腹腔镜胃癌根治术

应用电钩沿横结肠与大网膜附着处分离大网膜分别至结肠脾曲及结肠肝区。用超声刀沿胰腺被膜分离,至胰腺上缘显露近脾门处的脾动静脉主干向脾门解剖,清扫第10、11组淋巴结;显露胃网膜左血管根部并离断,向上离断部分胃短血管后,裸化胃大弯,清扫第4组淋巴结。沿胰腺下缘胰后间隙解剖,显露肠系膜上静脉,清扫14v组淋巴结,于胃网膜右静脉汇入胃结肠静脉干处夹闭,显露胃网膜右动脉根部并夹闭,清扫第6组淋巴结。沿胰腺上缘打开胃胰皱襞进入胰后间隙解剖肝总动脉及腹腔动脉干,游离并显露胃左动、静脉,脾动脉及部分肝总动脉,根部切断胃左动、静脉,清扫7、8、9组淋巴结。显露肝总动脉,清扫第8a组淋巴结,显露肝固有动脉,显露胃右动脉根部,夹闭切断胃右动脉,清扫第5、12组淋巴结。沿小网膜与胃小弯前壁附着处切除小网膜,裸化胃壁,清扫第3、5组淋巴结。     

全腹腔镜下远端胃癌根治术三角吻合术

先确定肿瘤位置,沿横结肠边缘超声刀游离横结肠系膜前叶,向右游离至结肠肝曲,左至脾曲,离断网膜左血管,清扫4sb,4d淋巴结;沿结肠中动脉及其分支分离,向上暴露肠系膜上静脉、右结肠静脉、胃网膜右静脉,骨骼化胃网膜右动脉于根部切断;裸化十二指肠下缘,暴露胃十二指肠动脉,肝总动脉胃左脾动脉和腹腔干,切断胃左动脉清扫第7.8.9.11p组淋巴结;向下剥离裸化肝十二指肠韧带,清扫第12a组淋巴结,并向上彻底清扫第1,3,5组淋巴结,使用内镜下直线切割吻合器离断十二指肠球部,胃体。扩大脐部穿刺孔至取出标本,缝合切口。重建气腹,行胃大弯和十二指肠后壁三角吻合。     

全腔镜全胃切除术

切开胃结肠韧带,游离至脾脏下极,于根部离断胃网膜左血管,清扫第4组淋巴结,离断胃短血管直至脾上极。游离胃窦部,于胰腺上缘离断胃网膜右静脉,显露胃十二指肠动脉后,于根部离断胃网膜右动脉,并完成第六组淋巴结的清扫。显露胃窦后壁,离断胃右血管,清扫肝门部淋巴结。距幽门2 cm离断十二指肠。沿胰腺上缘解剖脾动脉根部,于根部离断胃左静脉。显露腹腔干及胃左动脉,向右侧清扫第8组淋巴结,于根部离断胃左动脉后,向头侧清扫第1,2组淋巴结。游离食管腹段,解剖出迷走神经左右支后离断。悬吊肝左叶后,距贲门2 cm离断食管,取上腹正中辅助切口3 cm,移除胃标本及大网膜。重建气腹后,距TREIZ韧带20 cm离断空肠,行食管左后壁与近端空肠侧侧吻合(OVERLAP法),手工缝合共同开口。距此吻合口40 cm,借助辅助切口完成小肠侧侧吻合(ROUX－Y)吻合。     

腹腔镜根治性全胃切除重建术

患者,59岁男性,术前诊断：胃体腺癌(cT3N1＋M0)。拟行腹腔镜根治性全胃切除术。手术思路：1.打开胃结肠韧带,游离横结肠系膜前叶2.显露并离断胃网膜右静脉根部,清扫14V组淋巴结,显露胃十二指肠动脉,于根部离断胃网膜右动脉,清扫6组淋巴结。3.游离胰腺被膜,清扫7、8、9组淋巴结。沿肝总动脉后方显露门静脉,清扫12a组淋巴结。显露胃十二指肠动脉、肝固有动脉,离断胃右动脉,清扫5组淋巴结。游离肝胃韧带至贲门右侧,清扫1组淋巴结。4.沿脾动脉游离,显露脾门血管,清扫10、11组淋巴结。游离贲门左侧,清扫2组淋巴结。5.采取腹部辅助小切口完成胃肠Roux－en－Y重建。     

