The relationship between distorted body image and lifestyle among Japanese adolescents: a population-based study

Background

Distorted body image plays a significant role in the development of obesity, eating problems, and eating disorders. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between distorted body image and lifestyle among Japanese adolescent boys and girls.

Methods

Subjects were 1731 seventh graders (age 12–13 years) from the Ina-town’s junior high schools, Japan, from 2005–2009. The height and weight of each subject were measured. Childhood underweight, overweight, and obesity were defined using the body mass index cutoff points proposed by the International Obesity Task Force. Information regarding the self-perceived weight status and lifestyles (exercise, snacking after dinner, breakfast, wakeup time, bedtime) of each subject was collected using a self-administered questionnaire. Self-perceived weight status was categorized into three groups (thin, normal, or heavy), and compared with the subjects’ actual weight status. Body image perception was categorized into the following three groups: an underestimated own weight status group (underestimated group), a correct own weight status group (correct group) and an overestimated own weight status group (overestimated group).

Results

The proportion of boys in the underestimated group was higher than that of girls, while the opposite was true for the overestimated group (P < 0.001). There were no statistically significant differences in lifestyle between the underestimated group and the correct group regardless of sex. In contrast, there were statistically significant differences between the overestimated group and the correct group in the lifestyle factors of exercise among boys and snacking after dinner among girls. The adjusted odds ratio (OR) in boys who exercised daily significantly decreased (OR: 0.35, 95 % CI: 0.16–0.77), while a significantly increased OR was observed in girls who snacked after dinner (OR: 1.53, 95 % CI: 1.07–2.19).

Conclusion

Adolescent boys tended to underestimate their body weight, whereas adolescent girls were likely to overestimate their body weight. Furthermore, lifestyle factors associated with distorted body image differed by sex, with exercise affecting body image perception among boys and snacking after dinner affecting body image perception among girls. Thus, lifestyle may lead to distorted body image among adolescents.     

Sex differences in the impact of acute stroke treatment in a population-based study: a sex-specific propensity score approach

PurposeWe investigated whether sex modifies the association of acute stroke treatment on functional outcome using propensity score (PS) methods to minimize confounding and to explore the differential effects of confounders by sex.MethodsWe included tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) treated (n = 84) and nontreated ischemic stroke cases (n = 143) from a population-based stroke study (2008–2013). The PS model that estimated the probability of receiving tPA included interactions between sex and treatment predictors. The outcome model included sex, tPA, and their interaction. In addition, sex-specific PS values were included as a continuous covariate and modeled using splines. We compared the results with conventional methods of statistical adjustment.ResultsConventional methods of adjustment suggested that women receive greater benefit from tPA than men. After taking into consideration that the influence of confounders, specifically age and stroke severity, differed by sex, we found no sex difference in the tPA-functional outcome association (P = .94).ConclusionsUsing PS methods that considered confounding of the sex × treatment interaction, we did not find that the association of tPA with functional outcome differed for women and men. Our findings may have implications for the methodologic approaches used to address confounding in studies that seek to compare stroke treatment effects by sex.     

Gender differences in self-reported morbidity: evidence from a population-based study in southern Brazil

This paper aims to assess variations in self-reported morbidity between men and women using six different measures of reported illness. The cross-sectional study was conducted in the municipality of Rio Grande, southern Brazil. Demographic, socioeconomic, and morbidity data were collected from a probabilistic sample of 1,260 persons aged 15 years or over, using a specific questionnaire. Statistical analysis included a multivariate Poisson regression analysis. Prevalence Ratios (PR) with 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were calculated. After adjusting for some confounding variables (age, race, unemployment, marital status, income, social class, and education), women showed greater risk of any symptom (PR = 3.21; 95%CI: 2.71-3.83), three or more symptoms (PR = 4.22; 95%CI: 2.97-5.98), potentially serious symptoms (PR = 1.75; 95%CI: 1.31-2.34), poor/fair health (PR = 1.78; 95%CI: 1.37-2.32), and minor psychiatric disorders (PR = 1.76; 95%CI: 1.31-2.37). The study revealed dissimilarity in self-reported morbidity between men and women in southern Brazil, but with different degrees depending on type of morbidity. This excess can be explained by gender difference in health-seeking behavior for perceiving or reporting health problems.     

