股骨近端解剖型锁定钢板治疗老年股骨转子间骨折

目的探讨应用股骨近端解剖型锁定钢板内固定治疗股骨转子间骨折的临床疗效。方法应用闭合复位,经皮股骨近端锁定解剖钢板内固定治疗股骨转子间骨折46例。结果 46例均获6～18个月随访,平均12个月,均骨性愈合。髋关节功能按Harris评分标准,优38例,良6例,可2例,优良率为95.65%。结论应用锁定解剖钢板治疗股骨转子间骨折,操作简单,内固定牢靠,手术时间短,术中出血量少,可早期功能锻炼,有利于骨折愈合,是治疗老年股骨转子间骨折的理想方法。     

闭合复位DHS内固定治疗老年股骨转子间骨折61例

目的探讨老年股骨转子间骨折的治疗方法。方法采取闭合复位动力髋螺钉(DHS)内固定治疗老年股骨转子间骨折61例。结果随访1～3.3年,术后1年死亡4例,其余骨折在12～14个月内骨愈合,无髋内翻畸形、内固定断裂及松脱发生,患肢轻度外旋畸形2例,7例偶见髋关节行走痛、屈髋活动稍受限。结论闭合复位DHS内固定是治疗老年股骨转子间骨折的可靠方法。     

解剖钢板内固定治疗老年股骨转子间骨折

目的探讨老年股骨转子间骨折的手术方法及围手术期处理原则。方法56例老年股骨转子间骨折行手术复位,C臂X线机透视见骨折复位满意后采用解剖钢板内固定治疗。结果56例均获得随访,时间7～26个月;骨折全部愈合,时间14～25周。无内固定松动断裂及感染发生,2例出现轻度髋内翻。按Sanders评分标准：优39例,良15例,差2例,优良率96.4%。结论该方式固定牢固,便于早期功能锻炼,是治疗老年股骨转子间骨折较理想的方法。     

锁定解剖钢板内固定治疗股骨转子间骨折

目的探讨锁定解剖钢板内固定治疗股骨转子间骨折的临床疗效。方法应用有限切开锁定解剖钢板内固定治疗股骨转子间骨折56例。结果 56例均获随访,时间3～24个月。全部骨性愈合,愈合时间3～6个月。有2例发生髋内翻,无骨不连、内固定断裂等并发症发生。结论锁定解剖钢板治疗股骨转子间骨折切口小,手术时间短,出血量少,术后可早期功能锻炼,并发症少,尤其适用于老年骨质疏松患者。     

锁定加压钢板治疗老年股骨转子间骨折

目的 探讨使用锁定加压钢板(LCP)治疗老年股骨转子间骨折的策略和疗效.方法 对56例老年股骨转子间骨折患者采用牵引床复位、切开后锁定加压钢板内固定.随访观察疗效.结果 手术时间40～100min,术中出血量100～350 ml.患者全部获得随访,时间6～24个月.骨折全部愈合,愈合时间3～6个月.无明显髋内翻及下肢短缩畸形,无钢板、螺钉松动断裂,无感染.按黄公怡标准评价疗效:优47例,良7例,差2例,优良率96.4%.结论 锁定加压钢板治疗老年股骨转子间骨折创伤小,固定可靠,是一种较理想的方法.     

股骨近端解剖型锁定钢板治疗老年股骨转子间骨折

目的探讨解剖型锁定钢板治疗老年股骨转子间骨折的疗效。方法应用股骨近端解剖型锁定钢板内固定治疗42例老年股骨转子间骨折,观察骨折愈合情况,并参照Harris髋关节评分系统评定术后髋关节功能。结果平均随访12．5月．骨折均顺利愈合．无髋内翻及内同定失败,平均愈合时间14周,关节功能恢复良好。结论股骨近端解剖型锁定钢板治疗老年股骨转子间骨折是一种有效的方法。     

股骨近端防旋髓内钉治疗老年不稳定股骨转子间骨折

目的探讨采用闭合复位股骨近端防旋髓内钉(PFNA)治疗老年不稳定股骨转子间骨折的临床效果。方法对117例老年不稳定股骨转子间骨折采用闭合复位、小切口PFNA内固定治疗。统计手术时间、术中出血量、围手术期隐性失血量与输血量,分析手术相关并发症。结果手术时间30～90(50±10)min;术中显性失血量50～210(85±15)ml,40例术后输少浆RBC 2～4U。99例获得解剖复位。114例获得随访(死亡3例),时间6～16个月,骨折全部愈合。髋关节Harris评分:优102例,良5例,差7例,优良率为93.8%。结论闭合复位PFNA内固定治疗老年不稳定股骨转子间骨折固定牢靠,并发症少,疗效满意。     

闭合复位股骨近端防旋髓内钉内固定治疗老年股骨转子间骨折

目的探讨闭合复位股骨近端防旋髓内钉(PFNA)内固定治疗老年股骨转子间骨折的疗效。方法对88例老年股骨转子间骨折采用闭合复位PFNA内固定治疗。观察手术时间、出血量、住院及下床活动时间、并发症情况,并用Harris髋关节功能评分标准评定疗效。结果手术时间44~95 min,出血量50~300 ml,住院时间5~19 d,术后开始下床活动时间3~45 d,骨折愈合时间3~6个月。术后均未出现切口感染、下肢深静脉血栓、髋内翻及内固定失效。患者均获得随访,时间6个月。术后6个月髋关节功能采用Harris评分评定疗效:优65例,良18例,可5例,优良率94.32%。结论闭合复位PFNA内固定治疗老年股骨转子间骨折疗效突出,创伤小,固定可靠,并发症少,关节功能恢复良好。     

股骨近端解剖型锁定钢板治疗老年股骨转子间骨折

目的评价股骨近端解剖型锁定钢板治疗老年股骨转子间骨折的疗效。方法对39例老年股骨转子间患者采用股骨近端解剖型锁定钢板内固定,术后第2天开始行CPM机被动活动髋关节及膝关节的功能锻炼和直腿抬高及屈伸踝关节的主动锻炼。结果 39例均获随访,时间8~18个月,其中1例在随访5个月时因其它疾病死亡。38例骨折均骨性愈合,疗效评定按创伤髋评定标准（Sander标准）：优19例,良17例,可2例,优良率为92.31%。未发生断钉、脱钉、钢板松动、断板及髋内翻、关节僵直等并发症。结论股骨近端解剖型锁定钢板对股骨转子间骨折具有内固定坚强、允许早期活动、预防关节僵直、有利于骨折愈合等优点,治疗老年股骨转子间骨折疗效较好。     

闭合复位股骨近端防旋髓内钉内固定治疗股骨转子间骨折

目的探讨闭合复位股骨近端防旋髓内钉(PFNA)内固定治疗股骨转子间骨折的临床疗效。方法对28例股骨转子间骨折患者采用闭合复位PFNA内固定治疗。结果 28例均获得随访,时间12~28个月。骨折均骨性愈合。颈干角正常,无下肢短缩及髋内翻畸形等并发症发生。根据Harris髋关节功能评分标准评定疗效:优26例,良2例。结论闭合复位PFNA内固定治疗股骨转子间骨折具有创伤小、复位效果好、骨折愈合率高、并发症少、髋关节功能恢复良好以及患肢可早期负重下地等优点。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.