输尿管结石

目的评价输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术（URSL）治疗输尿管结石的临床疗效。方法使用输尿管镜下气压弹道碎石术治疗输尿管结石170例，输尿管上段结石10例，输尿管中段结石42例，输尿管下段结石118例，结石最大直径2．2cm，平均1．0cm，合并患侧肾积水80例，伴肾绞痛77例，平均病史为24周。结果一次性碎石成功率90．5％（154例）；10例输尿管壁残留小结石，术后1个月复查静脉肾盂造影（IVU），残石已排净；2例较大残余结石上移至肾盂行体外冲击波碎石（ESWL），1个月内结石排净；4例改开放手术，2例为结石被息肉严重包裹碎石失败，2例结石远端严重狭窄；均无输尿管穿孔、撕裂、假道、撕脱等并发症；随访9—12个月，肾积水病例积水情况明显改善；伴肾绞痛病例症状消失；未见结石复发病例。结论输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术治疗输尿管结石疗效确切、安全。     

肾绞痛后输尿管结石自行排出的预测性研究

目的：通过实验室、影像学检查判断患者肾绞痛后输尿管结石自行排出的可能性。方法：2009年6月～2010年12月期间通过B超或CT检查诊断204名输尿管结石肾绞痛患者,收集患者流行病学、实验室检查、影像学检查等资料加以分析。1个月后所有患者复诊,通过相同的影像学方法了解输尿管结石的变化。结果1204名输尿管结石患者中48名患者为输尿管上段结石,30名为输尿管中段结石,126名为输尿管下段结石。其中122名患者输尿管结石自行排出。通过回归分析发现,血白细胞是仅次于结石大小影响输尿管结石排出的重要因素。结论：本研究表明,除了输尿管结石大小以外,血白细胞的变化也是输尿管结石能否自行排出的重要因素。     

输尿管内D-J管置入治疗孕妇输尿管结石16例临床体会

目的 探讨输尿管内D-J管置入治疗孕妇输尿管结石合并顽固性肾绞痛的疗效及安全性.方法 选取2012年1月至2015年12月局麻下应用膀胱镜或输尿管镜放置输尿管D-J管治疗经保守治疗无效的肾绞痛孕妇16例,患者年龄19 ～38岁,孕周12 ～31周,结石最大径4～13mm,均为顽固性肾绞痛,部分患者有脓肾形成.结果 16例顽固性肾绞痛孕妇患侧输尿管放置D-J管后肾绞痛均缓解,无一例出现先兆流产症状,其中2例DJ-JD管自动滑出,再次置管后未再滑出.16例D-J管留置1～8个月,术后5例患者有尿频尿急现象,可耐受;3例患者有肉眼血尿,对症治疗后缓解;6例患者腰部轻度不适,可耐受,无流产发生.15例孕妇足月分娩,1例患者因胎膜早破早产1周,分娩胎儿均健健.分娩后10例结石已排出,另6例:4例行体外冲击波碎石(ESW-L)后结石成功排出,2例行经皮肾镜超生碎石取石术(PCNL)成功清除结石.结论 对于输尿管结石并发顽固肾绞痛孕妇,患侧输尿管置入D-J管是一种安全有效的治疗方法.     

Safety and outcome of rigid ureteroscopy for management of ureteral calculi in children

PURPOSE: To present our experience with ureteroscopy for the treatment of pediatric ureteral calculi. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The records of 32 children with an average age of 8.7 years (range 2-15 years) treated with rigid ureteroscopy between June 1994 and July 2003 were reviewed. In 33 ureteral units, 8F rigid ureteroscopy was carried out 35 times to treat stone disease. Stones were located in the upper ureter in 2 cases, the middle ureter in 2 cases, and the lower ureter in 29 cases. Stone size ranged from 4 to 15 mm (mean 7 mm). Dilatation of the ureteral orifice was necessary in 10 procedures. RESULTS: The management of stone in 29 children (90.7%) was straightforward, and a single procedure was sufficient to clear the ureters. In 2 children (6.2%), repeat ureteroscopy was undertaken to render the ureters stone free, and in 1 child (3.1%), it was not possible to remove the stone. Stones were fragmented with pneumatic lithotripsy in 2 cases and with the holmium laser in 9; in the remaining 22 cases, the stones were removed without fragmentation. Intraoperative complications occurred in 3 children (9.3%) and consisted of extravasation (1 patient) and stone migration (2 patients). The early postoperative complications were hematuria in one patient and renal colic in another. Of the patients, 28 were followed 3 to 48 months. No stricture was detected at the site of stone impaction in any patient. CONCLUSION: In the hands of an experienced surgeon, ureteroscopy can be a safe and efficient treatment for ureteral stones in children.     

