Nosocomial bacterial infections and their antimicrobial resistance patterns in university hospitals of hamedan, iran

Background: Nosocomial infections constitute a global health problem, leading to a high rate of morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency and antimicrobial resistance patterns of nosocomial infections in edu-cational hospitals of Hamadan, western Iran.Methods: During a 1-year period from April 2006 to March 2007, all patients with cul-ture-proven nosocomial infections from educational hospitals in Hamedan, west-ern Iran were included. Nosocomial infections were defined as a culture-proven infection, which occurred more than 48h after admission in the hospital. An-timicrobial susceptibility testing of isolated bacteria was performed by disc dif-fusion method. Results: A total of 170 cases of culture-proven nosocomial infections were diag-nosed. Most cases were in intensive care units (ICUs) (57.4%). The common sites of infection were lower respiratory tract (51.8%) and urinary tract (31.9%). Kleb-siella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli, were the most prevalent pathogens (32.7%, 22.9%, and 14.8% respectively). Most en-terobacteriacea isolates were resistant to third generation cephalosporins. The resis-tant rates to ceftriaxone were 75.5% for K. pneumoniae, and 76% for E. coli. Among P. aeruginosa isolates, 26.5% were resistant to ceftazidim, and 36% to cipro-floxacin. Among S. aureus isolates, 80% were methicillin-resistant. Conclusion: The patients in the ICUs are at a higher risk of nosocomial infec-tions. The high prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in the hospitals highlights the need of further infection control activities and surveillance programs.     

14所基层医疗机构医院感染管理探讨

目的了解基层医疗机构医院感染管理现状,为加强医院感染管理工作,逐步提高本区医院感染管理的整体水平提供依据。方法根据《医院感染管理规范》、《医院消毒技术规范》的要求制定统一检查评分标准,对14所基层医疗机构的医院感染管理现状进行调查。结果14所基层医疗机构的医院感染管理工作均存在不同程度的问题:发病率高(15.7%),漏报率高(67.7%),抗感染药物使用率高(71.2%),医院感染病例病原学送检率低(12.9%),无医院感染监测数据及反馈,病区和诊室洗手设备不规范。结论重视医院感染管理工作、完善监控网络、培养高素质的医院感染管理专职人员,是基层医疗机构医院感染管理工作健康发展的关键。     

Device-associated nosocomial infection rates in intensive care units of Argentina.

BACKGROUND: Nosocomial infections are an important public health problem in many developing countries, particularly in the intensive care unit (ICU) setting. No previous data are available on the incidence of device-associated nosocomial infections in different types of ICUs in Argentina. METHODS: We performed a prospective nosocomial infection surveillance study during the first year of an infection control program in six Argentinean ICUs. Nosocomial infections were identified using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System definitions, and site-specific nosocomial infection rates were calculated. RESULTS: The rate of catheter-associated bloodstream infections in medical-surgical ICUs was 30.3 per 1,000 device-days; it was 14.2 per 1,000 device-days in coronary care units (CCUs). The rate of ventilator-associated pneumonia in medical-surgical ICUs was 46.3 per 1,000 device-days; it was 45.5 per 1,000 device-days in CCUs. The rate of symptomatic catheter-associated urinary tract infections in medical-surgical ICUs was 18.5 per 1,000 device-days; it was 12.1 per 1,000 device-days in CCUs. CONCLUSION: The high rate of nosocomial infections in Argentinean ICUs found during our surveillance suggests that ongoing targeted surveillance and implementation of proven infection control strategies is needed in developing countries such as Argentina.     

To isolate or not to isolate? Analysis of data from the German Nosocomial Infection Surveillance System regarding the placement of patients with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in private rooms in intensive care units.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether isolating patients with MRSA in private rooms in ICUs (or cohorting) is a protective factor for nosocomial MRSA infection. DESIGN: Association between nosocomial MRSA infection rates and ICU structure and process parameters in the German Nosocomial Infection Surveillance System (KISS). SETTING: Two hundred twelve ICUs participating in KISS in 2001. METHODS: In June 2001, a structured questionnaire was sent to the participating ICUs regarding their preventive measures, their type and size, their patient-to-personnel ratios, and routine cultures. Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to identify risk factors for nosocomial MRSA infection. RESULTS: The questionnaire was completed by 164 (77.4%) of the ICUs. These ICUs had 325 nosocomial MRSA infections in a 5-year period (1997 to 2001). The mean incidence density of nosocomial MRSA infections was 0.3/1,000 patient-days. Ninety-one ICUs (55.5%) did not register any nosocomial MRSA infections during the observation period. Forty-two ICUs had an incidence density of at least 0.3/1,000 patient-days (75th percentile). Surgical ICUs were found to be a risk factor for a nosocomial MRSA infection rate above this threshold. Multivariate analysis found surgical ICUs to be an independent predictor and isolation in private rooms (or cohorts) to be a protective factor (OR, 0.36; CI95, 0.17-0.79). CONCLUSION: Many (34.4%) of the German ICUs have not isolated MRSA patients in private rooms or cohorts, a procedure associated with lower MRSA infection rates in this study.     

