腹腔镜肝切除技术的优化

目的通过动物实验优化腹腔镜肝切除中入肝血流阻断技术及肝实质离断技术。方法以10头猪为实验动物,以肝门阻断钳或可拆卸肝门阻断钳及鞘内解剖优化腹腔镜下入肝血流阻断技术;在没有任何入肝血流阻断的情况下,分别进行肝脏局部切除、左外侧叶及左内侧叶的序贯切除,肝实质离断采用超声刀、LigaSure、微波刀、双极电凝、外科夹及内镜切割闭合器完成,比较不同器械离断肝实质的效果和安全性。结果肝门阻断钳或可拆卸肝门阻断钳行入肝血流全部阻断或部分阻断后,缺血部分肝脏颜色变化明显;鞘内解剖左半肝入肝血流阻断后,左、右半肝间的缺血线明显;各种常用肝实质离断器械均有其适用范围,对其的优化使用可提高断肝效率,减少出血。结论通过动物实验优化的腹腔镜入肝血流阻断技术以及肝实质离断技术,可为腹腔镜解剖性广泛肝切除的临床应用提供依据。     

射频消融技术在腹腔镜解剖性肝切除动物模型中的应用

目的评价在腹腔镜解剖性肝切除动物模型中应用射频消融（radiofrequency ablation,RFA）技术进行肝段定位、入肝血流阻断以及辅助肝实质离断的可行性、有效性和安全性。方法 20头猪选取不同肝段分别完成2个实验。第1个实验中,20头猪随机分为2组,分别为门静脉RFA辅助组（超声引导下肝段门静脉系统定位及RFA辅助肝段血流阻断下腹腔镜肝段切除）和常规腹腔镜切除组（常规腹腔镜肝段切除）,每组10头。第2个实验中,20头猪重新按随机数字表随机分为2组,分别为RFA辅助肝实质离断组（RFA辅助肝实质离断腹腔镜左外叶肝切除）和常规腹腔镜肝叶切除组（常规腹腔镜左外叶切除）,每组10头。比较手术时间、术中出血量和切除肝段重量。结果第1个实验中,9头猪完成超声引导下肝段门静脉系统RFA辅助腹腔镜肝段切除,常规腹腔镜切除组10头猪完成手术。门静脉RFA辅助组和常规腹腔镜切除组手术时间分别为（74±16）min和（104±28）min（t=-2.821,P=0.012）,术中出血量分别为（84±20）ml和（114±32）ml（t=-2.416,P=0.027）。第2个实验中,RFA辅助肝实质离断组和常规腹腔镜肝叶切除组手术均顺利完成,2组手术时间无统计学差异[（136±26）min vs.（124±18）min,t=1.200,P=0.246],术中出血量有统计学差异[（110±36）ml vs.（164±50）ml,t=-2.772,P=0.013]。结论超声引导下肝段门静脉系统RFA辅助肝段入肝血流阻断后行腹腔镜肝段切除有助于缩短手术时间和减少术中出血量;RFA辅助肝实质离断的腹腔镜肝左外叶切除与常规腹腔镜肝叶切除相比在不增加手术时间的基础上可以减少术中出血。     

