基于微量元素的野生与栽培红芪鉴别

目的:研究野生与栽培红芪中微量元素的差异,探讨微量元素鉴别野生与栽培红芪的可行性。方法:采用原子吸收光谱法测定微量元素含量,并进行单因素方差分析、相关性、最优尺度度量分析、聚类分析及判别分析。结果:野生与栽培红芪中Cu含量无显著性差异,Fe,Ca,K,Zn,Ni,Na,Mg,Mn,Cr,Li,Co含量均具显著性差异性;Mg,K,Fe,Ca,Cu,Ni含量野生品高于栽培品,Zn,Na,Mn,Cr,Li,Co含量栽培品高于野生品;红芪样品生长类型与Fe,Ca,K,Ni,Mg元素含量呈极显著的正相关,与Zn元素含量呈显著的负相关,与Na,Mn,Cr,Li,Co元素含量呈极显著的负相关;28批红芪样品分为野生品与栽培品两类;Fe,Li,Co与野生、栽培生长类型存在Fisher线性关系。结论:红芪野生与栽培生长类型与微量元素含量存在密切关系,微量元素鉴别野生与栽培红芪有一定可行性。     

栽培与野生夏枯草矿质元素含量及分布特征研究

目的:测定人工栽培与野生夏枯草土壤及其植株各器官矿质元素含量,以期为该资源保护利用及GAP研究提供理论依据.方法:运用ICP-AES法测定栽培与野生夏枯草各器官及其土壤中磷(P)、钾(K)、钙(Ca)、镁(Mg)、钠(Na)、铁(Fe)、铜(Cu)、锌(Zn)、锰(Mn)、铝(A1)含量,并对测定结果进行分析.结果:栽培与野生夏枯草土壤及其茎、叶、果穗矿质元素含量存在显著差异;P,Cu含量大小顺序为果穗＞叶＞茎,Mg,Ca,Zn,Fe,Mn,A1元素以叶含量最高,果穗次之,茎最少,K,Na在茎叶中含量较高,其次为果穗;土壤与果穗中Fe元素含量呈极显著相关,与茎及叶呈显著正相关;土壤与果穗、茎及叶中Zn元素含量呈显著正相关;K元素含量在土壤及茎间亦呈显著正相关;栽培与野生品夏枯草各部位对P吸收有富集作用.结论:夏枯草药材与土壤中多数矿质元素含量无直接相关,主要通过选择性吸收调控药材中矿质元素含量.     

火焰原子吸收法测定野生与栽培地骨皮中的微量元素的含量

目的：考察野生与栽培地骨皮药材的微量元素含量情况。方法：收集不同产地野生与栽培地骨皮,采用微波消解处理样品,以火焰原子吸收光谱法测定样品中的Fe、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Zn的含量。结果：测定了24批不同产地野生和栽培的地骨皮样品中Fe、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Zn的含量,加样回收率在94.87%-96.93%之间。结论：不同产地野生和栽培地骨皮微量元素含量（除Fe元素外）无明显差异,所有样品均富含对人体有益的Fe、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Zn等微量元素。     

江西婺源三叶木通微量元素的测定

目的 探讨三叶木通Akebia trifoliata（Thumb．）Koid野生与栽培药材中微量元素的组成及含量。方法采用火焰原子吸收光谱法检测。结果检测出野生与栽培三叶木通中Ca，Mg，K，Na，Fe，Cu，Zn，Mn等8种元素含量，含量最高的是Ca，最低的是Zn，药材中Ca的含量是土壤中的4．7倍和栽培的5、0倍。结论 野生与栽培三叶木通中均含有8种元素，且三叶木通具有明显富集Ca的能力。     

野生枸杞与栽培枸杞营养成分对比分析

目的：对比分析野生枸杞与栽培枸杞营养成分。方法：在常压微沸条件下实验采用浓硝酸-双氧水消解枸杞样品,并采用火焰原子吸收法对枸杞中所含的金属元素的含量进行测定。结果：栽培枸杞柠檬酸、Vc、氨基酸、蛋白质、总糖含量显著高于野生枸杞,但醛糖、还原糖、果胶、粗脂肪的含量显著低于野生枸杞,而栽培枸杞中所含的 Mn、Co、Na、Ca、Fe、Mg、Cu、Zn 显著低于野生枸杞。结论：栽培枸杞中的矿质元素 K、氨基酸、柠檬酸、Vc、蛋白质以及糖分含量较高,但野生枸杞中则含有较高的矿质元素Mn、Co、Na Fe、Mg、Cu、Zn、醛糖、还原糖、果胶含量较高,检测方法简便易行,检测结果准确可靠。     