Effects of prophylactic insertion of Double-J stents to decrease episodes of renal colic in patients with recurrent ureteral stones

PURPOSE: To evaluate the hypothesis that prophylactic insertion of Double-J stents after uncomplicated transurethral lithotripsy (TUL) can decrease the number of episodes of renal colic and their intensity in patients with recurrent ureteral stones (those with three or more episodes of stone formation). PATIENTS AND METHODS: During a prospective randomized clinical trial from May 1999 to January 2004, 195 patients with recurrent ureteral stones were included in our study; 94 had stents in place for 4 weeks, and 101 patients remained stentless (control group). A few patients in each group had residual stone disease. All patients were followed-up for a mean period of 24 months and questioned about the number and intensity of their episodes of renal colic, and were also evaluated for their rates of spontaneous stone passage. RESULTS: Spontaneous passage of stones was seen in 43 patients (45.7%; CI 95%, 35.7, 55.8) who underwent stenting, and 35 patients (34.7%; CI 95%, 25.4, 43.9) in the stentless group (P > 0.05). The number of episodes of renal colic was significantly lower in the stented group (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Insertion of Double-J stents for 4 weeks after uncomplicated TUL in patients with recurrent ureteral stones significantly decreases the number of episodes of ureteral colic, although it does not decrease the rate of stone formation.     

急诊输尿管镜碎石取石术治疗输尿管中下段结石并肾绞痛

目的探讨急诊输尿管镜碎石取石术治疗输尿管中下段结石并肾绞痛的临床应用价值。方法回顾分析我院2006年1月至2008年12月行急诊输尿管镜下碎石取石手术治疗输尿管结石并肾绞痛的患者临床资料,共137例,其中男78例,女59例,平均年龄38±9岁。中段11例,下段126例。结果 130例患者一次取石成功,成功率94.9%(130/137);7例未成功,其中2例术中发现结石已排入膀胱,5例进镜失败,术后行体外冲击波碎石术(ESWL),2个月内复查结石均排净。结论急诊行输尿管镜下碎石取石术治疗输尿管中下段结石并肾绞痛是一安全有效选择。     

64层螺旋CT平扫曲面重建技术对急性输尿管结石的诊断价值

目的：探讨64层螺旋CT曲面重建（CPR）技术对急性输尿管结石的诊断价值。方法：35例疑为输尿管结石的患者,男24例,女11例,年龄23-79岁,均行B超和64层螺旋CT平扫检查,将CT原始资料传送至工作站,用多平面重建（MPR）及CPR技术进行图像后处理,比较CT与B超诊断输尿管结石的阳性率。结果：35例输尿管结石患者中,CT诊断输尿管结石32例（91．4％）,B超诊断输尿管结石20例（57．1％）,CT对输尿管结石的诊断率高于B超（r=7．56,P〈0．01）;CPR使扩张的肾盂、输尿管全程显示在一幅图像上,便于全面观察结石的形态、大小和位置。结论：64层螺旋CT的CPR技术方便快捷、诊断准确率高,不需使用对比剂,尤其适用于肾绞痛患者的检查。     

输尿管镜术治疗输尿管结石(附157例报告)

目的 总结输尿管镜术治疗输尿管结石的疗效。方法 回顾性分析输尿管镜术治疗的157例输尿管结石患。结果 145例原位碎石成功，成功率为92．4％(其中上段61．9％，中段94．3％，下段98．8％)，经1—3个月的追踪复查，结石排净率100％。总的并发症发生率为8．3％，包括输尿管粘膜下损伤5例、输尿管穿孔3例、肾绞痛2例、继发性尿路感染3例。结论 输尿管镜术治疗输尿管结石损伤小、疗效好，是治疗输尿管中下段结石的首选方法。     

mPCNL联合输尿管镜钬激光碎石术治疗复杂性同侧肾输尿管多部位结石(附73例报告)

