不同糖调节受损人群的血糖波动特征

目的 研究不同糖调节受损人群的动态血糖波动特征.方法 采用动态血糖监测系统(CGMS)根据连续2次口服葡萄糖耐量试验结果,选取稳定人群中单纯空腹血糖受损(IFG)组12例,单纯餐后血糖受损(IGT)组19例,空腹血糖受损合并糖耐量低减(IFG/IGT)组11例,新诊断2型糖尿病(T2DM)组21例,正常对照(NGT)组18例,分析其各项临床指标和CGMS动态血糖数据.结果 (1)日内血糖波动:NGT、IFG、IGT、IFG/IGT至T2DM组的最大血糖波动幅度(LAGE)、平均血糖(MBG)和血糖水平标准差(SDBG)依次升高.IGT组的平均血糖波动幅度(MAGE)(3.2±1.2)mmol/L较NGT组(1.6±0.5)mmol/L高,较T2DM组(5.2±1.9)mmol/L低(P<0.05);IFG/IGT的有效血糖波动频率(FGE)(5.5±2.5)次/d较NGT组(6.1±3.4)次/d低,较T2DM组(4.8±1.8)高.糖尿病前期3组间IGT组MAGE(3.2±1.2)mmol/L最高,FGE(4.9±1.8)最低.(2)日间血糖波动:与NGT组(0.8±0.3)mmo/L相比,IGT组(1.1±0.4)mmol/L、IFG/IGT组(1.2±0.4)mmol/L和T2DM组(2.0±1.0)mmol/L的日间血糖平均绝对差依次升高(P<0.05).(3)不同糖调节受损人群血糖波动特征:IFG组空腹血糖受损程度最重,餐后高峰以IFG/IGT组为著.血糖水平曲线由低至高依次为NGT、IGT、IFG/IGT、IFG、T2DM组.(4)不同HbAlc水平的血糖波动:受试者HbAlc<7%时,空腹血糖曲线几乎重合,餐后血糖曲线略微分开;HbAlc7.0%～7.9%时,餐后高峰明显上升;HbAlc≥8%时,空腹曲线明显上移,餐后波动继续升高.结论 (1)随着糖调节受损程度的加重,日内血糖波动及日间血糖波动逐渐增加.(2)正常人血糖波动幅度小,频率高;T2DM餐后血糖波动幅度大,有效波动频率低;(3)IFG组的血糖波动特征最接近于NGT,而IGT组最接近于T2DM;(4)在糖尿病前期阶段餐后血糖受损明显早于空腹.     

空腹血糖调节受损切点下调后对糖调节受损情况分析

目的分析空腹血糖调节受损（IFG）的空腹血糖（FPG）诊断标准下调对糖调节受损人群检出率的影响。方法对879例无2型糖尿病（T2DM）史的健康体检者进行空腹血糖测定。采用1997年和2003年美国糖尿病学会分类诊断标准进行比较。结果IFG诊断标准下调后,单纯IFG者增加177例,IGT者由117例增加到294例;与糖耐量正常（NGT）人群及旧标准IFG相比,新增IFG人群体重指数、甘油三酯、收缩压、舒张压、脂肪肝的患病率均增高（均P〈0．05）。结论IFG标准下调后,IGT检出率明显增加,并新增加IFG人群已出现血压、血脂代谢异常。     