肝门血流阻断在腹腔镜肝切除术的应用

目的探讨腹腔镜肝切除术中肝门血流阻断技术应用的技术要点及可行性。方法回顾性分析广西医科大学第一附属医院微创外科2005年5月至2011年6月期间95例行肝门血流阻断的腹腔镜肝切除术病例的临床资料。结果腹腔镜肝左外叶切除21例,左半肝切除13例,右半肝切除4例,肝段切除17例,局部性肝切除24例,血管瘤切除5例,中转开腹手术11例。39例应用间断性Pringle法行全入肝血流阻断,阻断时间为(30.84±9.51)min;56例行选择性入肝血流阻断,包括14例经Glisson鞘一并阻断肝蒂,42例打开Glisson鞘,分离并阻断鞘内动脉及门静脉。12例于断肝前阻断肝静脉,包括7例缝扎肝左静脉,4例分离肝左静脉,1例分离肝右静脉;其余病例则在断肝过程中于断面内处理肝静脉。手术时间(236.80±95.97)min,术中出血(551.55±497.41)ml,输浓缩红细胞(2.60±2.23)U,血浆(211.90±179.29)ml。术后并发症包括肝断面出血4例,胸腔积液4例,肺部感染3例,腹水7例,胆瘘2例,死亡1例。术后住院时间(12.47±4.18)d。截止2012年2月29日,72例肝癌获随访,随访时间(24.14±16.62)个月(5～81个月),1年生存率为68.4%(54/79),3年生存率为21.5%(17/79)。结论在腹腔镜肝切除术中应用肝门血流阻断技术是可行的。     

腹腔镜扩大左半肝联合全尾叶切除术

1．肝门处预置肝门阻断带,必要时行肝门阻断控制出血;2.肝脏肿瘤压迫第一、二、三肝门及下腔静脉,紧贴肿瘤包膜处理各管道,采取左右结合、由浅入深的策略;3.优先离断肝实质,劈肝后分离出左侧肝蒂,以直线切割闭合器离断左侧肝蒂;4.肝实质内紧贴包块包膜离断肝实质;5.肝脏包块侵犯肝中静脉及右侧尾状叶,术中联合肝中静脉及全尾叶切除;6.术中避免损伤右侧肝蒂及右肝静脉;7.术中使用超声刀、Ligasure等能量器械断肝、止血;8.缝合技术在腹腔镜肝切除手术中具有重要作用。     

腹腔镜左肝叶切除治疗肝胆管结石

目的: 总结腹腔镜左肝叶切除治疗肝胆管结石的经验.方法: 2004年10月至2005年1月施行腹腔镜左肝叶切除治疗肝胆管结石7例.肝切除过程包括离断肝周韧带和粘连,解剖阻断左肝蒂,缝扎肝左静脉,离断肝实质.结果: 左半肝切除2例,左肝外叶切除5例,手术时间平均238 min,平均出血量150 ml.术后轻微胆漏3例.手术6~14 d后出院.结论: 腹腔镜左肝叶切除治疗肝胆管结石是可行的.     

腹腔镜肝切除术治疗肝血管瘤22例临床分析

目的 探讨腹腔镜肝切除术治疗肝血管瘤的技术要点和疗效.方法 回顾分析第三军医大学西南医院2007年3月1日至2008年2月29日22例肝血管瘤病人行腹腔镜肝切除术的临床资料.结果 22例中2例中转开腹,20例完成全腹腔镜肝切除术.规则性肝叶(段)切除14例,其中左半肝切除5例,左外叶切除5例(其中1例联合右肝血管瘤射频消融术),Ⅵ段切除4例;不规则肝切除8例.10例在区域性半肝血流阻断条件下手术,7例行间歇性第一肝门血流阻断,5例未行人肝血流阻断.平均手术时间209 min,平均术中出血量360 ml.全组无手术死亡及并发症发生.术后恢复顺利,平均术后住院时间6 d.随访2～14个月,无症状再发及肿瘤复发.结论 腹腔镜肝切除术治疗肝血管瘤具有手术安全、并发症少和术后恢复快等优点,其技术要点是选择恰当适应证和手术入路,有效控制入肝血流和妥善处理肝断面,肝实质离断沿瘤体周围0.5～1 cm正常肝实质内进行或直接行荷瘤肝叶(段)规则性切除.     