三明草珊瑚矿物质含量与地理种源的相关性研究

目的测定探讨大规模种植基地草珊瑚Sarcandra glabra(Thunb.)Nakai矿物质元素含量,比较不同种源之间元素含量差异。方法样品采自福建三明吉口采育场草珊瑚标准化种植栽培示范区、46个不同地理种源的三年生成熟草珊瑚,采用ICP法测定15种常微量矿物质元素含量。结果草珊瑚中K、Ca、Mg含量最高,其次是Al、Fe、Mn,之后为Na、Ba、Zn,大部分样品的重金属及有害元素Cu、Cr、Pb、Cd、As符合规定,各产地元素含量不同,有些产地存在明显差异。结论不同地理种源的草珊瑚吸收土壤环境的生长存在差异,研究结果为草珊瑚药材质量控制提供重要依据。     

火焰原子吸收光谱法测定赣南野生枫香树叶中的微量元素

目的 测定赣南野生枫香树叶中微量元素的含量,为进一步研究其药效提供科学依据.方法 采用水煮法提取并用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定赣南野生枫香树叶中Mg,Mn,Ca,Fe,Cu,Zn的含量.结果 赣南野生枫香树叶中Mg,Mn,Ca,Fe,Cu,Zn的含量分别为125.17,126.42,82.28,0.53,0.21,0.89 μg/g.回收率为98.47%～105.00%,RSD为0.215 3%～1.769 9%.结论 赣南野生枫香树叶中Mg,Mn,Ca含量较高,Fe,Cu,Zn的含量较低.     

地黄不同炮制品中无机元素的ICP-OES法测定

目的 探讨地黄不同炮制品中8种无机元素含量的变化。方法 采用微波消解样品,结合电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP-OES)法对鲜地黄干燥品、生地黄和熟地黄饮片中主要常量元素Na,K,Ca,Mg和微量元素Fe,Cu,Mn,Zn等8种无机元素含量进行测定,采用SPSS 20.0对结果进行单因素方差分析。结果 在地黄不同炮制品中含量较高的元素为K,Ca,Mg,Na,其中K含量最高,在鲜地黄和生、熟地黄饮片中依次为11023.509,11098.181,9739.629 mg·kg~(-1);之后依次是Ca,Mg,Na测得含量较高;元素Fe,Zn,Mn,Cu含量较低,但其在不同炮制品中含量变化较大,其中Fe,Mn,Cu的含量顺序为:熟地黄饮片生地黄饮片鲜地黄干燥品,Zn的含量顺序为:鲜地黄干燥品熟地黄饮片生地黄饮片。结论 地黄不同炮制品中的无机元素含量变化较大,推测其为区别地黄不同炮制品功效作用的物质基础之一。     

甘肃金塔甘草5种微量元素含量比较研究

目的:对甘肃金塔产野生与栽培甘草中所含5种微量元素进行比较研究.方法:火焰原子吸收法.结果:甘肃金塔甘草5种微量元素含量由高到低依次为Ca、Mg、Fe、Zn、Cu;不同品种、年限的野生与栽培品微量元素含量差异较大.结论:微量元素的含量对药材的质量评价与控制有一定的参考价值;金塔黄甘草品质较优,建议加强对黄甘草优质种苗堵育、质量控制等综合利用研究.     

天津蓟县山区药用植物根际及自然土壤无机元素含量测定

[目的]通过对天津蓟县山区8个代表区域的土壤以及常用重点药材根际土壤中无机元素[铁、锰、铜、锌、钾、钙、镁、铅、镉(Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn、K、Ca、Mg、Pb、Cd)]的含量测定,分析与评价土壤背景质量,为天津野生中药扩大种植奠定基础。[方法]电热板湿法消解,火焰原子吸收光谱法测定Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn、K、Ca、Mg的含量,石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定Pb、Cd的含量。[结果]8个区域自然土壤样品中大量元素Fe、K、Ca、Mg的含量较多,Cu、Zn、Pb的含量水平相当。重金属元素Cu、Zn、Pb的含量均未超出标准,1个区域中Cd的含量稍有超标,但尚未对生态环境造成影响。药用植物根际土壤无机元素水平与蓟县山区自然土壤相当。[结论]天津蓟县土壤无机元素含量适中,均达到自然背景水平,土壤整体质量较优。     

Effect of feeding Mucuna pruriens on helminth parasite infestation in lambs

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Mucuna pruriens is a tropical legume anecdotally reputed to have anthelmintic properties. This study was conducted to examine the validity of such claims.