A comparative study of characteristics of adolescent and adult family planning acceptors in Lagos

A comparative study of adolescent and adult new acceptors of family planning at a family health clinic of a primary care project in Lagos over an eleven-year period, showed only 0.8#pc of acceptors to be adolescents ( 9 years. It found a statistically significant smaller proportion old adolescents than adults without education, but a greater proportion of adolescents with at least secondary school education. Significantly fewer adolescents were in polygamous unions and in professional occupations. The gravidity, parity, and number of children alive was expectedly lower among the adolescent acceptors.

More adolescent acceptors had previously practised abstinence as a means of contraception. The two most common methods accepted from the clinic by both groups was the IUD and the pill, and none of the adolescents contemplated stopping childbearing. The implications of the findings for family planning services for adolescents are discussed.     

Gender differences in obesogenic behaviour, socioeconomic and metabolic factors in a population-based sample of Iranians: the IHHP study

This study investigated the gender differences in association of some behavioural and socioeconomic factors with obesity indices in a population-based sample of 12,514 Iranian adults. The mean body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and the waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) were significantly higher in women than in men. Current and passive smoking had an inverse association with BMI among males whereas current smoking, transportation by a private car, and longer duration of watching television (TV) had a positive association with BMI among females. Current and passive smoking, cycling, and Global Dietary Index (GDI) had an inverse association with WC among males. Higher consumption of fruits and vegetables, current and passive smoking, duration of daily sleep, and GDI had an inverse association with WC among females. Using a private car for transportation had a significant positive association with WHR among both males and females. Living in an urban area, being married, and having a higher education level increased the odds ratio of obesity among both the genders. Non-manual work also increased this risk among males whereas watching TV and current smoking increased this risk among females. Such gender differences should be considered for culturally-appropriate interventional strategies to be implemented at the population level for tackling obesity and associated cardiometabolic risk factors.     

Age-related differences in work injuries: a multivariate, population-based study

BACKGROUND: Many population-based studies find that the rate of work injuries is higher among adolescent and young adult workers compared to older adults. The present study examines age-related differences in work injuries, with an emphasis on adjusting for the potential confounding effects of job characteristics. METHODS: Age-related differences in work injuries were examined in a representative sample of 56,510 working Canadians aged 15 years and over. Respondents reported work-related injuries and job characteristics (e.g., occupation) in the past 12 months. Total hours worked in the past year were computed for each worker and accounted for in the logistic regressions. Analyses were stratified by gender. RESULTS: For men, adjusting for job characteristics substantially reduced, but did not eliminate the elevated risk status of adolescent and young adult workers. For women, only young adult women showed an elevated risk of work injury with job characteristics controlled. CONCLUSIONS: This is one of the few multivariate studies specifically examining contributors to age-related differences in work injuries in a population-based sample of workers. The substantial reduction in age-work injury association in the fully adjusted model suggests that differences in the types of jobs young workers hold play a critical role in their high-risk status.     