不同糖代谢状态下白细胞计数水平的研究

目的:比较不同糖代谢状态下白细胞(WBC)计数水平的差别.方法:对489例30岁以上自然人群作了OGTT,根据空腹血糖和糖负荷后2h血糖,将调查人群分为正常糖代谢(NFG/NGT)、糖调节受损(IGR)和糖尿病(DM)三组,IGR组再分为空腹血糖受损(IFG)、糖耐量低减(IGT)、联合糖调节受损(IFG/IGT)三组,比较各组WBC计数、血压、血脂和胰岛素等指标的差别.结果:IGR和DM组WBC计数明显高于NFG/NGT组(P＜0.01),IGT、IFG和IFG/IGT三组WBC计数水平无差别(P＞0.05).相关分析提示WBC计数与BMI、腰围、SBP、TG、LDL-C、餐后2小时血糖(2hPG)、餐后2小时胰岛素(PIns)等指标呈显著正相关(P＜0.01或P＜0.05),与HDL-C呈显著负相关(P＜0.01).结论:DM及IGR患者WBC计数水平轻度增高,提示慢性亚临床炎症与糖代谢紊乱的发生有关.     

空腹血糖增高与糖负荷后血糖增高临床特征的分析

目的比较空腹血糖增高和糖负荷后血糖增高的临床特征.方法采用横断面分析的方法,对重庆地区21～89岁人群进行了调查,根据空腹血糖和糖负荷后2h血糖,将调查人群分为正常糖代谢(NGT)、单纯空腹血糖受损(iIFG)、单纯糖耐量低减(iIGT)、联合糖调节受损(IFG/IGT)、单纯空腹高血糖(IFH)、单纯负荷后高血糖(IPH)和联合血糖增高(IFH/IPH)7组,分别比较各组的糖脂代谢状况.结果 iIGT 和IPH分别是IGR和DM的主要类型,分别占IGR的61.4%和初发DM的60.5%.iIFG、iIGT、IFG/IGT、IPH、IFH/IPH各组的检出率均随着年龄的增加而有增高趋势.IGR人群中,IFG/IGT的SBP更高,脂代谢异常更明显,iIFG与iIGT则具有相似的代谢特征;DM患者中,FH组代谢紊乱重于IPH组.结论 iIGT 和IPH分别是IGR和DM的主要类型,测定餐后2h血糖有助于筛查到iIGT和IPH.     

空腹血糖受损下限切点下调对中国成人糖调节异常分布的影响

目的　明确美国糖尿病学会 2 0 0 3年修订的空腹血糖受损 (IFG)的下限新切点 (5 6mmol/L)对中国成人糖调节异常各组分患病率的影响 ,并探讨新切点的诊断价值。方法　研究对象为 1994年全国糖尿病防治协作组资料库中具有完整口服糖耐量试验 (OGTT)资料的 15 5 6 4例中国成人 (≥ 2 5岁 )。以空腹血糖 (FPG) 5 6mmol/L(简称新标准 )和 6 1mmol/L(简称旧标准 )作为IFG的诊断下限切点 ,分别计算单纯空腹血糖受损 (i IFG)、单纯糖耐量异常 (i IGT)、同时IFG和IGT(IFG/IGT)的患病率。以OGTT 2h血糖 (7 8mmol/L≤PG2h <11 1mmol/L)为诊断糖调节异常(IGR)的金标准 ,分析不同FPG水平对IGR诊断的敏感性和特异性 ,并描绘FPG诊断IGR的ROC曲线 (receiveroperatorcharacteristiccurve)。 结果　 (1)i IFG、i IGT和IFG/IGT患病率以旧标准诊断分别为 8 71%、12 0 8%和 5 95 % ,以新标准诊断分别为 2 1 2 5 %、6 89%和 11 13%。 (2 )ROC分析提示诊断IGR的FPG最佳切点为 5 6mmol/L ,此切点的敏感性和特异性分别为 6 1 9%和 6 3 9%。结论　FPG标准从 6 1mmol/L下调至 5 6mmol/L使本组人群IFG患病率增加 1 2倍。从尽量缩小IFG和IGT诊断分歧的角度 ,IFG的下限切点为 5 6mmol/L可能是合适的。     

原发性高血压合并糖代谢紊乱的诊治新进展

据统计,在我国现约有高血压病人1.6亿,糖代谢异常者约3千万,在高血压病人中糖代谢异常(包括糖尿病DM、糖耐量受损IGT和空腹血糖受损IFG)的发生率高70%,而在糖尿病人群中高血压病的发生率接近50%[1].     