目的:总结mPCNL联合输尿管镜钬激光碎石术治疗复杂性同侧肾输尿管多部位结石的方法、疗效及并发症,探讨临床应用价值。方法:回顾性分析mPCNL联合输尿管镜钬激光碎石术治疗73例复杂性同侧肾输尿管多部位结石患者的临床资料,男42例,女31例,年龄20～65岁,平均42岁,术前经B超、KUB与IVU、RUP或CT确诊。肾结石横径1.0～3.4cm,纵径1.8～4.2cm,输尿管结石横径0.5～1.2cm,纵径1.0～3.0cm,为同侧多部位存在,9例合并有对侧无积水肾结石。输尿管结石位于中下段的52例,上段的21例;并发肾积水73例,轻度47例,中度20例,重度6例。结果:73例手术均成功,患者全部治愈。所有的输尿管结石均一期取净。肾结石患者中一期取净结石59例,结石取净率达81%。9例残余<3mm位于肾盏内的小结石,未进行进一步处理。二期手术5例。术后发生全身炎症反应综合症3例,经抗感染对症药物治疗后治愈。肾周积液感染2例,B超定位下行穿刺引流后行细菌培养+药物敏感试验,选用敏感抗生素抗感染治疗痊愈。术中较大出血2例,输血并用气囊管压迫止血治愈。平均住院14d。无因并发症导致肾切除,无输尿管穿孔,无腹内脏器损伤,无中转开放手术,无死亡病例。结论:mPCNL联合输尿管镜钬激光碎石术治疗复杂性同侧肾输尿管多部位结石既逆行处理了输尿管结石,又确切地留置输尿管导管至肾盂,有利于人工肾积水形成经皮肾通道的建立,同时也减少了肾实质撕裂出血风险,显示出安全、创伤少、碎石清石率高、效果满意等优点     

输尿管镜术对反复发作及不明原因肾绞痛的诊断和治疗

目的探讨输尿管镜术对反复发作且不明原因的。肾绞痛的诊断和临床疗效。方法本组23例反复发作且不明原因的肾绞痛患者,行输尿管镜术,明确肾绞痛原因并同时处理。结果21例患者术中发现输尿管结石,遂行取石或气压弹道碎石治疗成功。2例患者找出相关病因,为下一步治疗提供依据。术中出现输尿管假道3例,无输尿管穿孔、黏膜撕裂等严重并发症,术后出现血尿3例、发热2例,予止血、抗感染治愈。随访3～18个月,无输尿管狭窄。结论针对反复发作且不明原因的肾绞痛患者,输尿管镜术有助于明确肾绞痛的原因,并同时进行病因治疗。     

Long-term results with renal autotransplantation for ureteral replacement

From 1970 to 1984 renal autotransplantation was performed on 23 patients to replace all or a major portion of the ureter. The conditions necessitating ureteral replacement were postoperative ureteral injury in 16 cases, recurrent renal colic in 4, urinary undiversion in 2 and an atonic ureter in 1. Six patients presented with a solitary kidney and 1 underwent staged bilateral autotransplantation. After autotransplantation urinary continuity was restored by ureteroneocystostomy in 11 patients, pyelovesicostomy in 7, ureteroureterostomy in 2, pyeloureterostomy in 2 and ureterosigmoidostomy in 1. Postoperatively, there was no mortality and all but 1 of the autotransplanted kidneys functioned immediately. Two kidneys required removal postoperatively owing to bleeding. Currently, 20 patients are alive with functioning renal autotransplants at intervals of 1.5 to 14 years. The current serum creatinine level in these patients ranges from 1.1 to 2.2 mg. per dl., which in each case is improved or stable compared to the preoperative determination. Only 1 patient has experienced chronic bacteriuria. We conclude that renal autotransplantation provides excellent long-term treatment for patients who require ureteral replacement.     

输尿管中下段结石伴顽固性肾绞痛的急诊输尿管镜治疗

目的探讨急诊输尿管镜碎石术治疗输尿管中下段结石伴顽固性肾绞痛的疗效。方法对256例输尿管中下段结石伴顽固性肾绞痛患者行急诊输尿管镜碎石治疗。结果 235例一次性碎石术成功,一次碎石成功率91.8%;3例残余结石及5例结石移入肾脏者,于术后5-7 d病情好转平稳后带管行ESWL 1-2次,均获成功;9例因输尿管狭窄或扭曲输尿管镜无法到达结石部位而行置管引流术,其中3例于术后1周再次行输尿管镜碎石术获成功,另6例于术后5-7 d病情好转平稳后带管行ESWL 1-2次获得成功。另4例进镜失败终止手术。术后肾绞痛缓解率为98.4%（252/256）,4周后复查结石排净率为95.7%（245/256）。无严重并发症发生。结论急诊输尿管镜碎石术是一种治疗输尿管中下段结石伴顽固性肾绞痛的微创、安全、高效的理想方法 。     

输尿管镜钬激光技术治疗输尿管结石合并息肉(附75例报告)