肝内Glissonian鞘外离断法行腹腔镜左半肝切除术

目的探讨肝内Glissonian鞘外离断法实施腹腔镜左半肝切除的可行性。方法对一例73岁左肝癌女性患者实施全腹腔镜左半肝切除术,肿瘤直径5.5 cm,采用五孔法,先在左侧肝蒂上缘切开一小口,用一"金手指"顺脐板钝性分离,并从尾状叶前Arantius韧带处穿出,先带入一丝线控制左侧肝蒂,左半肝呈明显缺血性改变,再用内镜血管切割闭合器取代丝线夹闭左肝蒂,并击发离断,肝实质的离断采用超声刀配合单、双极电凝刀,用内镜血管切割闭合器离断左肝静脉,术中无须阻断第一肝门。结果总的手术时间180 min,术中出血量50 ml,切缘阴性,术后恢复良好,无胆漏及出血,术后4 d出院,术后病理提示肝细胞癌(T1N0M0)。结论在选择的患者,全腹腔镜左半肝切除术安全和可行,采用肝内Glissonian鞘外解剖方法预先离断左侧肝蒂,简化了手术过程,有利于减少术中出血,值得推广应用。     

优先解剖肝实质法在腹腔镜下鞘外肝蒂血流阻断中的应用：附解剖性肝中叶切除1例

背景与目的:术中出血是腹腔镜下解剖性肝叶切除术(ALH)中转开腹的主要原因,入肝血流的有效控制是ALH成功实施的关键。传统的ALH肝蒂血流阻断遵循"肝蒂优先"的思路,即先游离并离断肝蒂(具体可分为"鞘内解剖法"和"鞘外解剖法"),再行肝实质离断,但它耗时费力。笔者在长期的临床工作中摸索出了优先解剖肝实质再离断肝蒂的入肝血流阻断技术,将其命名为"肝实质解剖优先"(LPDF)法。这一方法未扩大手术范围,仅调整了手术操作顺序,可简化入肝血流的阻断,有利于ALH的推广应用。本文介绍1例应用LPDF行腹腔镜下解剖性肝中叶切除的病例,初步总结LPDF的技术特点。方法:回顾性分析2019年10月1例应用LPDF行腹腔镜下解剖性肝中叶切除术肝癌患者的临床资料。患者肝癌病灶累及8、5段和4b段。术中游离肝周韧带,阻断第一肝门,超声刀沿镰状韧带右侧(左侧切除线)向第一及第二肝门方向充分解剖肝实质,显露适当长度的右前叶肝蒂后予结扎并离断,从而显示出右肝前叶缺血线(右侧切除线),再行右侧肝实质解剖。直至两侧切面汇合,将肝中叶及肿块整块切除。结果:手术时间为260min,术中出血量为300m L,未输血;术后第3天肠道功能恢复,术后第6天出院,未发生腹腔内大出血或胆汁漏等并发症。术后1个月门诊复查彩超发现117mm×87mm术区积液,但患者无发热、腹痛症状,白细胞数目及总胆红素正常,未予处理,术区积液逐渐吸收。结论:LPDF安全可行,它简化了腹腔镜肝中叶切除鞘外肝蒂血流阻断,值得进一步研究其在ALH中的应用价值。     

腹腔镜肝切除术中肝脏血流控制方法的探讨

目的 探讨腹腔镜肝切除术中肝脏血流控制的方法及其可行性.方法 对38例不同肝脏疾病患者采用不同肝脏血流控制方法行肝叶切除,采用入肝血流阻断17例,半肝血流阻断13例,患侧肝动脉结扎6例,保留健侧肝动脉血供的入肝血流阻断法2例；联合肝左静脉结扎16例.结果 中转开腹2例,其余均获得成功,无死亡病例.结论 在腹腔镜肝切除手术中,肝脏血流控制方法较多,应根据肝脏病变位置、患者情况以及术者经验灵活选择血流控制的方法.     