上海地区某医院门诊儿童流感社会经济负担调查

目的 监测和评估2011年至2012年流感季节上海地区儿童流行性感冒(流感)的流行特征及其相应社会经济负担.方法 在2011年6月至2012年5月连续1年间,前瞻性监测因流感样疾病就诊于复旦大学附属儿科医院的门诊患儿,收集呼吸道标本和临床资料,进行流感病毒的检测.在流感暴发流行期间,采用问卷调查法评估确诊病例的疾病负担.结果 共入选1 119例患儿,流感病毒阳性病例370例(33.1％),甲型H3N2流感病毒阳性109例(9.7％),乙型流感病毒阳性279例(24.9％),未发现新型甲型H1N1流感病毒感染病例.不同月份流感检出率为1.1％ ～ 91.2％,不同月份优势流行株有所差异,2011年12月至2012年2月以乙型流感流行为主,2012年3月至2012年4月以甲型H3N2流感流行为主.共232例确诊流感的患儿接受问卷调查,其中甲型H3N2流感儿童病例69例,乙型流感儿童病例163例.每例流感患儿在医院就诊的平均费用为706.10元,每例流感患儿因家人误工造成的间接经济损失为293.80元,每例流感患儿总的平均费用为999.90元.每例平均就诊次数2.7次;抗生素使用率67.2％;家庭成员继发发病率21.1％;肺炎并发症发生率5.6％.甲型H3N2流感与乙型流感对于患儿及其家庭所造成的疾病负担无明显差异.结论 2011年6月至2012年5月期间上海地区儿童流感主要系甲型H3N2流感病毒和乙型流感病毒感染所致.在流感流行期间,流感对儿童及其家庭有明显的社会经济学影响,提倡接种流感疫苗预防儿童流感,降低疾病负担.     

2010-2014年湖南省某儿童医院异物伤害住院病例特征分析

目的 分析湖南省某儿童医院儿童异物伤害住院病例特征,为儿童异物伤害的防控提供一定依据。方法 从湖南省某儿童医院的医院信息系统中收集2010-2014年间确诊为异物伤害的患儿有关信息,采用描述性及单因素分析方法分析异物伤害的有关特征。结果 2010-2014年间异物伤害患儿住院3 782人次,患儿人次数呈逐年增加趋势,男女比例为1.77：1,呼吸道异物伤害性别比高于消化道异物伤害和其他异物伤害,异物伤害的高发年龄段为1~2岁,呼吸道异物伤害在儿童1～3月易发生,不同部位异物伤害治愈率均高于90%,住院天数逐年下降,而住院费用逐年上升,其中呼吸道异物伤害住院天数和住院费用均大于消化道和其他异物伤害。结论 应根据异物伤害住院病例特征,针对高危人群,高发年龄段,高发季节采取强化防控措施。     

2004—2011年中国人群心血管病死亡的性别差异分析

目的分析我国主要心血管疾病死亡的性别差异及其变化情况,为提出有效的干预措施提供依据。方法利用全国疾病监测系统2004—2011年死因监测数据,分析不同年度、不同年龄组心血管病死亡性别比的差异和变化趋势,并对2010年不同地区间心血管疾病死亡性别比进行比较。结果2004—2011年,全国各主要心血管病死亡率除风湿性心脏病以外。均表现为男性高于女性,性别比（男性：女性）为1．37—1．59;各类心血管疾病死亡性别比呈逐年升高趋势,尤以其他心脏病的上升幅度最快;各年龄组心血管病死亡性别比均呈上升趋势,并表现为低年龄组上升速度较快的特点;心血管病死亡率性别比以30-45岁年龄组最高,75岁以上组最低。2010年,我国心血管病死亡率性别比表现为农村高于城市（其他心脏病除外）、东部地区高于中西部地区的特点。结论针对农村和东部地区,尤其是低年龄组男性人群开展心血管病的预防和干预,同时提示,女性人群风湿性心脏病的防治是今后心血管疾病的防治重点。     

