牙周炎患者唾液中伴放线放线杆菌的检出状况分析

目的 检测不同类型牙周炎患者唾液中的伴放线放线杆菌(Actinobacillusactinomycetemcomitans,Aa),探讨唾液和集合龈下菌斑中Aa检出率的差异以及唾液中Aa的存在状况与牙周临床指标的关系. 方法 收集50例侵袭性牙周炎(aggressive periodontitis,AgP)患者、48例慢性牙周炎(chronic periedontitis,CP)患者和25例非牙周炎者的非刺激性全唾液和集合龈下菌斑,应用聚合酶链反应(PcR)技术检测两种样本中的Aa. 结果 Aa在AgP患者唾液中的检出率(32%)显著高于非牙周炎者(4%)和CP患者(15%),差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01,P<0.05),同时Aa在AgP患者唾液中的检出率也显著高于集合龈下菌斑样本(16%),差异亦有统计学意义(P<0.05).年龄≤30岁是唾液中存在Aa的危险指征(OR=3.23,P<0.05);出血指数≥3的位点超过70%与唾液中存在Aa有关(OR=19.21,P<0.01). 结论 AgP患者唾液样本中Aa的检出率明显高于集合龈下菌斑样本,亦高于CP患者和非牙周炎者,提示Aa可能参与AgP的发生和发展.     

Interferon-gamma and interleukin-12 gene polymorphisms and their relation to aggressive and chronic periodontitis and key periodontal pathogens

BACKGROUND: The gene polymorphisms interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) 874 T/A and interleukin (IL)-12 1188 A/C have been associated with the altered production of cytokines. Therefore, they might be indicative of the occurrence of chronic periodontitis (CP) or aggressive periodontitis (AgP) and the prevalence of key periodontal pathogens. For this purpose, we analyzed these polymorphisms in subjects with generalized AgP or generalized CP. Moreover, we assessed the relationship between these polymorphisms and five periodontopathic bacteria. METHODS: A total of 124 unrelated German white subjects with periodontitis (AgP=72 and CP=52) and 74 periodontitis-free subjects were studied. Gene polymorphisms were determined by polymerase chain reaction with sequence-specific primers. Subgingival bacteria were molecular biologically analyzed using multiplex polymerase chain reaction and reverse hybridization. The distributions of alleles and genotypes were calculated by the chi(2) test with Yates correction. Risk factor analyses were carried out by logistic regression considering established confounders for periodontitis. RESULTS: Allele and genotype frequencies of both investigated polymorphisms were not significantly different between subjects with periodontitis and periodontitis-free controls. However, in the total study group, IL-12 AA-positive subjects had a significantly higher bleeding index than individuals who expressed IL-12 CC (68.2% versus 50.0%, P=0.025). Moreover, IFN-gamma AA carriers had a decreased odds ratio (OR) for the individual presence of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (previously Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans) (OR=0.39, P=0.012) after adjustment for age, gender, smoking, and probing depth. IFN-gamma TA predisposed an individual to infection with Prevotella intermedia (OR=2.15, P=0.019). CONCLUSION: Although a relationship between the bleeding index and the presence of bacteria was shown, IFN-gamma and IL-12 polymorphisms are not suitable diagnostic features for AgP and CP.     

Prevalence of periodontopathic bacteria in aggressive periodontitis patients in a Japanese population

BACKGROUND: Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans is considered a major etiologic agent of aggressive periodontitis. Other periodontopathic bacteria such as Porphyromonas gingivalis are also suspected of participating in aggressive periodontitis, although the evidence is controversial. The aim of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of periodontopathic bacteria and to clarify the microbiological features of aggressive periodontitis in Japanese patients. METHODS: Subgingival plaque was collected from 50 aggressive periodontitis (AgP) patients (localized 10, generalized 40). Samples from 35 generalized chronic periodontitis (CP) patients and 18 healthy subjects were examined as controls. Plaque samples were examined using culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. RESULTS: The prevalence of A. actinomycetemcomitans was relatively low in the localized (20%) and generalized (17.5%) AgP patients, with no significant difference observed in detection frequencies between AgP and the control groups (CP 8.6%, healthy 0%). On the other hand, Tannerella forsythensis (formerly Bacteroides forsythus), Campylobacter rectus, P. gingivalis, and Treponema denticola were frequently detected in localized as well as generalized aggressive periodontitis patients. The prevalence and proportion of P. gingivalis correlated with severity of clinical attachment loss in both localized and generalized aggressive periodontitis. CONCLUSIONS: T. forsythensis, C. rectus, P. gingivalis, and T. denticola were the predominant periodontopathic bacteria of aggressive periodontitis patients in Japan. Although A. actinomycetem- comitans was also detected in AgP patients, the prevalence of this bacterium was much lower than that of P. gingivalis.     

