上尿路结石术后尿源性脓毒血症的诊治研究

目的:分析上尿路结石尿源性脓毒血症临床特点,为预防尿源性脓毒血症发生及早期诊断、治疗提供依据。方法:回顾性分析2003年4月~2014年4月23例患者行输尿管镜取石术(URL)和经皮肾镜取石术(PCNL)术后并发脓毒血症的临床资料。结果:23例均及时诊断尿源性脓毒血症,并进行相应的处理,无一例死亡。结论:对上尿路结石腔内手术后并发尿源性脓毒血症的患者,术前控制感染,术中预防,正确救治,可减少尿源性脓毒血症的发生率,提高抢救成功率。     

泌尿系统结石经皮肾镜手术后发生尿源性脓毒血症的影响因素

目的 探讨泌尿系统结石微创取石术后发生尿源性脓毒血症的影响因素.方法 选取在本院行微创经皮肾镜手术患者328例,根据PCNL术后是否发生尿源性脓毒血症,分为尿源性脓毒血症组和非尿源性脓毒血症组.统计患者一般临床资料和各实验室指标,对比分析各个因素对尿源性脓毒血症发生的影响.结果 尿源性脓毒血症组和非尿源性脓毒血症组在性别比例、结石体积、结石数量、手术时间、存在肾功能不全、是否为鹿角型结石、术中灌注压力、是否存在术前尿路感染和hs-CRP方面比较存在显著性差异(P＜0.05).经Logistic回归分析显示,结石体积、结石数量、手术时间、肾功能不全、鹿角型结石、术中灌注压力和术前尿路感染是皮肾镜取石术后发生尿源性脓毒血症的独立危险因素(P＜0.05).结论 结石体积、结石数量、手术时间、肾功能不全、鹿角型结石、术中灌注压力和术前尿路感染是皮肾镜取石术后发生尿源性脓毒血症的独立危险因素.     

尿毒症并发结石相关尿源性脓毒血症1例报告

泌尿系结石梗阻合并尿源性脓毒血症是泌尿外科常见危急重症, 但尿毒症长期透析患者出现输尿管结石合并尿源性脓毒血症相对少见。本文报道1例, 经急诊局麻行输尿管支架置入术, 感染迅速控制。术后出现肾周血肿, 经输血等对症处理后好转, 术后2个月行输尿管软镜碎石术, 输尿管支架置入术后6个月复查, 血肿完全吸收。     

数学建模在输尿管镜术前预测尿源性脓毒血症的作用

目的探究输尿管镜术前预测尿源性脓毒血症的危险因素,初步建立数学模型预测术后尿源性脓毒血症。方法收集2011年12月至2016年12月在本院及浙江省人民医院进行输尿管镜治疗的2105例输尿管结石患者的一般病史资料,通过多元回归分析确定输尿管镜术前预测尿源性脓毒血症的危险因素并建立预测模型。结果肾积水程度、结石直径以及菌尿是输尿管镜术后尿源性脓毒血症发生的危险因素(P0.05);Logistic预测概率模型,公式为P=1/(1+exp-(3.17+1.88×肾积水程度+1.27×结石直径+1.67×菌尿),其作为预测指标,ROC曲线,曲线下面积约为0.891,灵敏度为84.21%,特异度为82.19%。结论肾积水程度、结石直径以及菌尿是输尿管镜术后尿源性脓毒血症发生的独立危险因素,通过这3个独立危险因素建立的输尿管镜术后尿源性脓毒血症发生概率模型预测尿源性脓毒血症的发生具有可行性。     