肝切除术中控制肝出血方法的选择

近２０年来随着解剖学、肝脏外科技术的发展,肝切除术中控制出血的方法有了长足的进步。目前控制出血的方法有局部血流阻断和入肝血流阻断。近年来全肝血流阻断,尤其是常温下全肝血流阻断方法的使用得到普及。目的均是为了切除病变肝组织、减少术中出血、确保手术安全、有利术后肝功能恢复。本文就近５年来,我们应用不同方法对１６１例原发性肝细胞肝癌病人施行肝切除治疗总结如下。临床资料１．本组病例均经手术病理证实为原发性肝细胞肝癌。其中男１３２例,女２９例;右半肝切除４３例,左半肝切除２８例,不规则肝段或联合肝段切除８…     

射频止血系统在肝切除术中的应用(附65例报告)

目的介绍一种新的射频止血系统在肝切除术中的应用情况并评估其安全性及有效性。方法 2015年6月至2016年6月间11例病人单独使用射频止血系统行肝切除术,54例病例采用射频止血系统与其他肝切除设备[超声刀、双极电凝钳和超声吸引刀(cavitron ultrasonic surgical aspirator,CUSA)]配合使用行肝切除术。使用射频止血系统解剖第一肝门、离断肝周韧带,使用其他切肝设备离断肝脏实质,肝断面出血点采用射频止血系统止血。结果 11例单独使用射频止血切肝的病人中,有9例没有行肝脏血流阻断,1例左半肝切除病人预先结扎患侧入肝血流,1例左半肝切除术中行陈氏肝血流阻断(第一肝门阻断联合肝下下腔静脉阻断);中位出血量为150 ml(30~300 ml),中位手术时间为200 min(90~250 min)。射频止血系统配合使用其他切肝设备54例病例中:腹腔镜肝切除术33例,开腹手术21例;33例未采用任何血流阻断方法(59.3%),第一肝门联合下腔静脉阻断3例,第一肝门阻断5例,10例半肝切除及3例扩大左半肝切除均预先处理患侧血管;54例中有1例活体肝移植供肝手术未采用任何血流阻断技术;腹腔镜手术无中转开腹;中位出血量为230 ml(50~500 ml),中位手术时间为240 min(90~360 min)。所有病例均未输血,均恢复顺利,无严重术后并发症,无围手术期死亡。结论在肝切除术中使用射频止血系统可减少术中出血量,避免肝血流阻断带来的缺血再灌注损伤,操作简单,值得推广。     

预结扎病侧肝脏入出肝血管切肝术的体会

目的　比较预结扎病侧肝脏入出肝血管切肝术与阻断肝门切肝术的优缺点。方法　 32例病人包括两组 :甲组 2 0例 ,肝切除时阻断肝门。乙组 12例 ,肝切除时预结扎病侧肝脏入出肝血管。对两组病人的术中失血量 ,术后平均出血量和引流量 ,术后肝功能恢复时间和术后并发症等进行比较分析。结果　甲乙两组术中平均出血量分别是 85 0ml和 4 5 0ml (P <0 0 1)。术后平均出血和引流量分别是 30 0ml和 15 0ml(P <0 0 1)。术后ALT恢复正常时间分别为 6～ 35d和 3～ 7d ,AST恢复正常时间分别是 5～ 30d和 4～ 8d ,总胆红素恢复正常时间分别为 7～ 6 0d和 5～ 14d ,两组相比差异显著 (P <0 0 1)。术后并发症发生率分别为 30 %和 0 % (P <0 0 1)。结论　预结扎病侧肝脏入出肝血管切肝术优于阻断肝门切肝术     

Vascular Control during Hepatectomy: Review of Methods and Results

The various techniques of hepatic vascular control are presented, focusing on the indications and drawbacks of each. Retrospective and prospective clinical studies highlight aspects of the pathophysiology, indications, and morbidity of the various techniques of hepatic vascular control. Newer perspectives on the field emerge from the introduction of ischemic preconditioning and laparoscopic hepatectomy. A literature review based on computer searches in Index Medicus and PubMed focuses mainly on prospective studies comparing techniques and large retrospective ones. All methods of hepatic vascular control can be applied with minimal mortality by experienced surgeons and are effective for controlling bleeding. The Pringle maneuver is the oldest and simplest of these methods and is still favored by many surgeons. Intermittent application of the Pringle maneuver and hemihepatic occlusion or inflow occlusion with extraparenchymal control of major hepatic veins is particularly indicated for patients with abnormal parenchyma. Total hepatic vascular exclusion is associated with considerable morbidity and hemodynamic intolerance in 10% to 20% of patients. It is absolutely indicated only when extensive reconstruction of the inferior vena cava (IVC) is warranted. Major hepatic veins/ and limited IVC reconstruction has been also achieved under inflow occlusion with extraparenchymal control of major hepatic veins or even using the intermittent Pringle maneuver. Ischemic preconditioning is strongly recommended for patients younger than 60 years and those with steatotic livers. Each hepatic vascular control technique has its place in liver surgery, depending on tumor location, underlying liver disease, patient cardiovascular status, and, most important, the experience of the surgical and anesthesia team.     