Cyclooxygenase-2 Gene-765 single nucleotide polymorphism as a protective factor against periodontitis in Taiwanese

Aim: Prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂) is considered to be an important mediator of tissue destruction in periodontitis. The cyclooxygenase (COX) catalyses the production of PGs. COX‐2, which is induced in an inflammatory response, is responsible for PGs synthesis at sites of inflammation. A single nucleotide polymorphism of COX‐2^?765 has been shown to alter the expression of the COX‐2 gene. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the association of the COX‐2^?765 polymorphism and susceptibility to periodontitis in Taiwanese. Material and Methods: Eighty‐five cases of aggressive periodontitis (AgP), 343 cases of chronic periodontitis (CP) and 153 cases of healthy controls (HC) were recruited for the study. Genotypes of COX‐2^?765 were determined by polymerase chain reaction‐restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR‐RFLP). The distribution of genotypes among groups was compared by logistic regression analyses. The risk for periodontitis associated with genotypes was calculated as the odds ratio (OR). Results: The prevalence of the GC and CC genotypes was significantly lower in AgP (5%) and in CP (29%) compared with the HC (42%). The ORs for carriage of the ?765C allele (GC+CC versus GG) in AgP and CP were 0.068 (95% CI=0.020–0.173, p<0.0001) and 0.571 (95% CI=0.385–0.849, p=0.006), respectively. After adjustment for age, gender and smoking status, the OR was 0.071 (95% CI=0.017–0.219) and 0.552 (95% CI=0.367–0.829) for AgP and CP, respectively. Conclusions: The results of the study suggest that the ?765G to C polymorphism of the COX‐2 gene is associated with a decreased risk for periodontitis in Taiwanese, especially in AgP. However, the biological meaning needs further investigation.     

Matrix metalloproteinase levels in children with aggressive periodontitis

BACKGROUND: Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of host-derived proteinases reported to mediate multiple functions associated with periodontal destruction and inflammation. Most of the existing data have been gathered from adults with chronic periodontitis. The purpose of this study was to determine the MMP levels in a cohort of African American children with and without aggressive periodontitis. METHODS: Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) was collected in a cohort of 44 African American children, 7 to 19 years of age, with and without aggressive periodontitis (AgP) and compared to healthy unrelated children and to adults with chronic periodontitis (CP). GCF volume was determined with a calibrated gingival fluid meter. The samples were assayed for MMP-1, -2, -3, -8, -9, -12, and -13 using fluorimetric substrates. RESULTS: The MMP levels from diseased sites in the subjects with AgP were statistically higher (P <0.05) in almost all instances than those associated with the unrelated controls or with the subjects with CP. MMP-8 was significantly elevated in the diseased sites of the children with AgP relative to non-diseased sites in the same children (P = 0.002), as well as the siblings, non-diseased controls, and subjects with CP (P < or =0.0001). There was no positive correlation between probing depth and any MMP level. CONCLUSIONS: MMP levels were elevated in AgP sites relative to non-diseased sites in the same subjects, in siblings, and in unrelated controls. MMPs associated with the AgP sites in children were generally elevated compared to an adult cohort with a history of CP.     

