超声诊断胎儿胫腓骨、足踝部发育不良并缺指畸形1例

孕妇,26岁.孕2产0,孕24周,来我院行胎儿常规检查.超声所见:双顶径6.1 cm,股骨4.0cm,胎儿头围、腹围、肱骨长及股骨长均与孕周相符.颅骨光环完整,脊柱排列整齐,连续好,羊水量正常.胎儿双上肢、左下肢及颜面部、双肾、胃泡、心脏结构、脐带结构、胎盘均未见异常,胎儿右下肢股骨长正常,胫腓骨长约1.9 cm,远端形成一盲端,盲端处可见长约1.2 cm的不均质略高回声,未见足踝部回声(图1).     

产前超声筛查胎儿人体鱼序列征1例

孕妇,24岁.第1胎孕30周,来我院进行胎儿产前检查.超声显示:胎儿双顶径7.0 cm,头长11.0 cm,颅骨环完整,颅内结构未见异常,颜面部双眼距正常,上唇回声连续;脊柱胸部段结构正常,腰骶部排列异常,尾椎骨不显示;心脏略增大,心包腔内可见积液,心内结构未见异常;腹壁完整,肝、胃泡可见,未见双肾及膀胱结构,双上肢可见,下肢显示不清晰,仅见一根股骨及胫腓骨各一根,股骨长5.0 cm,无足,未见外生殖器,胎盘前壁,回声均匀,无羊水回声.     

超声诊断胎儿唾液腺囊肿1例

孕妇,28岁,孕39周,孕1产0.孕26周,产前在外院行超声检查胎儿未见异常.现出现产兆住入我院.超声检查示:单胎,头位,双顶径9.3 cm,胎儿颅内结构、胸腔、腹腔、脊柱、四肢均未见异常.胎儿颜面部冠状切面见胎儿呈张口状,上下唇连续,两唇之间可见一囊性无回声肿物,大小约3.1 em×3.0cm,圆形,壁薄,内透声好(图1),观察10 min后可见囊性无回声肿物的位置向口腔外稍有移动.彩色多普勒血流显像示囊性无回声肿物内部及周边未见血流信号显示.实时三维超声检查:胎儿口腔呈被迫张口状,上下唇连续完整,不能闭合,自口腔向外突出一圆形肿物(图2),肿物随着胎儿双唇及舌体的活动而于口腔内外小幅度出入,但始终不能进入口腔,并可见胎儿时常用手触碰肿物.超声提示:①宫内晚孕,单活胎,头位;②胎儿口腔囊性肿物,考虑胎儿唾液腺囊肿可能性大.     

超声诊断胎儿寄生胎1例

孕妇27岁,孕1产0,停经36周.首次来我院行产前常规超声检查,孕妇一般情况好,无近亲结婚及遗传病史.超声检查示:胎儿双顶径8.8 cm,股骨长7.0 cm,脊柱完整,排列整齐,胎儿颜面部、胸部、四肢、胎盘、羊水均未见异常.于胎儿左腹腔内,胃泡的下方见-囊性肿物,大小约6.7 cm×4.0 cm,包膜完整,囊内见-类似胎儿样的团状回声,未见头颅光环,可见呈串珠状排列的强回声(类似胎儿脊柱),并见发育异常的四肢,躯干结构显示欠清(图1).超声提示:①宫内妊娠,单活胎36周;②胎儿左腹腔内肿物考虑为寄生胎.孕妇经慎重考虑后决定终止妊娠,2d后人院引产-死女婴,尸检示:胎儿左上腹腹腔内见-肿物,大小约7.0cm×4.0 cm,有完整包膜,与脏器无粘连.切开肿物包膜,有囊液流出,并见-寄生胎,无明显胎头及面部形状,颈部及躯干较粗,可见四肢,均发育异常.     