PCNL术后尿源性脓毒血症的危险因素及治疗研究

目的 探讨经皮肾镜取石术(PCNL)后尿源性脓毒血症发生的危险因素及治疗方法.方法 回顾性分析本院724例肾及输尿管上段结石行PCNL患者的临床病历资料,采用Logistic回归方法分析PCNL发生尿源性脓毒血症的危险因素.结果 724例患者术后发生尿脓毒血症13例,发生率为1.80％,所有患者均经积极抗感染、扩容及支持等治疗后痊愈.Logistic回归分析显示,患者术前尿路感染(OR =2.78)、手术时间(OR =2.55),术中肾盂压力(OR=4.61)、年龄(OR =2.35)性别(OR =2.07)及合并糖尿病(OR=2.39)与尿源性脓毒血症的发生密切相关(P＜0.05),而结石直径＞2 cm、数量、鹿角形结石及肾积水程度与尿源性脓毒血症的发生无显著相关性(P＞0.05).结论 患者术前尿路感染、手术时间＞60 min、术中肾盂压力＞40 mmHg、女性、年龄≥60岁及合并糖尿病是PCNL术后发生尿源性脓毒血症的危险因素,识别和警惕尿源性脓毒血症发生的危险因素,是预防和治疗PCNL术后尿源性脓毒血症的关键.     

输尿管软镜碎石术后并发尿源性脓毒血症的相关因素及防治策略分析

目的探讨输尿管软镜碎石术后并发尿源性脓毒血症的相关危险因素及如何防治尿源性脓毒血症的措施。方法回顾性分析2015年1月至2016年6月在本院接受输尿管软镜碎石术的198例患者的临床资料,采用统计学方法对输尿管软镜碎石术并发尿源性脓毒血症的26例病例组和未发生尿源性脓毒血症的172例对照组进行相关因素的回顾性分析。结果单因素分析结果显示性别,结石大小,手术时间、糖尿病、尿培养与输尿管软镜碎石术后并发尿源性脓毒血症密切相关(P0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示性别(OR=0.331),结石大小(OR=1.139),尿培养阳性(OR=8.992)为独立危险因素(P值均0.05)。结论女性,大结石,尿培养阳性等患者,行输尿管软镜碎石术后,更容易并发尿源性脓毒血症。应对此类高危患者采取必要预防感染措施,以减少其尿源性脓毒血症的发生。     

输尿管软镜钬激光碎石术后尿源性脓毒血症5例分析及对策

目的:探讨输尿管软镜钬激光碎石术后尿源性脓毒血症的预防措施,以降低发生率。方法:回顾性分析输尿管软镜钬激光碎石术后出现尿源性脓毒血症5例患者的临床资料:2例诊断为肾盂结石,3例诊断为肾盏结石。结石大小1.5~2.5cm.术前血常规、肝肾功能、胸片、心电图等均正常,尿常规检查3例正常,2例白细胞5~12个/Hp,术前尿培养4例为阴性,1例患者第一次尿培养为大肠埃希菌,给予敏感抗生素治疗后复查尿培养阴性。患者均在全麻下行输尿管软镜钬激光碎石术。结果:5例患者术后出现不同程度尿脓毒血症,经选用敏感抗生素,并对症支持治疗,患者均痊愈出院。结论:尿源性脓毒血症是输尿管软镜钬激光碎石术后严重的并发症之一。术前充分准备,术中控制手术时间,术后严密监测,以及尽早选用敏感抗生素是防治输尿管软镜钬激光碎石术后尿源性脓毒血的关键。     

孤立肾结石患者电子输尿管软镜钬激光碎石术后出现尿脓毒血症的诊治分析

目的：探讨孤立肾结石患者接受电子输尿管软镜钬激光碎石术后出现尿脓毒血症的临床特点及治疗方法。方法：回顾性分析孤立肾结石患者行电子输尿管软镜钬激光碎石术后出现尿脓毒血症的5例患者的临床资料：2例为单侧肾切除术后,3例为功能性孤立肾。结石位于肾下盏3例,多。肾盏2例;结石大小20-31mm,平均25mm。术前3例患者尿培养阳性,其中2例为大肠埃希氏菌,1例为克雷伯杆菌。患者经由同一术者在全麻下行电子输尿管软镜钬激光碎石术。结果：5例患者术后出现不同程度尿脓毒血症。经及时进行有效液体复苏,选用敏感抗生素或亚胺培南,并选用小剂量短期地塞米松及血管活性药物等对症支持治疗,术后I周内均逐渐恢复,痊愈出院。结论：尿脓毒血症是上尿路结石腔内治疗后的严重并发症之一。充分的术前准备,熟练的手术操作,严密的术后监测,早期发现和及时有效的治疗,是防治孤立肾结石电子输尿管软镜钬激光碎石术后出现尿脓毒血症的有效措施。     