Gender differences in the longitudinal predictors of adolescent dating violence

BACKGROUND. Adolescent dating violence is a public health problem. The public health approach to prevention is to identify predictors of problem behaviors and develop interventions to eliminate or reduce those predictors with the intention of altering the chain of causation. Longitudinal data are preferred for identifying predictors of behavior but all dating violence studies have used cross-sectional data. We use longitudinal data to examine predictors of adolescent dating violence from several domains guided by an ecological perspective. METHODS. Eighty percent (N = 1,965) of the 8th- and 9th-graders in one county completed baseline questionnaires in school and 90% (N = 1,759) of those adolescents completed questionnaires again 1&1/2 years later. Proportional odds models were used to identify cross-sectional correlates and longitudinal predictors of dating violence perpetration that occurred between baseline and follow-up. RESULTS. Most of the study variables were correlated with dating violence in cross-sectional analyses. Having friends who are victims of dating violence, using alcohol, and being of a race other than white predicted dating violence perpetration by females. Holding attitudes that are accepting of dating violence predicted dating violence perpetration by males. CONCLUSION. The findings suggest that intervention strategies should vary for males and females and that when basing interventions on cross-sectional findings, scarce resources may be stretched to address persons who may not truly be at risk of beginning to perpetrate dating violence.     

Sport injury prevalence and risk by level of play and sports played among a representative population of French adolescents. A school-based study

BackgroundSports practice has both benefits and physical risks. In France, data related to adolescent sports injury are rare. The main purpose of this article is to study the prevalence and risk of injuries by level of play and sports in the southeast of France.MethodsData collection was conducted in French schools among adolescents in 2015 and 2017 (n = 1849; aged 14–19). Only sports players were included (n = 1366). Two level of play were created. The low-level group included adolescents playing sport either outside or within a club, at the local level of competition or below. The high-level group included adolescents playing sport within a club at the state (regional) level of competition or higher. Odds-ratios and their 95% confidence intervals adjusted for variables selected using stepwise regression procedures were calculated to determine the injury risk of high-level athletes compared with those at low-level, in each sport. We also calculated the injury risk of each sport compared to all the other sports, by level of play.ResultsIn almost all sports activities, the prevalence of injured athletes was higher in the high-level of play than in the low-level of play. The increase in injury risk was the highest in tennis, basketball, dance, athletics and volleyball. When comparing sports, at the lowest level, handball, boxing, soccer and gymnastics practitioners were more at risk than the rest of the sample. At the highest level of play, only basketball players were more at-risk. Dancing is the less dangerous sport in terms of injury outcome, regardless the level.ConclusionFrom the state level of competition, injury risk increases significantly across most of the sports. Meanwhile, differences appeared regarding the prevalence, severity and nature of the sustained injuries. It would be useful to perform such analysis on a greater sample size, ideally representative of the national population of adolescents.     

Gender differences in managerial characteristics in a female-dominated health profession

This study examines gender differences in characteristics of managers in terms of leadership roles, use of power, type of supervisory style preferred, career commitment, and work/family conflict for the female profession of physical therapy. A questionnaire sent to all members of the Private Practice and Administration Sections of the American Physical Therapy Association yielded 545 managers, 58 percent of whom were female. Females preferred to use a transformational supervisory style more than the men did but males used more masculine leadership traits. Females were as committed to their careers as males and reported the same work/family conflict as the men. These results raise questions as to why proportionately more males are managers in a female-dominated profession. Have health care executives promoted men over women even when the occupation is mainly female?     

Dissociable effects of ethanol consumption during the light and dark phase in adolescent and adult Wistar rats

In adolescence, high levels of drinking over short episodes (binge drinking) is commonly seen in a proportion of the population. Because adolescence is an important neurodevelopmental period, the effects of binge drinking on brain and behavior has become a significant health concern. However, robust animal models of binge drinking in rats are still being developed and therefore further efforts are needed to optimize paradigms for inducing maximal self-administration of alcohol. In the present experiment, 1-h limited-access self-administration sessions were instituted to model excessive drinking behavior in adolescent and adult Wistar rats. In addition to age, the involvement of sex and phase within the light/dark cycle (i.e., drinking in the light or dark) on sweetened 5% ethanol intake were also evaluated over 14 limited-access sessions using a between-groups design. The results of the experiment showed that over 14 limited-access sessions, sweetened ethanol intake (g/kg) was significantly higher for adolescents compared to adults. Females were also found to drink more sweetened ethanol as compared to males. Additionally, drinking in the light produced a robust increase in sweetened ethanol intake (g/kg) in adolescents, as compared to adults during the light phase and as compared to both adolescent and adult rats drinking in the dark. Furthermore, the increase in ethanol consumption observed in adolescents drinking during the light phase was dissociable from sweetened solution intake patterns. These results identify that age, sex, and time of day all significantly influence consumption of sweetened ethanol in Wistar rats. Knowledge of these parameters should be useful for future experiments attempting to evaluate the effects of self-administered ethanol exposure in adult and adolescent rats.     