Aim of the study

The aim of this study was to determine if ingestion of Mucuna seeds reduces helminth parasite infestation in lambs.

Materials and methods

Thirty-six Dorper × Katahdin ram lambs were assigned to three treatments, a cottonseed meal based control diet, a diet in which Mucuna replaced cottonseed meal and the control diet with levamisole (7.5 mg/kg body weight) administration. All diets were isonitrogenous and isocaloric. The 12 lambs in each treatment were assigned randomly to 4 pens, each containing 3 lambs. Lambs were trickle infected three times per week by gavage with infectious Haemonchus contortus larvae (2000 larvae/lamb) for 3 weeks.

Results

Levamisole treatment decreased fecal egg counts by 87% and abomasal worm counts by 83%. Mucuna intake did not statistically affect fecal egg counts or abomasal worm counts, though numerical (P > 0.10) reductions of 7.4% and 18.1%, respectively were evident. Anemia indicators, feed intake, and lamb growth were unaffected by treatment.

Conclusions

Levamisole reduced the Haemonchus parasite burden in lambs significantly but feeding Mucuna reduced the burden by levels unlikely to eliminate the clinical effects of parasitism.     

Investigation of plant extracts in traditional medicine of the Brazilian Cerrado against protozoans and yeasts

Aim of the study

To investigate the activities of the 217 plant extracts in traditional medicine of the Brazilian Cerrado against protozoans and yeasts.

Materials and methods

Plant extracts were prepared by the method of maceration using solvents of different polarities. The growth inhibition of chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum strain (FcB1) was determined by measuring the radioactivity of the tritiated hypoxanthine incorporated. Activity against Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi and Trypanosoma cruzi was measured by the MTT colorimetric assay. The antifungal tests were carried out by using the CLSI method. The active extracts were tested also by cytotoxicity assay using NIH-3T3 cells of mammalian fibroblasts.

Results

Two hundred and seventeen extracts of plants were tested against Plasmodium falciparum. The eleven active extracts, belonging to eight plant species were evaluated against L. (L.) chagasi, Trypanosoma cruzi, yeasts and in NIH-3T3 cells. The results found in these biological models are consistent with the ethnopharmacological data of these plants. The ethyl acetate extract of Diospyros hispida root showed IC₅₀ values of 1 μg/mL against Plasmodium falciparum. This extract demonstrated no toxicity against mammalian cells, resulting in a significant selectivity index (SI) of 435.8. The dichloromethane extract of Calophyllum brasiliense root wood was active against Cryptococcus gattii LMGO 01 with MIC of 1.95 μg/mL; and Candida albicans ATCC 10231 and Candida krusei LMGO 174, both with MIC of 7.81 μg/mL. The same extract was also active against Plasmodium falciparum and L. (L.) chagasi with IC₅₀ of 6.7 and 27.6 μg/mL respectively. The ethyl acetate extract of Spiranthera odoratissima leaves was active against Cryptococcus gattii LMGO 01 with MIC of 31.25 μg/mL, and against Plasmodium falciparum with IC₅₀ of 9.2 μg/mL and Trypanosoma cruzi with IC₅₀ of 56.3 μg/mL.

Conclusion

The active extracts for protozoans and human pathogenic yeasts are considered promising to continue the search for the identification and development of leading compounds.     