经皮肾镜碎石术后致尿源性脓毒血症的危险因素研究

目的 总结经皮肾镜气压弹道碎石治疗肾结石术后尿源性脓毒血症的危险因素.方法 收集本院2013年5月至2016年4月间行经皮肾镜气压弹道碎石治疗肾结石的患者临床资料,共657例,术后出现尿源性脓毒血症15例.总结病例特点,对可能导致尿源性脓毒血症的相关因素进行分析.结果 在15例尿源性脓毒血症患者中,术前尿常规、中段尿培养、术前使用抗生素、手术时间、术中液体灌注量等因素与术后尿源性脓毒血症相关.术前使用抗生素、手术时间、液体灌注量为尿源性脓毒血症的危险因素.结论 术前充分抗感染治疗、缩短手术时间以及减少术中液体灌注是减少术后尿源性脓毒血症的主要措施.     

尿源性脓毒血症的危险因素和早期生物学标志物的研究进展

尿源性脓毒血症是机体对泌尿道感染异常反应引起的一种危及生命的全身炎症反应综合征(SIRS), 常可由泌尿道或男性生殖器局部感染逐渐发展为严重败血症、多器官功能衰竭(MODS)和脓毒血症休克。尽早识别、多样化的诊疗方案和多学科间协作是降低病死率、提高该类患者预后生活质量的有效方法。本文总结了近年来尿源性脓毒血症的危险因素和早期生物学标志物, 以期为尿源性脓毒血症患者的临床诊疗方案的制定提供新思路。     

Incidence and significance of positive urine cultures in patients with an orthotopic neobladder

PURPOSE: With an intact normal bladder bacterial colonization is uncommon unless intermittent catheterization is instituted. Because intestine, which is normally colonized with bacteria, is used to form an orthotopic neobladder, we determined whether patients with orthotopic urinary diversion are at increased risk for urinary tract infection and urosepsis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 66 patients who received an orthotopic neobladder after radical cystectomy were prospectively evaluated with urinalysis and culture 2 months to 4 years postoperatively. No patient was on suppressive antibiotics unless they had recurrent urinary tract infections. RESULTS: A total of 55 voided normally and 11 performed intermittent catheterization at least once daily due to high post-void residual urine. Of the patients who voided normally 78% had at least 1 positive urinalysis. If a patient had a positive urinalysis, bacteria was identified on culture in 50%. Overall 26 (39%) and 8 (12%) patients had a urinary tract infection and urosepsis, respectively. The estimated 5-year probability of urinary tract infection and urosepsis for patients who voided independently were 58% and 18%, respectively. Urine culture with greater than 100,000 cfu bacteria and female gender were the only factors predictive of urinary tract infection on multivariate analysis. Recurrent urinary tract infection was the only predictor for urosepsis. Intermittent catheterization or hydronephrosis was not related to urinary tract infection or urosepsis. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of small bowel intestine appears to promote asymptomatic bacterial colonization but urosepsis rarely occurs unless the patient has recurrent urinary tract infections. Prophylactic antibiotics are recommended only for patients with recurring urinary tract infections but treating a positive urinary culture in the absence of specific voiding symptoms is not advocated in this patient population.     