腹腔镜辅助全胃、胰体尾、脾脏联合脏器切除术

全麻后取倒Y体位,5孔法。进腹后探查未见广泛转移。医用胶在左肝表面喷涂,将肝脏粘在腹壁上(悬吊肝脏)。提起胃结肠韧带,超声刀分离。清扫幽门下区淋巴结。处理胃网膜右血管。分离胰腺上缘,显露肝总动脉及胃十二指肠动脉,处理胃左血管,清扫胰腺上缘及腹腔动脉淋巴结。切除小网膜直至贲门右侧,清扫区域淋巴结。分离胃大弯及脾门区淋巴结,处理胃短血管,游离食管胃连接部。分离胃胰皱襞,发现胰腺体尾部结节较硬考虑转移。决定行全胃、胰体尾、脾脏切除术。游离胰床,离断脾周韧带,超声刀削薄胰腺,直线型切割器离断,微乔间断加固。用直线型切割器离断十二指肠。上腹正中切口5cm,辅助行消化道Roux-Y重建。     

经脐小切口联合左上腹单孔腹腔镜远端胃癌根治术

首先,沿着大网膜的横结肠附着缘游离大网膜,左侧游离至脾脏下极,右侧至十二指肠降部。显露胃网膜右静脉在其根部结扎切断,完成第6v组淋巴结的清扫。显露幽门下血管和胃网膜右动脉在其根部予以结扎切断,完成第6a和6i组淋巴结的清扫。在幽门上区域开窗并离断十二指肠,根部结扎切断胃右血管蒂,完成第5组淋巴结清扫。显露并保护门静脉,在肝总动脉和肝固有动脉鞘表面清扫第8a组和12a组淋巴结。进而转向腹腔动脉根部清扫第9组淋巴结,在根部结扎并切断冠状静脉及胃左动脉,完成清扫第7组淋巴结。沿着脾动脉起始部向远心端清扫11p组淋巴结,裸化胃小弯侧,清扫第1组和第3组淋巴结。在近脾下极处显露胃网膜左血管,并于其根部结扎,清扫第4sb组淋巴结。最后,镜下完成近端残胃与空肠的Billroth II吻合及空肠间侧侧吻合。     

机器人胃癌根治术

Troca采用“W型”5孔法布局。探查完毕后,辅助臂提起横结肠系膜,助手于对侧牵拉横结肠,超声刀沿横结肠切断大网膜,分离横结肠系膜前叶,清扫N0.4淋巴结。接着剥离胰腺前背膜,游离部分脾静脉,根部切断胃网膜左动、静脉及两支胃短血管。解剖胃结肠静脉干及胃网膜右血管,根部切断胃网膜右动、静脉,清扫N0.6淋巴结。沿肝脏侧切开肝胃韧带,幽门上方清扫N0.5淋巴结。辅助臂提起胃,清扫N0.8,9淋巴结,根部结扎并切断胃左动脉、静脉,清扫N0.7淋巴结。向上切除肝胃韧带并游离至贲门部,清扫N0.1,3淋巴结,左侧切断脾胃韧带。幽门下2cm处用切割闭合器横断十二指肠。     

腹腔镜脾切除联合贲门周围血管离断术治疗门静脉高压上消化道出血

从胃大弯侧中部开始向头侧方向切断胃结肠韧带,凝闭切断胃网膜左血管、胃短血管直到胃底和贲门左侧。切断胃胰皱襞,在胰尾部上缘显露并夹闭脾动脉主干。继续凝断脾结肠韧带、脾肾和脾膈韧带,在脾门处显露胰尾,以切割闭合器切断脾蒂,完成脾切除。凝断食管下端和胃近端覆盖的韧带和血管,暴露两侧膈肌脚和膈肌裂孔,切断小弯侧肝胃韧带,向膈肌裂孔内继续切断食管周围高位和异位门体交通支,切断和夹闭胃左和胃右动脉交通支,闭合器切断胃左动、静脉,完成贲门周围血管离断。胃底行内翻折叠缝合。常规取标本,冲洗、止血、放置引流管。     