糖调节受损的胰岛素抵抗与胰岛β细胞功能研究新进展

目的糖调节受损(IGR)是介于正常糖耐量(NGT)与糖尿病(DM)之间的中间异常代谢状态,是所有2型糖尿病(T2DM)发病前的必经阶段。有3种表现形式:空腹血糖受损(IFG),糖耐量低减(IGT),以及兼有IFG与IGT(IFG/IGT)。与T2DM的两个重要病理生理特征胰岛素抵抗(IR)及胰岛β细胞功能异常相同,IFG和IGT发病与β细胞功能受损和IR有关。IFG主要以肝脏IR和基础状态胰岛素分泌缺乏为特征,而葡萄糖刺激的早期胰岛素分泌轻度受损:IGT则表现为基础胰岛素分泌正常,而以早、晚期胰岛素分泌减少及与肌肉IR为特征。两者具有不同的病理生理特征,因此预防其发展为糖尿病时,可能应采取不同干预措施。     

赣州市市直单位2 908成人糖尿病患病率调查研究

目的:调查赣州市市直单位成人的糖尿病患病率.方法:对赣州市公安局、中级法院、赣州市地方税务局等15家单位共2 908例成人进行空腹血糖(FBG)检查,并测量身高、体重,调查生活习惯及体力活动情况,其中FBG≥6.1mmol/L的人群或怀疑诊断者行口服葡萄糖耐量(OGTT)检查.结果:调查中的2 908例,其中糖尿病(DM)138人,糖耐量低减(IGT)194人,空腹血糖调节受损(IFG)134人,所查的糖尿病(DM)、糖耐量低减(IGT)、空腹血糖调节受损(IFG)患病率分别为:4.75%、6.67%、4.61%.其中糖尿病(DM)的患病率30岁以上随着年龄的增加而增高,同时随BMI增加、体力活动减少而升高.结论:赣州市市直单位成人糖尿病患病率为4.75%,肥胖、过多脂肪和蛋白质的摄入、运动量少是赣州市市直单位成人糖尿病的危险因素.     

急性脑梗死患者糖代谢异常的诊断时机研究

目的探讨急性脑梗死患者并发糖代谢异常时的诊断时间点。方法选取96例急性脑梗死患者,于入院初期、病后（14±4）天、30天、60天,检测随机血糖或OGTT试验。结果病后（14±4）天时并发有糖尿病（DM）、糖耐量受损（IGT）、空腹血糖受损（IFG）的诊断与30天,60天时相近。结论急性脑梗死患者在病后（14±4）天已经无应激性血糖升高,可以作为并发DM.IGT.IFG的诊断时间点。     

北京市郊区某镇农村居民糖调节受损患病率及口服葡萄糖耐量试验筛查的必要性

目的对北京市顺义区南法信镇35～74岁自然人群进行2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes mellitus,2DM)筛查,分析不进行口服葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT)仅进行空腹血糖筛查可能造成的漏诊及误诊情况。方法在北京市顺义区南法信镇自然人群进行体检。35～74岁居民均纳入研究对象,对空腹血糖≥5.6mmol/L者作OGTT筛查。结果体检结果显示,2DM患病率为15.1%,其中新诊断2DM者为45.8%,明显高于2002年全国营养调查大城市糖尿病患病率。糖调节受损(IGR)163例,患病率为4.9%。若不进行OGTT试验将有12.6%新诊断的2DM、42%空腹血糖受损(IFG)、25.8%糖耐量异常(IGT)、41.3%IFG合并IGT漏诊,36.4%新诊断2DM误诊为IFG。结论2DM患病率在我国处于不断上升阶段,大城市郊区农民患病率明显上升,对其进行糖代谢检查十分必要,进行OGTT试验可明显减少漏诊及误诊情况。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