Endoscopic stone surgery: minimizing the risk of post-operative sepsis

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Urosepsis from manipulation of the urinary tract during stone surgery can be catastrophic despite antibiotic prophylaxis and sterile pre-operative urine. We have reviewed recent literature with regards to pathogenesis, predictors of infected stones and prevention of urosepsis. RECENT FINDINGS: Bladder urine culture has been found to correlate poorly with infection in the upper urinary tract, defined by either stone or pelvic urine culture. This specimen, which has been the cornerstone in pre-operative preparation of patients, does not predict urosepsis. Authors recommending routine stone culture found that the presence of infected stones is highly predictive of potential sepsis. Terminology for systemic infection has been standardized and used in recent literature to define urosepsis. SUMMARY: Recent studies have recommended changes in the approach to the peri-operative management of stone surgery. Predictors of potential sepsis have also been identified.     

Management of the Urologic Sepsis Syndrome

In approximately one-third of patients with sepsis, the source of infection is the urinary tract. The management of sepsis has rapidly changed over the past two decades, and a review of urosepsis management is paramount. It is estimated that in 30% of patients with severe sepsis and septic shock, the underlying reason is a urinary tract infection (UTI). The prevalence of microbiologically proven urosepsis in urology departments has been reported as 1.5% (quarter of health care–associated UTIs). On a global level, it has been postulated that 5.4 million deaths occur due to sepsis. The main causes of urosepsis are indwelling urinary catheters and urologic interventions (stone treatment, prostate biopsies, and endoscopic urethral stricture treatment). Urosepsis-causative pathogens are primarily gram-negative bacteria; this is different from sepsis overall, which is dominated by gram-positive bacteria. Its been reported that the resistance rates of pathogens in urosepsis are >10% for almost all antibiotics. The main principles of management of urosepsis and sepsis are the same, including early goal-directed treatment and antibiotic administration within the first 45 min. Early goal-directed therapy was recently shown not to be superior to standard care; however, these results may not be applicable to settings in which standard care needs improvement. Selection of an appropriate antibiotic for the initial empirical treatment in urosepsis requires knowledge of previous interventions, antibiotic usage, and local resistance rates. Future research on the management of urosepsis should be directed toward identification of groups at risk of developing urosepsis, antibiotic selection, and value of biomarkers in treatment response (eg, lactate, procalcitonin).Patient summaryIn approximately one-third of patients with sepsis, the source of infection is the urinary tract. This review assessed causes and management of urosepsis and directions for future research.     

Prophylactic antibiotics following radical cystectomy reduces urinary tract infections and readmission for sepsis from a urinary source

Introduction

Urinary tract infections (UTI) and sepsis contribute significantly to the morbidity associated with cystectomy and urinary diversion in the first 30 days. We hypothesized that continuous antibiotic prophylaxis decreased UTIs in the first 30 days following radical cystectomy.

Ectopic ureterocele: long-term results of open surgical therapy in 54 patients

PURPOSE: We assessed the long-term results of total reconstructive bladder surgery as initial treatment of ectopic ureteroceles. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Long-term followup was evaluated in 54 children treated for ectopic ureteroceles with total upper and lower urinary tract reconstructive surgery between 1988 and 2003, with special focus on the primary outcome factors continence and urinary tract infections. RESULTS: Patient age at surgery was 0 to 8.8 years old (median 1.0), including 34 patients younger than 1 year. Followup was 2.3 to 15.6 years (median 9.6). Of the patients 94% became continent. During the last 2 years 17% of the patients experienced 1 or 2 uncomplicated episodes of urinary tract infection. One of the patients with incontinence received chemoprophylaxis due to frequent urinary tract infections. Secondary endoscopic procedures were necessary in 10 patients due to persistent reflux, and in 7 patients due to obstructive voiding. Reflux was present preoperatively in 33 patients, and low grade reflux was present postoperatively in 7, all of whom were treated conservatively. A total of 11 children presenting with dysfunctional voiding will be or have been trained in biofeedback. CONCLUSIONS: The vast majority of patients treated with total reconstructive bladder surgery become continent and do not suffer from lower urinary tract symptoms during the long term. The reoperation rate is low compared to series beginning with endoscopic surgery. Based on the results of this study, we suggest that total reconstructive upper and lower urinary tract surgery be the treatment of choice for ectopic ureteroceles.     