真菌的中药干预研究近5年进展

近年来真菌感染率逐年上升,传统抗真菌药物易产生耐药性,而中药在防治真菌感染方面具有一定的优势。本文就近5年来中药对白念珠菌、皮肤癣菌、曲霉菌、马拉色菌、串珠镰孢菌、申克孢子丝菌、新生隐球菌及真菌生物膜的干预研究进展进行综述。     

厚朴与凹叶厚朴群体遗传学研究

目的:对厚朴与凹叶厚朴的群体遗传学进行研究,为中药厚朴的质量控制提供分子生药学方面的依据。方法:对厚朴与凹叶厚朴15个居群应用2个叶绿体基因间序列psbA-trnH和trnL-trnF进行PCR扩增并测序,计算厚朴与凹叶厚朴单倍型频率,用程序HaploNst分析遗传多样性和遗传结构,应用TCS version 1.13软件构建单倍型网状进化树。结果:厚朴与凹叶厚朴均无特有单倍型存在,但单倍型频率存在显著差异,已开始出现遗传分化的趋势,NST略大于GST。结论:厚朴与凹叶厚朴在遗传上已出现遗传分化的趋势,但尚未完全分化成彼此独立的单系。     

α-Glucosidase inhibitory activity of selected Philippine plants

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Antidesma bunius Spreng. (Phyllantaceae), Averrhoa bilimbi L. (Oxalidaceae), Biophytum sensitivum (L.) DC. (Oxalidaceae), Ceriops tagal (Perr.) C.B. Rob. (Rhizophoraceae), Kyllinga monocephala Rottb. (Cyperaceae), and Rhizophora mucronata Lam. (Rhizophoraceae) are used as remedies to control diabetes. In the present study, these plants were screened for their potential α-glucosidase inhibitory activity.

Materials and methods

The 80% aqueous ethanolic extracts were screened for their α-glucosidase enzyme inhibitory activity using yeast alpha glucosidase enzyme.

Results

Except for A. bilimbi with IC₅₀ at 519.86±3.07, all manifested a significant enzyme inhibitory activity. R. mucronata manifested the highest activity with IC₅₀ at 0.08±1.82 μg mL⁻¹, followed by C. tagal with IC₅₀ at 0.85±1.46 μg mL⁻¹ and B. sensitivum with IC₅₀ at 2.24±1.58 μg mL⁻¹.

Conclusion

This is the first report on the α-glucosidase inhibitory effect of the six Philippine plants; thus, partly defining the mechanism on why these medicinal plants possess antidiabetic properties.     

European medicinal polypores – A modern view on traditional uses

Ethnopharmacological relevance

In particular five polypore species, i.e. Laetiporus sulphureus, Fomes fomentarius, Fomitopsis pinicola, Piptoporus betulinus, and Laricifomes officinalis, have been widely used in central European folk medicines for the treatment of various diseases, e.g. dysmenorrhoea, haemorrhoids, bladder disorders, pyretic diseases, treatment of coughs, cancer, and rheumatism. Prehistoric artefacts going back to over 5000 years underline the long tradition of using polypores for various applications ranging from food or tinder material to medicinal–spiritual uses as witnessed by two polypore species found among items of Ötzi, the Iceman. The present paper reviews the traditional uses, phytochemistry, and biological activity of the five mentioned polypores.

Materials and methods

All available information on the selected polypore taxa used in traditional folk medicine was collected through evaluation of literature in libraries and searches in online databases using SciFinder and Web of Knowledge.

Results

Mycochemical studies report the presence of many primary (e.g. polysaccharides) and secondary metabolites (e.g. triterpenes). Crude extracts and isolated compounds show a wide spectrum of biological properties, such as anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, and antimicrobial activities.

Conclusions

The investigated polypores possess a longstanding ethnomycological tradition in Europe. Here, we compile biological results which highlight their therapeutic value. Moreover, this work provides a solid base for further investigations on a molecular level, both compound- and target-wise.     

Antiplasmodial activity of extracts from seven medicinal plants used in malaria treatment in Cameroon

Aim of the study

In a search for new plant-derived biologically active compounds against malaria parasites, we have carried out an ethnopharmacological study to evaluate the susceptibility of cultured Plasmodium falciparum to extracts and fractions from seven Cameroonian medicinal plants used in malaria treatment. We have also explored the inhibition of the Plasmodium falciparum cysteine protease Falcipain-2.

Materials and methods

Plant materials were extracted by maceration in organic solvents, and subsequently partitioned or fractionated to afford test fractions. The susceptibility of erythrocytes and the W2 strain of Plasmodium falciparum to plant extracts was evaluated in culture. In addition, the ability of annonaceous extracts to inhibit recombinant cysteine protease Falcipain-2 was also assessed.