Selective Hepatic Vascular Exclusion versus Pringle Maneuver in Major Liver Resections: Prospective Study

Selective hepatic vascular exclusion (SHVE) and the Pringle maneuver are two methods used to control bleeding during hepatectomy. They are compared in a prospective randomized study, where 110 patients undergoing major liver resection were randomly allocated to the SHVE group or the Pringle group. Data regarding the intraoperative and postoperative courses of the patients are analyzed. Intraoperative blood loss and transfusion requirements were significantly decreased in the SHVE group, and postoperative liver function was better in that group. Although there was no difference between the two groups regarding the postoperative complications rate, patients offered the Pringle maneuver had a significantly longer hospital stay. The application of SHVE did not prolong the warm ischemia time or the total operating time. It is evident from the present study that SHVE performed by experienced surgeons is as safe as the Pringle maneuver and is well tolerated by the patients. It is much more effective than the Pringle maneuver for controlling intraoperative bleeding, and it is associated with better postoperative liver function and shorter hospital stay.     

选择性肝血流阻断肝切除术的应用

目的探讨选择性肝血流阻断肝切除术的安全性和可行性。方法回顾性分析我院2002年3月至2006年10月行肝切除术65例,分为选择性肝血流阻断组（HVC,n=28）和第一肝门阻断组（Pringle,n=37）;比较两组病人术中出血量、手术时间、术后肝功能的恢复、术后两天的平均引流量以及术后并发症。结果两组病人术中出血量和手术时间均无显著性差异;HVC组术后3天和7天的血清谷丙转氨酶明显低于Pringle组,术后两天的平均引流量HVC组明显少于Pringle组;Pringle组有两例出现肝功能衰竭,其中1例死亡,HVC组没有肝功能衰竭及死亡病例。结论选择性肝血流阻断肝切除术安全、可行,较第一肝门阻断更有利于肝功能的恢复,减少肝功能衰竭的发生。     

Vascular occlusion techniques during liver resection

Control of bleeding from the transected liver basically consists of vascular inflow occlusion and control of hepatic venous backflow from the caval vein. Central venous pressure determines the pressure in the hepatic veins and is an extremely important factor in controlling blood loss through venous backflow. Vascular inflow occlusion (Pringle maneuver) involves clamping of the portal vein and the hepatic artery in the hepatic pedicle and gives rise to postischemic, reperfusion injury. Several strategies have been devised to reduce reperfusion injury (pharmacological interventions) or to increase ischemic tolerance of the liver (ischemic preconditioning). Intermittent clamping is recommended in complex liver resections or in patients with diseased livers. The combination of occlusion of vascular inflow and outflow of the liver results in total hepatic vascular exclusion (THVE) and is mainly used in tumors invading the caval vein. During THVE the liver can be cooled by hypothermic perfusion allowing for extended ischemia times. Selective THVE entails clamping of the main hepatic veins in their extrahepatic course, thus preserving caval flow. Safe liver surgery requires knowledge of the regular techniques of vascular occlusion for 'on demand' use when necessitated to reduce blood loss.     