Azithromycin as an adjunctive treatment of aggressive periodontitis: 12-months randomized clinical trial

Aim: To assess the effect of systemic azithromycin as a supplement to scaling and root planing (SRP) in the treatment of aggressive periodontitis (AgP).
Material and Methods: Twenty-four individuals (13–26 years old) underwent a plaque control program, and then were treated with SRP. Subjects were assigned randomly into two groups; the test group used 500 mg azithromycin once a day for 3 days, whereas the control group used a placebo. Clinical variables were assessed at baseline, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months. The periodontal status at baseline and 12 months was compared using the Wald test, and adjusting for the effect of clustering of teeth within subjects.
Results: There were no significant differences in visible plaque, gingival bleeding, and supragingival calculus between groups throughout the study. Periodontal probing depth (PPD) and clinical attachment level improved significantly from baseline to 12 months in both groups, with the test group showing significantly more reduction in mean PPD compared with controls (2.88 mm versus 1.85 mm, respectively, p =0.025). Subjects administering azithromycin showed a higher percentage of teeth with attachment gain 1 mm (81.34 versus 63.63, p =0.037), whereas the controls had higher percentage of teeth with attachment loss 1 mm (11.57 versus 2.24, p =0.015).
Conclusions: The adjunctive use of azithromycin has the potential to improve periodontal health of young patients with AgP.     

侵袭性牙周炎病原微生物的检测

目的检测侵袭性牙周炎（AgP）患者和牙周健康者龈下菌斑中的7种病原微生物,旨在寻找AgP的主要致病微生物.方法应用以16S rRNA为基础的聚合酶链反应（PCR）技术,检测55例AgP患者和17名健康对照者龈下菌斑中的7种牙周病原微生物：伴放线放线杆菌（Aa）,牙龈卟啉单胞菌（Pg）,福赛坦氏菌（Tf）,牙密螺旋体（Td）,直肠弯曲杆菌（Cr）,中间普氏菌（Pi）,变黑普氏菌（Pn）.结果55例AgP患者中仅有1例检测出Aa,而在健康对照者中未检出该菌.Pg、Tf、Td和Cr在AgP组的检出率分别为81.8%、83.6%、80.0%和81.8%,显著高于健康对照者（17.6%、11.8%、5.9%、29.4%）,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）.结论Pd、Tf、Td和Cr 4种微生物在AgP患者中有较高的检出率,提示它们的共同定植可能在AgP中起重要作用.     

IL-6-572基因多态性与侵袭性牙周炎易感性的相关性研究

目的 研究白细胞介素-6(interleukin-6,IL-6)-572位点基因多态性与侵袭性牙周炎易感性的关系.方法 采用病例对照试验设计,从广东汉族人群中选择83例侵袭性牙周炎(aggressive periodontitis,AgP)患者(AgP组)及79例牙周健康者(对照组),采用聚合酶链反应—限制性内切酶片段长度多态性分析方法对IL-6-572位点基因多态性进行检测,分析组间基因型频率及等位基因分布的差异.结果 IL-6基因启动子区-572位点G/C基因型在AgP组、对照组中的分布频率差异有统计学意义(x2=13.710,P=0.001).AgP组与对照组相比,G、C等位基因频率分布差异有统计学意义(x2=13.213,P<0.001),G等位基因相对于C等位基因:OR值为2.988,95%CI:1.634~5.465.结论 IL-6-572 G/C位点的基因多态性同中国广东汉族人群侵袭性牙周炎患病易感性可能存在相关关系,IL-6-572 G等位基因可能是广东汉族人群AgP遗传易感性的高风险因素.     

Prevalence of periodontopathic bacteria in aggressive periodontitis patients in a Chilean population

BACKGROUND: Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans is considered a major etiologic agent of aggressive periodontitis (AgP). Other periodontopathic bacteria such as Porphyromonas gingivalis are also suspected of participating in aggressive periodontitis although the evidence to support this is controversial. The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of eight periodontopathic bacteria in Chilean patients with AgP. METHODS: Subgingival plaque samples were collected from 36 aggressive, 30 localized, and six generalized periodontitis patients. Samples from 17 advanced chronic periodontitis (CP) patients were taken as controls. Samples collected from the four deepest periodontal pockets in each patient were pooled in prereduced transport fluid (RTF) and cultured. Periodontal bacteria were primarily identified by colony morphology under stereoscopic microscope and rapid biochemical tests. The identity of some bacterial isolates was confirmed by colony polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS: AgP showed a significatively higher prevalence of C. rectus than CP (P = 0.036). The only statistical difference found was for C. rectus. Patients with AgP showed a higher, but not statistically significant, prevalence of P. gingivalis, E. corrodens, P. micros, and Capnocytophaga sp. A similar prevalence in both groups of patients was observed for F. nucleatum and P. intermedia/nigrescens, and A. actinomycetemcomitans was less prevalent in AgP than CP patients. In localized AgP, P. intermedia/nigrescens, E. corrodens, F. nucleatum, and P. micros were the more prevalent pathogens in contrast to generalized AgP patients who harbored A. actinomycetemcomitans, P. gingivalis, and Capnocytophaga sp. as the most prevalent bacteria. CONCLUSIONS: C. rectus, P. gingivalis, E. corrodens, P. micros, and Capnocytophaga sp. were the most predominant periodontopathic bacteria of AgP in this Chilean population, but the only statistical difference found here between AgP and CP was for C. rectus, suggesting that the differences in clinical appearance may be caused by factors other than the microbiological composition of the subgingival plaque of these patients. In this study, the prevalence of A. actinomycetemcomitans was much lower than that of P. gingivalis.     