目的 探讨输尿管镜钬激光技术对输尿管结石合并息肉的治疗效果.方法 2007年9月～ 2012年4月,对75例输尿管结石合并息肉行输尿管镜钬激光治疗.结石位于输尿管上段18例,中段38例,下段19例;结石长径0.6 ～1.7 cm,平均1.1 cm.术中50例息肉未行任何处理,10例息肉仅限于结石表面烧灼,切除息肉15例并送病检.结果 69例一次碎石成功;3例结石上移至肾盂术后1周体外冲击波碎石治疗;2例输尿管上段扭曲折叠进镜失败改经皮肾镜术:1例术中输尿管穿孔出血改开放取石.手术时间20～ 95 min,平均43 min.术后住院时间2～10 d,平均5d.67例术后随访6～12个月,B超或静脉肾盂造影检查64例肾积水消失,输尿管通畅,未见明显结石残留,3例输尿管狭窄,均为术中处理息肉者.结论 输尿管镜钬激光技术治疗输尿管中下段结石合并息肉具有良好的疗效,不影响手术视野和碎石操作的息肉无需处理.     

移植肾输尿管梗阻的原因与处理方法

目的:探讨移植肾输尿管梗阻的发病原因及其处理方法。方法:报告行肾移植后发生移植肾输尿管梗阻29例的临床资料。全部经手术探查证实,包括输尿管膀胱吻合口狭窄9例,输尿管下段狭窄5例,输尿管全段闭锁2例,膀胱肌层包埋过紧1例,输尿管下段穿孔4例,输尿管全段坏死2例,输尿管下段血块堵塞1例,输尿管外周血肿压迫2例,脓肿压迫1例,移植肾输尿管结石2例。14例移植输尿管坏死患者中有10例梗阻前发生急性排斥反应。结果:患者尿路重建后移植肾功能均恢复良好,随访1年均无再次梗阻发生。结论:移植肾输尿管梗阻以输尿管狭窄和坏死最为多见,排斥反应是发生输尿管梗阻的重要病因之一。对于影像学提示梗阻而移植肾功能无明显受损的病例,应积极行移植肾活检。手术是解决移植肾输尿管梗阻最有效的方法。     

Clinical characteristics of ureteral calculi detected by nonenhanced computerized tomography after unclear results of plain radiography and ultrasonography

PURPOSE: Prospective non-enhanced computerized tomography (CT) was performed for patients presenting with renal colic and showing negative or equivocal results on plain x-ray of the kidneys, ureters and bladder (KUB) as well as ultrasonography (US) to evaluate the usefulness of plain CT. We also evaluated the clinical characteristics of urinary calculi detected under such conditions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between January 2000 and June 2002, 560 patients presented with acute unilateral renal colic. Of these patients 238 negative or equivocal for ureteral calculus on KUB and US underwent non-enhanced CT. The diagnostic value of plain CT in patients with negative or equivocal KUB and US was determined, and results and other clinical findings were compared. Clinical characteristics of ureteral stones detected by plain CT were compared with those of stones diagnosed by KUB and US. RESULTS: By plain CT 143 (60.1%) and 6 (2.5%) cases of pain were determined to have been caused by ureteral stones and other pathogeneses, respectively. No definitive diagnosis was obtained in 89 (37.4%). Stone size detected by plain CT was significantly smaller than controls (3.77 vs 6.37 mm, p <0.0001) and tended to be located in the middle or lower ureter (76.2% or 109 of 143 vs 52.2% or 168 of 322, p <0.0001). Symptoms spontaneously improved in 137 (95.8%) after conservative therapy while 6 underwent intervention, a rate significantly lower (p <0.0001) than controls (32.9% or 106 of 322). CONCLUSIONS: Non-enhanced CT is a useful modality for diagnosis of patients presenting with acute renal colic but whose results are negative or equivocal on KUB and US. Excretory urography is rarely needed because stones undetected on KUB and US tend to be small and in the middle or lower ureter, and spontaneous passage is expected.     

输尿管镜下气压弹道碎石术治疗ESWL术后未排净的输尿管结石

目的:探讨ESWL术后未排净输尿管结石的治疗方法。方法:对71例ESWL术后未排净的输尿管结石患者,应用输尿管镜下气压弹道碎石术治疗。结果:69例中63例原位一次碎石成功,6例有较大结石返回肾脏,加行1次ESWL,术后3个月复查结石均排净。仅1例结石下方输尿管明显狭窄进镜困难、另1例结石下方有较大息肉进镜时出现输尿管穿孔而改行开放手术取石。结论:输尿管镜下气压弹道碎石术治疗ESWL术后未排净的输尿管结石安全、有效,可作为本病的首选治疗。