Pharmacological treatment after acute coronary syndrome: Baseline clinical characteristics and gender differences in a population-based cohort study

ObjectiveTo describe baseline socio-demographic and clinical characteristics and drugs prescribed for secondary prevention after a first episode of ACS and to assess differences between men and women.SettingPHC in Catalonia. Data source: SIDIAP (Information System for Research in Primary Care).ParticipantsPatients who suffered an ACS during 2009–2016 and followed-up in PHC centres of the Catalan Health Institute in Catalonia.InterventionsNot applicable.Main measuresSocio-demographic and clinical characteristics at baseline: sex, age, socioeconomic index, toxic habits, comorbidities, study drugs (prescribed for cardiovascular secondary prevention: antiplatelets, betablockers, statins, drugs acting on the renin–angiotensin system) and comedications.Results8071 patients included, 71.3% of them were men and 80.2% had an acute myocardial infarction. Their mean age was 65.3 and women were older than men. The most frequent comorbidities were hypertension, dyslipidaemia and diabetes and they were more common in women. Antiplatelets (91.3%) and statins (85.7%) were the study drugs most prescribed. The uses of all comedications were significantly higher in women, except for nitrates. The combination of four study groups was initially prescribed in 47.7% of patients and combination of beta-blockers, statins and antiplatelets was prescribed in 18.4%. More men than women received all recommended pharmacological groups.ConclusionWomen were older, had more comorbidities and received more comedications. Most patients were treated with a combination of four or three study drugs for secondary prevention. Men initiated more drug treatments for secondary prevention and dual antiplatelet therapy than women.EUPAS RegisterEUPAS19017.     

深圳市青少年伤害相关行为及影响因素分析

目的了解深圳市中学生、大学生伤害相关行为的现状及其影响因素，以便进一步实施干预和为政府相关部门提供决策依据。方法采用分层整群抽样方法，选取深圳市19所大、中学校在校学生3979名，利用《广东青少年伤害相关行为调查问卷》进行调查。采用Epi Data 3．0软件建立数据库，以SPSS 12．0软件进行统计分析。结果被调查学生中，在过去的12个月里，10．1％的学生曾1次以上去过无安全设施的地方游泳；7．1％的学生有过自杀的计划；27．6％的学生想过离家出走。在过去的30天里，骑车逆行的占10．4％，闯红灯、乱穿马路的占6．0％；步行过马路不走人行道的占21．7％；3．6％的学生被恶意取笑，1．0％被索要财物，5．7％被开色情玩笑。初中、高中、中等职校、大学等不同学校类型有9种伤害相关行为有统计学意义，不同性别间有10种伤害相关行为有统计学意义。结论深圳市青少年存在多种伤害相关行为，不同学校类型、不同性别伤害相关行为的发生率不同。应针对伤害相关行为发生的特点和主要影响因素采取相应的措施进行干预，培养青少年健康的行为习惯、良好的心理适应能力，减少伤害的发生。     

Gender and ethnic differences in the co-occurrence of adolescent risk behaviors

Design

Results

Conclusion

We consider gender and ethnic differences in the co-occurrence of adolescent behaviors related to health and well-being.

Using a nationally representative sample of adolescents in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1997–2000), we examine behavior among students as well as school drop-outs. We use latent class models (LCMs) to identify subpopulations of adolescents with similar patterns of co-occurring behaviors. The generalizability of the findings for African American adolescents in the 1970s is considered using a sample of inner-city youth from the Pathways to Adulthood Survey.