Prevalence and risk indicators of gingivitis and periodontitis in a Multi-Centre study in North Jordan: a cross sectional study

Background  

There are limited data about the epidemiology and risk factors/indicators of gingivitis, aggressive periodontitis (AgP) and chronic periodontitis (CP) in Jordan. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence and risk indicators of gingivitis, AgP and CP.     

肥胖与侵袭性牙周炎患病危险性的相关性研究

目的 初步研究肥胖与侵袭性牙周炎(aggressive periodontitis,Agp)患病危险性的相关性.方法 选择AgP患者151例,健康对照者94人,测量身高、体重,计算体质量指数(body mass index,BMI),并进行牙周临床检查.根据BMI将研究对象分为体重过轻组(BMI＜18.5 kg/m~2)、肥胖组(BMI＞24 kg/m~2)及体重正常组(BMI≥18.5 kg/m~2且＜24 kg/m~2),用Logistic回归分析评价肥胖与AgP患病危险性的关系.结果 AgP患者的平均探诊深度及附着丧失分别为(4.8±2.1)、(4.7 ±2.8)mm,显著高于健康对照组[分别为(2.3±0.7)、(0±0)mm,P＜0.01].AgP患者中体重过轻及肥胖的例数分别为20例和41例,健康对照组中相应的人数分别为5人和8人.体重过轻及肥胖者患AgP的危险性均增加,OR值分别为3.60(P＜0.05)和4.61(P＜0.01).结论 体重过轻及肥胖均可能是AgP的危险因素.     

Periodontal attachment loss in an untreated isolated population of Brazil

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence, extent, and severity of clinical attachment loss (CAL) and to investigate the association of demographic, socioeconomic, and behavioral risk indicators with CAL in an untreated isolated population in Brazil. METHODS: All subjects aged > or =12 years were identified by a census. Participants were submitted to a full-mouth clinical examination of six sites per tooth and were interviewed using a structured, written questionnaire. RESULTS: Among the 214 subjects who were interviewed and examined clinically, CAL > or =5 mm in at least one site was observed in 8% of the 12- to 19-year-olds and in all dentate subjects > or =50 years of age; the age-dependent prevalence of CAL > or =7 mm in at least one site ranged from 5% among 12- to 19-year-olds to 83% among subjects > or =50 years old. Multivariate analysis identified plaque (odds ratio [OR] = 2.8), supragingival calculus (OR = 2.9 to 10.6), age > or =30 years (OR = 11.4), and smoking (OR = 2.4) as risk indicators for CAL > or =5 mm and smoking (OR = 8.2) as a risk indicator for CAL > or =7 mm. CONCLUSIONS: CAL is highly prevalent in this isolated population. The high occurrence of CAL in young age groups and the confirmation of traditional risk indicators for CAL in this study suggest that other factors, such as host susceptibility, may be needed to explain the high levels of CAL found. Age and behavioral factors were risk indicators associated significantly with the CAL found in this population and may be useful indicators of high-risk subjects for periodontal diseases.     