上尿路结石合并尿脓毒血症的治疗

目的探讨上尿路结石合并尿脓毒血症的治疗方案。方法回顾2014年7月~2018年5月在我院确诊收治的43例上尿路结石合并尿脓毒血症患者的临床资料,43例患者均行积极抗感染治疗,同时,一期行经输尿管镜下逆行插管术或经皮肾穿刺造瘘术,以解除梗阻,待患者感染控制后,二期行经输尿管镜或经皮肾镜碎石术。结果一期行经输尿管镜下逆行插管术29例,单侧结石23例,双侧结石6例,均成功置入导管。不宜行经输尿管镜下逆行插管术或逆行插管术失败者,在B超定位下行经皮肾穿刺造瘘术,共14例。待感染控制、病情稳定后出院,出院1个月后,再二期行腔内微创手术处理结石,碎石成功41例,碎石率95.35%(41/43),2例患者术后行体外冲击波碎石治疗,出院后3个月随访,42例患者结石排净,结石排净率为97.67%(42/43),肾功能及肾积水程度明显改善,43例患者在整个治疗过程中未出现严重并发症。结论经输尿管镜下逆行插管术或经皮肾穿刺造瘘术联合腔内微创手术是治疗上尿路结石合并尿脓毒血症的一种安全、有效的方法。     

Taiwanese Continence Society clinical guidelines for diagnosis and management of neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction

This article reports the current evidence and expert opinions on diagnosis and management of neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction (NLUTD) in Taiwan. The main problems of NLUTD are failure to store, failure to empty, and combined failure to store and empty. The priority of management of NLUTD should follow the order of: (1) preservation of renal function; (2) freedom from urinary tract infection (UTI); (3) efficient bladder emptying; and (4) freedom from indwelling catheter, and patients' expectation of management should be respected. Management of the urinary tract in patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) or multiple sclerosis (MS) must be based on urodynamic findings, rather than inferences from the neurologic evaluation. Selecting high risk patients is important to prevent renal function impairment in patients with chronic NLUTD. Patients with NLUTD should be regularly followed up for their lower urinary tract dysfunction by urodynamic study and any urological complication should be adequately treated. Avoiding a chronic indwelling catheter can reduce the incidence of developing a low compliant bladder. Antimuscarinic agents with clean intermittent catheterization (CIC) may reduce urological complications and improve quality of life (QoL) in patients with NLUTD. Intravesical injection of botulinum toxin A provides an alternative treatment for refractory detrusor overactivity (DO) or low compliant bladder and can replace the need for bladder augmentation. When surgical intervention is necessary, we should consider the least invasive type of surgery and reversible procedure first and avoid any unnecessary surgery of the lower urinary tract. Keeping the bladder and urethra in a good condition without interference of the neuromuscular continuity provides patients with NLUTD a chance for future new technologies. It is most important to never give up on improving the QoL in patients with NLUTD.     

Is antibiotic prophylaxis necessary in infants with obstructive hydronephrosis?