For all ethnic groups, we find a subpopulation with ‘problem behavior’ characteristics (in which early sexual initiation, alcohol use, smoking, marijuana use, and truancy are all highly prevalent). This cluster is most common among European American adolescents and among young men. A subpopulation characterized by behaviors often leading to poor social outcomes (e.g. truancy, early sexual initiation and fighting) is most common for African American adolescents, especially young African American men.

Our findings suggest that multi-factorial interventions which address the interrelationships between all of the behaviors are relevant regardless of gender or ethnicity. However, the ethnic and gender differences in the likelihood of specific patterns of interrelationships highlight the importance of considering the ethnic and gender composition of a population when developing future research and interventions.     

Gender difference on the development of metabolic syndrome: a population-based study in Taiwan

Little is known regarding the development of metabolic syndrome. This study examining gender difference in the characteristics of metabolic components aimed to estimate the development of metabolic syndrome in both genders. This nation-wide, population-based survey included 5,880 men and women aged 20–79 years in Taiwan. Metabolic syndrome was defined by the revised National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III, with adoption of the Asian criteria for abdominal obesity. The results indicate that metabolic syndrome was prevalent in 20.4% of the men and 15.3% of the women. Lipid components occurred the earliest in both genders. The appearance of the first isolated component was earlier in women than in men (mean age 43.4 vs. 45.6 years, P < 0.05). In contrast, the mean prevalent age of metabolic syndrome appeared earlier in men than in women by 4.9 years (mean age 51.3 vs. 56.2 years, P < 0.05). The differences in prevalent age from the appearance of any isolated component to metabolic syndrome were 12.8 years in women and 5.7 years in men, respectively. If men had a body mass index less than 23 kg/m² and exercise habits, the difference in the prevalent age from the isolated component to metabolic syndrome was 15.4 years, longer than for all women subjects. We conclude lipid components appeared the earliest. Women had the first isolated component earlier, presenting as metabolic syndrome later than men. The development of metabolic syndrome was slower in subjects without overweight characteristics and with exercise habits.     

不同性别与年龄食源性疾病患者的暴露食物差异分析

目的 分析海宁市不同年龄与性别食源性疾病患者的可疑暴露食物差异,以期为食源性疾病原因食物的调查提供线索。方法 收集2012年1月1日-2019年8月31日浙江省海宁市监测点所有二级及以上医疗机构报告的病例档案信息,采用N(%)描述不同性别和年龄组可疑食物分布情况,采用Logistic回归分析不同人群各类型食物的暴露风险。结果 本研究共纳入10525例食源性病例患者。前五位可疑暴露食物类别为水产品及制品、肉及其制品、水果及其制品、主食、蔬菜及其制品,其中,男性暴露风险更高的食物类别包括水产品及其制品(OR=1.320,95%CI:1.187~1.469),酒类(OR=5.695,95%CI:3.613~8.977)和包装饮用水(OR=3.790,95%CI:1.327~11.880)。各年龄组具有不同高危暴露食物,与19-49岁年龄组相比,≤5岁年龄组更易暴露于乳制品(OR=6.096,95%CI: 4.452~8.328)、蛋类 (OR=6.096,95%CI: 4.452~8.328)、水果类(OR=3.488,95%CI: 2.858~4.257)、包装饮用水(OR=3.488,95%CI: 2.858~4.257);6-18岁年龄组更易暴露于乳类(OR=2.325,95%CI: 1.616~3.352);≥50岁年龄组更易暴露于蔬菜类(OR=2.091,95%CI: 1.789~2.445)、蛋类(OR=1.874,95%CI: 1.454~2.416)和主食类(OR=1.332,95%CI: 1.152~1.547)。结论 不同年龄和性别人群对各类别食物具有不同暴露风险等级,提示在进行食源性疾病调查时可依据病例年龄和性别分布差异提出针对性的病因食物假设。