NADPH oxidase (CYBA) and FcgammaR polymorphisms as risk factors for aggressive periodontitis: a case-control association study

INTRODUCTION: Neutrophils (PMN) in aggressive periodontitis (AgP) patients have been reported to be hyperactive especially with regards to superoxide production. Polymorphisms in genes influencing PMN function have been proposed as candidate risk factors for AgP. The aim of this study was to test the association of specific gene polymorphisms affecting PMN functions with AgP. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two hundred and twenty-four patients with confirmed diagnosis of AgP and 231 subjects with healthy periodontium took part in the study. A blood sample was collected from subjects and genotypes for p22phox (CYBA) NADPH oxidase, FP, Fcalpha and Fcgamma receptors were analysed in a blind fashion. RESULTS: The C242T p22phox NADPH oxidase T allele was significantly associated with AgP in a multiple logistic regression model adjusting for confounders, and this was observed for all subjects [p = 0.002, odds ratio (OR) = 1.87, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.27-2.83] and Caucasians (p = 0.009, OR=2.07, 95% CI = 1.20-3.59). Concomitant presence of C242T p22phox NADPH oxidase T allele and FcgammaRIIIb NA1 homozygosity was associated with the generalized AgP phenotype in Caucasians (p = 0.001, OR = 30.35, 95% CI = 3.81-241.97). CONCLUSIONS: C242T p22phox NADPH oxidase and FcgammaR polymorphisms may predispose to AgP through a modulation of neutrophil superoxide production.     

Polymorphisms of TLR4 but not CD14 are associated with a decreased risk of aggressive periodontitis

OBJECTIVE: To study whether there is an association between the frequency of functional polymorphisms in the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and cluster differentiation 14 (CD14) genes and periodontitis. METHODOLOGY: Genotyping for the TLR4 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) Asp299Gly, Thr399Ile and the CD14 SNPs -159 and -1359 was completed for subjects with periodontal disease compared with control subjects. Two disease populations were investigated: 73 subjects with aggressive periodontitis (AgP; 28 males, 45 females) and 95 males with chronic periodontitis (CP). The TLR4 and CD14 polymorphisms were determined using SNaPshot primer extension with capillary electrophoresis. Comparison of allele and genotype frequencies for each polymorphism was by Fisher's exact test or chi2 analysis. RESULTS: The TLR4 Asp299Gly genotype was present in a significantly (p=0.026) lower proportion of AgP subjects (5.5%) compared with control subjects (16.3%). The unadjusted odds ratio for the Asp299Gly genotype to be associated with AgP was 0.30, 95% confidence interval 0.10-0.91. No differences were found in the prevalence of the TLR4 Asp299Gly genotype in men with CP (18.9%) compared with an age-matched control group with no evidence of periodontitis (17%). In addition, there was no difference in the distribution of the CD14 polymorphisms in either the AgP or CP populations studied compared with controls. CONCLUSION: It is concluded that in West European Caucasians, the Asp299Gly TLR4 gene polymorphism is associated with a decreased risk of AgP but not CP. Promoter polymorphisms of the CD14 gene, however, did not influence susceptibility to inflammatory periodontitis in the population cohorts studied.     

Increased systemic elastase and C-reactive protein in aggressive periodontitis (CLOI-D-00160R2)

The inflammatory mediators, serum elastase and C-reactive protein (CRP), are associated with an increased risk for coronary heart disease. Thus, the aim of this study is to compare systemic inflammatory mediators in periodontally healthy controls (C), patients with untreated aggressive (AgP) and chronic (ChP) periodontitis. C [periodontal pocket probing depth (PPD) <3.6 or <5 mm without bleeding (BOP), BOP < 10%], ChP (PDD ≥ 3.6 mm and probing attachment loss ≥5 mm at >30% of sites; age >35 years), and AgP (clinically healthy; PDD ≥ 3.6 mm at >30% of sites, bone loss ≥50% at ≥2 teeth; age ≤35 years) were examined clinically, and the body mass index was assessed. Blood was sampled for assessment of serum levels of elastase, CRP, lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP), interleukin (IL) 6, 8, and leukocyte counts. Thirty C, 31 ChP, and 29 AgP were analyzed. Elastase, CRP, LBP, and IL-6 levels were elevated in AgP compared to C (p < 0.013), whereas leukocyte counts and IL-8 were similar. Multiple regression analysis identified AgP (p < 0.001) and education level (p < 0.001) to explain 47% of the variation of elastase. AgP (p = 0.003), African origin (p = 0.006), female sex (p = 0.002), and BMI (p < 0.001) explained 39% of the variation of CRP. Serum elastase and CRP are significantly elevated in AgP compared to C. AgP patients exhibit a stronger systemic inflammatory burden than C patients.     