超声诊断胎儿水囊状淋巴管瘤1例

<正>孕妇,25岁,孕3产0,孕18周,来我院行常规产前超声检查。超声所见:双顶径4.3 cm,颅骨光环完整,脊柱排列整齐,胎心搏动良好,羊膜腔内未见明显的羊水无回声区,四肢未满意显示,整个检查过程中未见明显的胎儿肢体及躯体的活动。颈肩部被大小约8.8 cm×7.2 cm无回声包绕,内见多条高回声分隔     

超声观察胎儿胆总管闭锁一例

孕妇,23 岁,孕1 产0,孕25 周行产前超声检查示:胎儿双顶径6.4 cm,颅脑、脊柱、四肢及胸腔扫查未见明显异常,腹围21.4 cm,肝肾大小形态未见异常,胃泡、膀胱均显示.胆囊位于右肝前叶下缘,大小约3.0 cm ×0.9 cm,胎儿肝脏下方、腹主动脉及下腔静脉前方可见1.6 cm ×1.2 cm ×1.2 cm大小的无回声,壁较厚,边界清(图1),与肝门部可见管状结构相连,彩色多普勒超声检查其内不显示血流(图2).     

超声诊断胎儿全前脑1例

孕妇,30岁,孕1产0,孕10周时外院超声检查提示妊娠囊呈哑铃状,孕12周来我院复查.超声检查:宫内可见一胎儿回声,双顶径光环完整,胎儿颅内未见脑中线回声,透明隔腔,两个侧脑室不能显示,脑组织变薄,仅见一原始脑室,中央为融合的丘脑,因为孕周太小颜面部显示不清,四肢可见,胎心胎动好.     

胎儿肠系膜畸胎瘤超声表现1例

孕妇27岁,孕1产0.孕31周行常规超声检查.超声显示:宫内单活胎,双顶径7.7 cm,颜面部、颈、胸、脊柱及四肢均未见异常,胎儿腹腔内膀胱上方可测及一2.5 cm×2.0 cm囊性肿物,类圆形,边界清晰,内透声可,可见少许沉积样稍强回声(图1),彩色多普勒显示囊内未见血流信号.肿物与肝、胃泡、胆囊、双肾及膀胱分界清晰.超声诊断:①宫内妊娠,单活胎;②胎儿腹腔内囊性肿物,考虑肠系膜囊肿可能.孕妇自愿终止妊娠,引产一男死婴,外观正常.病理解剖肉眼观:肿物附着于小肠系膜,边界清.切面囊性,囊壁粗糙,囊内见豆渣样物.病理诊断:肠系膜畸胎瘤.     

产前超声诊断胎儿先天性胆总管囊状扩张2例

例1,孕妇23岁.孕1产0,停经24周,来我院行孕期常规超声检查.夫妻非近亲结婚,家族无畸胎史及遗传病史.超声显示:胎儿双顶径6.3 cm,头围22.3 cm,股骨长4.4 cm,肱骨长3.9 cm,羊水指数18 cm,胎儿腹部横切面扫查,可见胃泡无回声,在胎儿肝门部可见一3.4 cm×1.4 cm的椭圆形无回声包块,包块一端起自肝门部,与左右肝内胆管相连(图1),彩色多普勒血流显像(CDFI)示包块内未见血流信号.     

胎儿舌部畸胎瘤的超声表现1例

孕妇,27岁。孕6个月,孕1产0。常规产前超声检查。超声显示:胎头形态、结构失常,胎儿颜面部眼眶下方可探及一4.3cm×3.9cm大小类圆形以强回声为主的混合回声肿块,内可见团状、短棒状强回声及片状低回声区,并可见数个不规则无回声区,肿块周围可见包膜样回声。胎儿颜面部结构因肿块遮挡部分显示不清(图1)。动态观察见该肿块随胎头活动而摆动。CDFI:肿块内部未见血流信号。胎心胎动可,胎盘位于子宫前壁,羊水深8.1cm,透声好。超声诊断:(1)中孕单活胎;(2)羊水过多;(3)胎儿颜面部占位(胎儿舌部畸胎瘤可能性大)。引产后病理诊断:胎儿舌部畸胎瘤。…     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.