PURPOSE: We investigated the relationship between the level of obstruction of the upper urinary tract and the risk and onset of urinary tract infection in infants with severe obstructive hydronephrosis to determine the need for antibiotic prophylaxis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 105 patients were prenatally diagnosed with severe hydronephrosis (Society for Fetal Urology grade III or IV) due to upper urinary tract obstruction between 1994 and 2004. Of these patients 75 had ureteropelvic junction obstruction and 30 had lower ureteral obstruction. We retrospectively evaluated the clinical course and incidence of urinary tract infection during the first 12 months postnatally without antibiotic prophylaxis. RESULTS: The incidence of overall urinary tract infection during followup was 36.2% (38 of 105 patients), and it demonstrated a higher trend with lower ureteral obstruction than with ureteropelvic junction obstruction (50% vs 30.7%, p=0.063). Most cases of urinary tract infection (92.8%) occurred before age 6 months, with a mean age at onset of 2.6 months. Of 105 patients 77 (73.3%) underwent corrective surgery at a mean age of 3.8 months. The incidence of urinary tract infection before surgical correction was 33.8% at a mean age of 2.1 months. The incidence of urinary tract infection in surgical cases was significantly higher with lower ureteral obstruction than with ureteropelvic junction obstruction (54.2% vs 24.5%, p=0.011). CONCLUSIONS: Urinary tract infection in infants with severe obstructive hydronephrosis has a high incidence, occurs before age 6 months and is more common with lower ureteral obstruction than with ureteropelvic junction obstruction. These findings indicate that infants with severe hydronephrosis due to obstruction of the upper urinary tract should receive antibiotic prophylaxis.     

Diagnosis and management for urosepsis

Urosepsis is defined as sepsis caused by a urogenital tract infection. Urosepsis in adults comprises approximately 25% of all sepsis cases, and is in most cases due to complicated urinary tract infections. The urinary tract is the infection site of severe sepsis or septic shock in approximately 10–30% of cases. Severe sepsis and septic shock is a critical situation, with a reported mortality rate nowadays still ranging from 30% to 40%. Urosepsis is mainly a result of obstructed uropathy of the upper urinary tract, with ureterolithiasis being the most common cause. The complex pathogenesis of sepsis is initiated when pathogen or damage‐associated molecular patterns recognized by pattern recognition receptors of the host innate immune system generate pro‐inflammatory cytokines. A transition from the innate to the adaptive immune system follows until a T_H2 anti‐inflammatory response takes over, leading to immunosuppression. Treatment of urosepsis comprises four major aspects: (i) early diagnosis; (ii) early goal‐directed therapy including optimal pharmacodynamic exposure to antimicrobials both in the plasma and in the urinary tract; (iii) identification and control of the complicating factor in the urinary tract; and (iv) specific sepsis therapy. Early adequate tissue oxygenation, adequate initial antibiotic therapy, and rapid identification and control of the septic focus in the urinary tract are critical steps in the successful management of a patient with urosepsis, which includes early imaging, and an optimal interdisciplinary approach encompassing emergency unit, urological and intensive‐care medicine specialists.     

Urinary tract infection in the neurogenic bladder

There is a high incidence of urinary tract infection (UTI) in patients with neurogenic lower urinary tract function. This results in significant morbidity and health care utilization. Multiple well-established risk factors unique to a neurogenic bladder (NB) exist while others require ongoing investigation. It is important for care providers to have a good understanding of the different structural, physiological, immunological and catheter-related risk factors so that they may be modified when possible. Diagnosis remains complicated. Appropriate specimen collection is of paramount importance and a UTI cannot be diagnosed based on urinalysis or clinical presentation alone. A culture result with a bacterial concentration of ≥10³ CFU/mL in combination with symptoms represents an acceptable definition for UTI diagnosis in NB patients. Cystoscopy, ultrasound and urodynamics should be utilized for the evaluation of recurrent infections in NB patients. An acute, symptomatic UTI should be treated with antibiotics for 5–14 days depending on the severity of the presentation. Antibiotic selection should be based on local and patient-based resistance patterns and the spectrum should be as narrow as possible if there are no concerns regarding urosepsis. Asymptomatic bacteriuria (AB) should not be treated because of rising resistance patterns and lack of clinical efficacy. The most important preventative measures include closed catheter drainage in patients with an indwelling catheter and the use of clean intermittent catheterization (CIC) over other methods of bladder management if possible. The use of hydrophilic or impregnated catheters is not recommended. Intravesical Botox, bacterial interference and sacral neuromodulation show significant promise for the prevention of UTIs in higher risk NB patients and future, multi-center, randomized controlled trials are required.