Smoking and caries experience in subjects with various form of periodontal diseases from a teaching hospital clinic

Abstract: Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the relationships between aggressive periodontitis (AgP), caries and smoking. Method and materials: A cross‐sectional study was conducted among patients who were specifically referred to the Dental Teaching Clinic in Irbid, Jordan for periodontal treatment. Self‐administered questionnaire related to socio‐demographic data and smoking habits was completed. The oral hygiene, gingival status, periodontal health and dental status of the participants was determined by using the plaque index of Silness and Loe [Acta Odontol Scand, 22 (1964), 121], the gingival index of Loe and Silness [Acta Odontol Scand, 21 (1963), 233], clinical attachment level (CAL) and decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMFT) index respectively. Result: The prevalence of smoking was greater in chronic periodontitis (CP) group (44.2%) than in either chronic gingivitis (CG) (27.4%) or AgP (29.9%) group. Self‐reported perio‐diseases in the close family was more prevalent (77%) among subjects diagnosed with AgP. The mean plaque scores were significantly higher for smoker than non‐smoker in AgP group only (P = 0.04), with significantly greater plaque and gingival scores in CG and CP groups than AgP group (P = 0.012, 0.004). A significantly greater mean gingival scores were noted among CG and CP groups than AgP group (P = 0.004). The mean CAL was higher in smokers than in non‐smokers in the three groups, with statistically significant differences in CP and AgP groups (P = 0.04, 0.01 respectively).The mean number of DMFT was significantly higher in smoker than in non‐smoker of all age groups (P = 0.016, 0.043 and 0.01). However, mean DMFT was significantly greater in CP and CG than AgP groups. Conclusion: It was concluded that (i) higher plaque and gingival index among smokers in all groups; (ii) significant difference in the CAL between smoker and non‐smoke in CP and AgP groups; (iii) significant increase in caries risk among smokers in all groups; (iv) smokers and non‐smokers of AgP group had significantly lower mean DMFT scores than those of CG or CP groups.     

Association Between Metabolic Syndrome and Periodontal Disease Measures in Postmenopausal Women: The Buffalo OsteoPerio Study

Background: The objective of this study is to characterize the association between metabolic syndrome (MetS) and periodontitis in women, for which there is limited evidence. Methods: Cross‐sectional associations between MetS and periodontitis were examined in 657 postmenopausal women aged 50 to 79 years enrolled in a periodontal disease study ancillary to the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study. Whole‐mouth measures of alveolar crest height (ACH), clinical attachment level (CAL), probing depth (PD), gingival bleeding, and supragingival plaque and measures to define MetS using National Cholesterol Education Program criteria were from a clinical examination. Study outcomes were defined as: 1) mean ACH ≥3 mm, two sites ≥5 mm, or tooth loss to periodontitis; 2) ≥2 sites with CAL ≥6 mm and ≥1 site with PD ≥5 mm; 3) gingival bleeding at ≥50% of sites; and 4) supragingival plaque at ≥50% of sites. Logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: In unadjusted analyses, MetS (prevalence: 25.6%) was significantly associated with supragingival plaque (OR = 1.74; 95% CI: 1.22 to 2.50) and non‐significantly associated with periodontitis defined by ACH (OR = 1.23; 95% CI: 0.81 to 1.85) and gingival bleeding (OR = 1.20; 95% CI: 0.81 to 1.77). Adjustment for age, smoking, and other confounders attenuated observed associations, though supragingival plaque remained significant (OR = 1.47; 95% CI: 1.00 to 2.16; P = 0.049). MetS was not associated with periodontitis defined by CAL and PD. Conclusions: A consistent association between MetS and measures of periodontitis was not seen in this cohort of postmenopausal women. An association between MetS and supragingival plaque requires further investigation.     