Results and discussion

The extracts showed no toxicity against erythrocytes. The majority of plant extracts were highly active against Plasmodium falciparumin vitro, with IC₅₀ values lower than 5 μg/ml. Annonaceous extracts (acetogenin-rich fractions and interface precipitates) exhibited the highest potency. Some of these extracts exhibited modest inhibition of Falcipain-2.

Conclusion

These results support continued investigation of components of traditional medicines as potential new antimalarial agents.     

中国石斛属植物文献计量研究

石斛是珍稀濒危中药材,目前正处于快速发展阶段。为全面了解我国石斛属植物研究的历史和发展现状,作者以1954～2010年"中国知网中国学术期刊网络出版总库"收录的石斛研究文献为依据,采用文献计量学的原理和方法,对我国石斛属植物研究文献从文献年代分布、期刊分布与被引频率、主题分布、研究对象分布、作者与研究机构分布等方面进行了统计与分析。结果表明,我国石斛研究明显分为起步(2个)、停滞、平稳发展、快速上升5个阶段;期刊分布存在离散性与集中性并存的现象,已形成核心期刊研究群,并以《中国中药杂志》、《中草药》和《陕西中医》为代表;研究主题广泛涉及临床与药理、组织培养与种苗繁育、成分分析等多个领域,已经形成比较稳定的研究机构和团队,但研究对象差异显著,以铁皮石斛、金钗石斛和霍山石斛最为集中。我国石斛属植物的研究已取得显著成果,但种植产业发展缓慢,供需矛盾突出,预计种苗繁育与人工种植、产品开发、化学与药理等方面是未来的研究热点,其文献报道仍将进一步上升。     

列当属、肉苁蓉属和草苁蓉属植物传统药物学调查

通过野外资源调查、整理各大标本馆标本原始记录和查阅文献记载等方法,系统整理、总结、归纳了列当属、肉苁蓉属和草苁蓉属民族药用植物种类、功效及民间使用情况,结果表明列当属6种药用植物在4个少数民族间作为7种民族药应用,草苁蓉属2种药用植物在8个少数民族间作为10种民族药应用,肉苁蓉属2种药用植物在3个少数民族间作为3种民族药应用,且同种药用植物常作不同民族药;发现3属植物的传统疗效主要集中在补肾壮阳、止血和止痛3个方面,并且该传统疗效与现代药理研究结果基本吻合。因此深入研究植物种类丰富的列当属植物资源对缓解肉苁蓉植物资源匮乏局面和扩大药源具有积极意义。     

金银花类药用植物IspE和IspH基因克隆和生物信息学分析

目的:克隆金银花类药用植物4-二磷酸胞苷-2-C-甲基赤藓糖激酶(4-diphosphocytidyl-2-C-methyl-D-erythritol kinase,IspE)和4-羟基-3-甲基-2-邻苯基二磷酸还原酶(4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate reductase,IspH)基因,并对其基因序列、蛋白特性和转录活性进行分析、比较.方法:从忍冬Lonicera japonica转录组测序结果中分析获得了IspE,IspH基因.分别以忍冬、红白忍冬L.japonica var.chinensis、红腺忍冬L.hypoglauca和水忍冬L.dasystyla新鲜花蕾为材料,利用RT-PCR技术克隆获得了4种金银花类药用植物IspE和IspH基因的全长cDNA.运用生物信息学分析软件,预测编码蛋白的结构和功能,并通过RT-PCR检测IspE和IspH在忍冬、红白忍冬、红腺忍冬、水忍冬花蕾中的转录情况.结果:金银花类药用植物IspE基因含有1个完整的开放阅读框,长度为1 221 bp,编码406个氨基酸;IspH含有一个完整的开放阅读框,长度为1 380 bp,编码459个氨基酸.IspE和IspH均为非分泌蛋白,均定位于叶绿体中.RT-PCR分析结果表明在忍冬、红腺忍冬和水忍冬的花蕾中IspE,IspH基因的转录水平没有显著差异,但红白忍冬花蕾中IspE,IspH基因的转录水平均显著高于忍冬.结论:克隆获得忍冬、红白忍冬、红腺忍冬和水忍冬中IspE,IspH基因,并证实了其在不同金银花类药用植物中的表达,为进一步研究IspE,IspH基因对萜类化合物生物合成和花香气以及颜色的影响奠定了基础.