聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆乳术后取出的方法比较（附46例报告）

目的探讨聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆乳术后取出的方法。方法将聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆乳术后患者46例分成两组,第1组18例,第2组28例,分别行乳房外下方切开抽吸和乳晕切开直视下取出聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶,术后复查磁共振。结果乳房外下方切开抽吸术后聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶有较多的残留,乳晕切开直视下几乎能完全取出。结论注射隆乳术后聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶必须在切开直视下取出。     

聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆乳术后并发症的病理组织学观察

目的 研究聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆乳术后乳腺的病理组织学改变,探讨导致并发症的可能原因.方法 收集87例因注射聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶隆乳术后出现并发症的手术取出物,固定后常规脱水、石蜡包埋,切片、H＆E染色,显微镜下观察取出组织的病理组织学改变.结果 聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆乳术后常见的临床症状为乳房硬结包块、注射物游走、疼痛以及感染.手术取出物最主要的病理组织学改变为聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶在乳房内脂肪、腺体及肌肉组织内渗透、游走.注射凝胶周围组织最集中的改变是异物反应（34/87,39.08%）,未见明确纤维化或纤维性包膜.部分病例（12/87,13.8%）可见腺体组织破坏及炎症改变,未见致癌性改变.结论 聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶是一种游走性物质,在乳腺组织内弥漫渗透,不能完全被吸收.聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶能诱导异物反应,形成不同阶段的病理组织学构像,对周围腺体组织及肌肉组织有一定损害作用.     

聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆乳术后并发症及临床处理现状

目的 简介医用聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆乳术后出现各种并发症的种类以及临床处理措施。方法 通过检索医药学有关聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆乳术的文献资料，对注射隆乳术后患者出现的并发症类型、并发症的处理方法进行综述。结果 注射隆乳患者术后出现并发症种类繁多，以硬结、疼痛、感染、破渍等发生率最高，常常数种并发症共存；有些并发症是由于不恰当的处理所致。临床处理方法以手术取出、病变组织切除较为彻底。结论 聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆乳术后可以出现多种并发症，并且不能从体内彻底清除，有些并发症是由不恰当处理方法所致。笔者反对聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶体内注射，建议规范处理方法，避免给患者造成更大的创伤，同时对聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射体内后对机体健康（包括生理及心理）的影响及注射入人体后的远期变化进行系统研究。     

聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆乳术后并发乳腺癌1例

聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆乳后引起的并发症与部分乳腺癌症状相类似,从而导致早期诊断乳腺癌非常困难.目前,虽然没有直接证据证明聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶与乳腺癌之间有确切联系,但有学者已证实合成聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶的丙烯酰胺单体对人体有神经毒性及致癌性.该文回顾性分析了1例聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆乳术后并发乳腺癌患者病史特点及相关检查结果,...     

经乳晕切口取出聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶80例临床观察

目的：探讨聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆乳后的手术取出方法。方法：对80例隆重乳者分别采用乳晕下半缘切口进行聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶取出治疗。结果：72例感效果满意,8例术后乳房形态欠佳。结论：对大多数聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶隆乳采用乳晕下半缘切口进行取出手术能得到满意效果,乳房瘢痕不明显,并发症少,外形较佳。     

MRI在聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆乳术后并发症诊治中的应用

目的:探讨MRI在聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆乳术后并发症的诊断和处理中的临床应用价值.方法:对24例聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆乳者行MRI扫描,对注射物分布的层次、性状和数量进行定位和评估,再经乳晕切口,手术清除注射物.结果:24例病例中,10例(20只)注射隆乳术后的患者乳房形态可,乳房柔软度正常;7例(10只)患者乳房有变...     

聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶取出后重新行假体置入隆乳术30例临床分析

聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶（polyaerylmaidehydroger，PAHG）作为一种医用软组织填充材料，自1997年引人我国以来，广泛应用于注射隆乳。单体的丙烯酰胺具有神经毒性，注射用PAHG产品中的残留丙烯酰胺的安全性问题始终是人们关注的焦点。实际应用中也发现，由于操作不规范等原因，注射隆乳后可有PAHG异位、包膜增厚、畸形及疼痛等并发症。2005—03—2008—10我们接诊了30例曾实施了PAHG注射隆乳的妇女，经手术切开取出注射物，同时实施乳房假体置人隆乳术，取得了满意效果，现报告如下。     

聚丙烯酰胺凝胶隆乳术后并发症的处理

目的探讨聚丙烯酰胺凝胶隆乳的术后并发症及处理。方法对聚丙烯酰胺凝胶隆乳术后并发症165例(硬结120例、感染18例、血肿15例、破溃2例、其他10例)进行分析、分类，予以抗感染、局部穿刺抽吸、冲洗、挤压按摩等处理并随访。结果症状及体征得以改善或消除，94％达到满意效果。结论对聚丙烯酰胺凝胶隆乳术后并发症采用恰当的方法及早进行治疗可取得满意的效果，     

聚丙烯酰胺凝胶隆乳术后并发症的处理

目的 探讨聚丙烯酰胺凝胶隆乳的术后并发症及处理。方法 对聚丙烯酰胺凝胶隆乳术后并发症165例(硬结120例、感染18例、血肿15例、破溃2例、其他10例)进行分析、分类,予以抗感染、局部穿刺抽吸、冲洗、挤压按摩等处理并随访。结果 症状及体征得以改善或消除,94％达到满意效果。结论 对聚丙烯酰胺凝胶隆乳术后并发症采用恰当的方法及早进行治疗可取得满意的效果     

聚丙烯酰胺凝胶隆乳术后并发症的处理

目的探讨聚丙烯酰胺凝胶隆乳的术后并发症及处理. 方法对聚丙烯酰胺凝胶隆乳术后并发症165例(硬结120例、感染18例、血肿15例、破溃2例、其他10例)进行分析、分类,予以抗感染、局部穿刺抽吸、冲洗、挤压按摩等处理并随访.结果症状及体征得以改善或消除,94%达到满意效果.结论对聚丙烯酰胺凝胶隆乳术后并发症采用恰当的方法及早进行治疗可取得满意的效果.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.