肝下下腔静脉阻断在肝切除术中控制出血的临床应用

如何有效地控制肝切除术中出血一直是肝胆外科领域研究的热点。肝脏有流人道和流出道两套血管系统,对肝脏的血流控制包括对流人道和流出道血流的控制。控制流人道出血有许多简单而有效的方法,而如何有效地控制流出道出血一直是个难题。学者们创立了许多方法,包括全肝血流阻断、选择性全肝血流阻断等,但是这些方法都存在一定的弊端,只在特定的患者中被采用。有学者发现通过降低中心静脉压可减少肝切除术中肝静脉系统的出血,但是对其有效性仍存在争议。近年来,有文献报道在第一肝门阻断的同时,阻断肝下下腔静脉即可有效减少肝切除时来自肝静脉系统的出血。此方法相对于其他控制肝脏流出道出血的方法都简单易行,在肝切除术中有很高的应用价值。本文对肝下下腔静脉阻断在肝切除术中应用的现状进行讨论,对其减少肝切除术中出血的有效性及安全性进行总结和评价。     

A simple technique ligating the corresponding inflow and outflow vessels during anatomical left hepatectomy

Background Massive bleeding remains one of main factors of morbidity and death in liver resections. For this reason, the Pringle maneuver or total vascular exclusion is commonly used during liver resection. However, ischemic damage is still a major problem. Some surgeons used the “glissonean” approach for bleeding control, but the technique is tedious and also time consuming, with high incidence of bile leaks in the postoperative period. The aim of this paper is to describe a new bleeding control technique, rapid ligation of the corresponding inflow and outflow vessels without hilus dissection before the parenchyma transection during anatomical left liver resection and to analyze the feasibility, blood loss, transfusion requirements, and postoperative complications. Materials and methods During the past 18 years, we used the new hemorrhage control technique in left liver resection in 630 patients with malignant or benign tumors. Results The median blood loss in all 630 patients was 110 ± 250 ml (range 50–750), and no patient required blood transfusion. The median total operative time was 77 ± 35 min (range 25–155). No bile leaks and liver failure of the patients occurred postoperatively. There was no death within 30 postoperative days. Conclusion The rapid ligation of the corresponding inflow and outflow vessels without hilus dissection before the parenchyma transection is a feasible, safe, and bloodless technique during the left liver resection. A commentary on this paper is available at     

Effects of hepatovenous back flow on ischemic- reperfusion injuries in liver resections with the pringle maneuver

BACKGROUND: Experimental findings have demonstrated a beneficial role of retrograde blood flow from hepatic veins that takes place during the Pringle maneuver in liver resections. The cytoprotective effect of hepatovenous back-perfusion has not been evaluated in humans. A randomized prospective study was designed to compare the response of liver cells to ischemic-reperfusion injury during the application of two different ischemic procedures: inflow versus inflow plus outflow vascular occlusion of the liver. STUDY DESIGN: Forty patients were randomly allocated to undergo liver resection using the continuous Pringle maneuver (n = 20) or inflow plus outflow vascular occlusion of the liver by selective hepatic vascular exclusion (n = 20). Liver function was assessed on postoperative days 1 to 6. Response of liver cells to I/R injury was evaluated by measuring interleukins IL-6 and IL-8 at 3, 12, 24, and 48 hours after reperfusion. Oxidative stress was assessed by measuring malondialdehyde levels. RESULTS: Both groups were comparable regarding ischemic time, operative time, and extent of liver resection. Patients in whom retrograde blood flow to the liver took place during the Pringle maneuver showed better liver function postoperatively and less severe hepatic I/R injuries compared with those undergoing liver resection using both inflow and outflow vascular occlusion. Oxidative stress was significantly lower in the Pringle maneuver group compared with the inflow plus outflow vascular occlusion group (mean [+/- SD] malondialdehyde 8 +/- 2.1 micromol/L in the Pringle group versus 14.7 +/- 1.8 micromol/L in the selective hepatic vascular exclusion group 30 min after reperfusion, p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Back perfusion via hepatic veins contributes to attenuation of I/R damage during the Pringle maneuver and should be preferred if possible during liver resection.