腹腔镜根治性(扩大)右半结肠切除术

手术采取经典的中间入路:沿肠系膜上静脉(SMV)表面切开,于其左侧清扫回结肠动脉、右结肠动脉及中结肠动脉根部淋巴结并切断;在回结肠血管下方2 cm自然皱褶处切开进入小肠系膜根部,清扫SMV右侧淋巴组织,根部切断回结肠静脉;沿十二指肠水平部与胰头表面间隙分离,显示胃结肠静脉干,于根部切断;胃大弯中部血管弓下方进入网膜囊,在距幽门10 cm处横断胃网膜右血管,沿胃大弯侧分离至显露胃网膜右动脉根部;沿胰颈下缘切开横结肠系膜前叶,向右分离至胃网膜右动脉根部,清扫并将其切断,向右清扫胰头与十二指肠降部前方横结肠系膜;从上至下、从内向外完整切除右半结肠系膜后叶。于右侧经腹直肌切口切开腹壁,长约6 cm,将右半结肠拖出体外。在肿瘤远端10~15 cm横断横结肠,在回盲部近端切断15 cm回肠后行回肠横结肠吻合术。     

腹腔镜横结肠癌根治术

Trocar分布采用五孔法,助手向上牵拉横结肠,沿回结肠血管上方横行切开肠系膜血管表面腹膜,分别显露肠系膜上静脉和肠系膜上动脉,分离结肠中动脉,清扫NO.223淋巴结后于结肠中动脉根部结扎切断,向上分离至胰颈水平,根部结扎切断结肠中静脉,分离显露Henle干及其属支,切断右结肠静脉和网膜右静脉,拓展横结肠后胰十二指肠前间隙,三路包抄游离脾曲,注意保留肠系膜下静脉,肿瘤两端各10 cm确定肠管及胃网膜弓切除范围,清扫NO.204和NO.206淋巴结,游离肝曲。绕脐纵切口取出标本,两断端以直线切割闭合器完成侧侧吻合。     

Lymphatic spreading pattern of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma

BACKGROUND. There have been very few reports on the pattern of lymphatic spread of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. This pattern was elucidated to help define the rational extent of radical lymph node dissection. METHODS. Thirty-nine consecutive patients who underwent hepatectomy with radical lymph node dissection were reviewed retrospectively. RESULTS. Lymph node metastases were detected in 24 of the 39 patients (62%). The metastatic nodes were found in the hepatoduodenal ligament, along the common hepatic artery, around the abdominal aorta, on the posterior surface of the pancreas head, along the left gastric artery, along the superior mesenteric artery, around the celiac artery, along the lesser curvature of the stomach, and around the cardia. The nodal involvements along the left gastric artery, along the lesser curvature, or around the cardia were recognized only in the left peripheral and hilar types of cholangiocarcinoma, while all other sites included both the left or right peripheral type and the hilar type cholangiocarcinoma. CONCLUSIONS. Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas, irrespective of their intrahepatic location, mainly spread to the nodes in the hepatoduodenal ligament, then to the para-aortic nodes, retropancreatic nodes, or common hepatic artery nodes. In addition to these spreading routes, the left peripheral type or hilar type of cholangiocarcinoma tends to spread along the left gastric nodes through the lesser curvature.     