The clinicopathological and immuohistochemical analysis of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas： report of 9 cases

Objective：To investigate the clinical features, pathological characteristics and immunophenotype of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas（SPTP）. Methods：Nine surgically treated cases of SPTP were retrospectively reviewed. Hematoxylin and Eosin（HE） staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to analyze all cases, and the general clinical data was collected. Results：Six patients were asymptomatic except for a palpable mass. Two patients complained of vague-epigastric pain. One patient appeared jaundice. The tumor was encapsulated and solid tissues alternately with cystic tissues. Histologically, the histological structure of solid portion was pseudopapillary with a fibrovascular core. Tumor cells were uniform and medium-sized which were arranged in sheets ets or nests or pseudopapillary patterns. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that SPTP proved positive in vimentin（9/9 cases）, AAT（9/9 cases）, NSE（9/9 cases）, ACT（7/9 cases）, CK20（2/9 cases）, CgA（1/9 cases）, S-100（3/gcases）, PR（4/gcases）, Syn（3/9 cases） and CD56（5/9cases）, negative in CEA and ER. Conclusion：SPTP is a tumor predominantly occurring in young women frequently without special symptoms. This tumor has various characteristical histological patterns with different immunophenotype.     

Electro-Acupuncture Combined with the Trigger Point Needle-Embedding for Treatment of Primary Trigeminal Neuralgia in 31 Cases

In recent years, the author of this essay has applied electro-acupuncture combined with the trigger point needle-embedding for treatment of primary trigeminal neuralgia in 31 cases, yielding satis- factory results as reported in the following.     

Investigation of Matrix Metalloproteinase -1, 2 and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases-1 in Endometriosis

Objective： To explore the role of matrix metalloproteinase-1,2 （MMP-1, MMP-2） and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases-1 （TIMP-1） in endometriosis. Methods： The eutopic and ectopic endometria from 40 subjects suffering from endometriosis and regular.endometria from 40 subjects （excluding endometriosis） were collected and examined by in situ hybridization technology and western blot assay. Results： Both expressions of MMP-1 and -2 were stronger in ectopic endometrium and eutopic endometrium than in normal endometrium. On the contrary, the expression of TIMP-1 in ectopic endometrium and eutopic endometrium was lower. The differences were significant （P 〈 0.01 ）. Moreover, there was no relationship among the expressions of MMP-1, 2 and TIMP-1 in ectopic endometrium. Conclusion： The expressions of MMP-1, 2 and TIMP-1 lose balance and lack of periodic changes in ectopic endometrium , which explains the biological invasive behavior of endometriosis. It was suggested-that regulating the balance between the MMPs and TIMP-1 should be an ideal therapeutic target to endometriosis.     

Shi Da-zhuo (史大卓) —An outstanding cardiologist of integrative medicine

Prof. SHI Da-zhuo, Ph.D., male, was born on March 20, 1960. Prof. SHI entered the Ph.D. program in 1990 at the China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences under the supervision of Prof. CHEN Ke-ji, majoring in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. After receiving his Ph.D. degree in 1993, Prof. SHI started working at the Cardiovascular Center in Xiyuan Hospital affiliated to China Academy of Chinese Medical sciences.     

Persist in and Carry Forward the Integrative Medical Research——Speech at the 6th National General Congress of Chinese Association of Integrative Medicine by Academician CHEN Zhu,Minister of Ministry of Health

The 6th National General Congress of Chinese Association of Integrative Medicine （CALM） was convened at 19-20, April 2008 in Beijing. Academician CHEN Zhu, the minister of Ministry of Health indicated at the congress that the integration of Chinese and Western medicine is very well in keeping with the situation of our country and the general rule of development in medical science; and as a good integration of Chinese medicine and Western medicine, it is mutually beneficial and advantageous to both of them. Seeing the creativity shown in integrative medical investigation in theoretic and methodological sides, we should and must persist in and develop it.