Association of interleukin-1 polymorphisms with aggressive periodontitis

BACKGROUND: Genetic polymorphisms for interleukin (IL)-1alpha and -1beta have been proposed as potential genetic markers for periodontal diseases. Since the prevalence of these polymorphisms could be race-related, and no data exist about the frequency of these polymorphisms in the Chilean population, the aim of the current study was to investigate the association of the interleukin-1 gene polymorphisms with aggressive periodontitis (AgP). METHODS: Thirty-six patients with AgP, 75 healthy controls, and 75 subjects of unknown periodontal status (reference population) were genotyped for the IL-1A -889 and IL-1B +3954 loci, by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification followed by restriction enzyme digestion and gel electrophoresis. Data were analyzed using the chi-square test, calculating odds ratios (OR) and confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS: The prevalence of the positive composite IL-1 genotype was higher in patients (25%) than in healthy controls (12%), but the difference was not significant (P= 0.14). The IL-1B +3954 homozygous for allele 1 frequency was higher in controls than in patients suggesting a protective factor for AgP. The heterozygous for allele 2 of the IL- 1B showed a significant association with AgP (OR = 2.86, 95% CI 1.06 to 7.71, P= 0.030). No association was observed in localized AgP and generalized AgP between the extent of disease and the presence of the composite positive genotype. Because the number of smokers was too small in patients and in controls, no other analyses were performed. CONCLUSION: The results of the present study support a positive association between AgP and the presence of the IL-1B +3954 allele 2 polymorphism.     

Immunoglobulin G subclass antibody profiles in Porphyromonas gingivalis-associated aggressive and chronic periodontitis patients

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody response is considered to be protective and beneficial for the control of periodontal lesions. This study analysed IgG subclass antibody levels of Porphyromonas gingivalis in patients with both aggressive periodontitis (AgP) and chronic periodontitis (CP). METHODS: Subgingival plaque and peripheral blood samples were collected from patients with localized AgP (n = 13), generalized AgP (n = 28) and generalized CP (n = 27) and from 14 periodontally healthy controls. P. gingivalis was identified in subgingival pockets using a polymerase chain reaction. Simultaneously, serum IgG subclass antibody against P. gingivalis whole cells/P. gingivalis fimbriae were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: P. gingivalis was frequently detected in periodontitis patients. Anti-P. gingivalis whole cell IgG1 was elevated in all P. gingivalis-positive patients in the three periodontitis groups. Although increased anti-P. gingivalis IgG1 was also observed in the bacterium-positive healthy controls, the level was lower than that found in the three periodontitis groups. Levels of IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4 to P. gingivalis did not differ among bacterium-positive patients in the three periodontitis groups; a significant increase of IgG2 level was not observed in localized AgP. Anti-fimbriae IgG subclass levels of IgG1, IgG2 and IgG4 did not differ among bacterium-positive subjects in all groups, while the anti-fimbriae IgG3 level in generalized CP was significantly higher than that in localized and generalized AgP. CONCLUSIONS: P. gingivalis infection elicited an IgG subclass antibody response in both periodontitis patients and healthy subjects, while higher anti-P. gingivalis IgG1 levels were found in the three periodontitis groups compared with the healthy control group.     

Soluble interleukin-1 receptor type II levels in gingival crevicular fluid in aggressive and chronic periodontitis

Background: Interleukin (IL)-1 is closely related to the initiation and progression of periodontal disease. IL-1 levels in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of subjects with periodontitis are higher than those in periodontally healthy controls, and the levels of IL-1 correlate with disease severity. However, soluble IL-1 receptor type II (sIL-1RII), which acts as a decoy receptor for IL-1s, has not been investigated in detail in periodontal disease. The purpose of this study was to measure sIL-1RII levels in the GCF of subjects with chronic or aggressive periodontitis; the correlation between the sIL-1RII levels in GCF and clinical parameters also was examined. Methods: IL-1beta and sIL-1RII were measured in 64 GCF samples collected from 47 subjects with chronic periodontitis (CP) and 17 subjects with aggressive periodontitis (AgP). The clinical characteristics of each site were recorded at the time of GCF sampling. IL-1beta and sIL-1RII were measured by specific non-cross-reactive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: The disease severity was comparable in CP and AgP. IL-1beta was detected in 98% of CP GCF samples and 88% of AgP GCF samples. sIL-1RII was detected in 55% of CP GCF samples and 35% of AgP GCF samples. However, the concentrations of IL-beta and sIL-1RII detected in GCF from subjects with CP or AgP were similar. Conclusion: sIL-1RII was detected more often in CP GCF than in AgP GCF, and there was no correlation between GCF sIL-1RII concentration and clinical parameters.