远端胃癌患者肝动脉周围淋巴结微转移的研究

目的 探讨远端胃癌患者正常肝动脉及异常肝动脉周围淋巴结的微转移及清扫的必要性,为胃癌D2根治术中合理地选择淋巴清扫范围提供依据。方法 选择广西医科大学第一附属医院胃肠外科2008年6月至2010年6月间由同一手术者进行远端胃癌D2根治术的60例胃癌患者,对正常肝动脉及源自肠系膜上动脉异常肝动脉周围淋巴脂肪组织行重组人细胞角蛋白20(CK20)和CEA微转移免疫组化检查,从而判断正常及异常肝动脉周围是否有淋巴结转移的发生。结果 本组经CK20和CEA微转移免疫组化测定,正常肝动脉周围淋巴结转移率为27％,患者年龄、肿瘤大小、Borrmann分型、TNM分期均为转移的影响因素。存在源自肠系膜上动脉异常肝动脉的患者共7例,变异率为12％,其中走行于胰腺前方的1例,胰腺后方的6例,胰前、后型异常血管周围淋巴组织中未发现淋巴结转移。结论 CK20和CEA免疫组化检查是检测淋巴结微转移良好的指标;对于年龄≥60岁、肿瘤＞3 cm、BorrmannⅢ～Ⅳ型的远端胃癌患者,走行正常的肝动脉周围淋巴结转移率甚高,术者应重视对此处淋巴结的清扫;发自肠系膜上动脉的异常肝动脉周围淋巴结转移率则很低。     

Studies on gastric lymphatics by using activated carbon particle (CH44) and lymph node metastasis of gastric cancer

Gastric lymphatics in 200 patients of gastric cancer were studied by injection of activated carbon particles (CH44). By observing the carbon flow intraoperatively and examining stained lymph nodes, gastric lymphatics for individual regions (cardia, lesser curvature, left greater curvature and right greater curvature) were evaluated. The cardiac orifice has a main series of lymphatics along the left gastric artery and also has other lymphatics along the splenic artery, left phrenic artery, esophagus, lesser omentum and diaphragm. The left greater curvature depends on the lymph flow along the splenic artery. The lesser curvature has a main lymphatic stream along the left gastric artery. The right greater curvature has convened lymphatics around pancreatic head. Most streams gather around celiac axis, while the flow along right gastro-epiploic vein is also important. We also studied the relationship between the site of gastric cancer and metastasis is to the lymph nodes in 1097 gastrectomized patients. They had received more than R2 lymphatic dissection successfully. In the cases with lesions located in the upper part of the stomach, n4 (positive findings of metastasis to group 4 lymph nodes) is greater than n3 (positive findings of metastasis to group 3 lymph nodes). We concluded that most of gastric lymphatics run along the proper gastric vessels and gathered around celiac axis. For lymph node dissection in gastric cancer, it is important to know the direction of the gastric lymphatics based on tumor sites.     

胃癌根治术中No.12a淋巴结正确清扫的意义和技巧

目的探讨胃癌根治术中No.12a淋巴结清扫的意义和技巧。方法回顾性分析笔者所在科室行No.12a淋巴结清扫的68例Ⅳ期胃癌患者的临床资料,结合笔者的手术实践提出在胃癌根治术时,清扫该组淋巴结的经验和体会。结果 68例Ⅳ期胃癌中共检出No.12a淋巴结556枚(5～11枚/例),平均8.17枚/例,No.12a淋巴结转移率为33.27%(185/556)。本组病例术后无吻合口漏、淋巴管瘘、出血等并发症发生。结论熟悉肝固有动脉周围解剖以及鞘内淋巴结清扫,胃左静脉和胃右动脉自根部结扎以及门静脉前壁和胃十二指肠动脉的充分显露是彻底清扫No.12a淋巴结的关键。     

Aggressive resection for advanced pancreatic carcinoma

An aggressive pancreatectomy was performed on a 53 year old Japanese man with advanced cancer of the pancreas. The tumor originated from the body of the pancreas and invaded the stomach, duodenum, left kidney, transverse colon and common hepatic artery. An unexpected cancer was also found in the head of the pancreas during the operation. Therefore, total pancreatectomy, total gastrectomy, left adrenonephrectomy, resection of the left transverse colon and dissection of the regional lymph nodes were performed. Resection of the common hepatic artery was also performed, followed by an end-to-end anastomosis between the common hepatic artery and celiac trunk. The postoperative course was uneventful and the patient was doing well until nine months after the operation when multiple metastatic lesions were noted in the liver. He died 391 days after the operation from hepatic failure.