How many nosocomial infections are missed if identification is restricted to patients with either microbiology reports or antibiotic administration?

OBJECTIVE: To investigate how many nosocomial infections would be missed if surveillance activities were restricted to patients having either microbiology reports or antibiotic administration. DESIGN: Analysis of data from a large prevalence study on nosocomial infections (Nosocomial Infections in Germany-Surveillance and Prevention). SETTING: A total of 14,966 patients were investigated in medical, surgical, obstetric-gynecologic, and intensive-care units of 72 German hospitals representatively selected according to size. Five hundred eighteen patients (3.5%) had at least one nosocomial infection. Microbiology reports were available for 56.6% of these patients on the prevalence day, and 86.3% received antibiotics. RESULTS: Only 31 nosocomially infected patients (6%) would have been missed by using either microbiology reports or antibiotic treatment as an indicator. These indicators of nosocomial infections had a high diagnostic sensitivity for nosocomial pneumonia (98.8%), urinary tract infections (96.3%), and primary bloodstream infections (95.3%), but a lower sensitivity for wound infections (85.4%). Thus, 97.4% of all nosocomial infections were found with this method in intensive-care units and 96.1% in medicine units, but only 89.7% in surgical departments. In 9 (12.5%) of 72 hospitals, the overall sensitivity would have been <80% using a combination of the two indicators. For this reason, the situation in one's own hospital should be checked before using this method. CONCLUSIONS: After checking the situation in one's own hospital, the "either-or" approach using the two indicators "microbiology report" and "antibiotic administration" can be recommended as a time-saving measure to diagnose pneumonia, urinary tract, and primary bloodstream infections. For wound infections, additional information obtained by changing dressings or participating in ward rounds is necessary to achieve satisfactory sensitivity in the surveillance of nosocomial infections. Of course, it is necessary that the surveillance staff discard all false positives to ensure a satisfactory specificity.     

Prevalence of nosocomial infections in high-risk units in the university clinical center of Kosova.

A point-prevalence study was performed to determine the prevalence of nosocomial infections in University Clinical Center of Kosova. Of 167 surveyed patients, 27 had a total of 29 nosocomial infections, with an overall prevalence rate of 17.4%. Nosocomial bloodstream infections were most prevalent (62%). The prevalence was highest among neonates in intensive-care units (77.8%).     

An approach to the study of potentially preventable nosocomial infections.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze a method that identifies potentially preventable nosocomial infections, as a tool to evaluate the performance of infection control programs through quantification of their potential for reducing nosocomial infections. METHODS: The database of the Study of the Prevalence of Nosocomial Infections in Spain (EPINE) was reanalyzed. The method was based on the use of false negatives of the classification table obtained from application of a fixed multiple logistic regression model, as an estimator of the number of potentially preventable nosocomial infections. RESULTS: The calculated number of patients with preventable infections was 7,493, which constituted 21.6% of the infected patients. Among hospital areas, intensive care had the lowest preventability rate (4.6%), whereas gynecology and obstetrics had the highest (40.6%). There was a significant inverse exposure-effect relationship between the proportion of preventable infections and the National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) System risk index. No correlation was observed between the prevalence of patients with nosocomial infection and the percentage of preventable infections. CONCLUSION: This analysis suggests that fewer nosocomial infections may be preventable in Spanish hospitals than previously assumed.     

Surveillance results of nosocomial infections of the ICU in Kenézy Hospital, based on two years data

INTRODUCTION: According to data in the literature, the number of nosocomial infections in the ICU is far higher than in non-ICU patients. As a result of improving lifesaving technologies, the risk of nosocomial infections increases in ICUs. Utilization of epidemiological methods is recommended for the detection and follow up of nosocomial infections. Aims: Prospective surveillance to assess the epidemiology of nosocomial infections in an ICU. METHODS: Kenézy Hospital is a country hospital with 1637 beds and a 16-bed central ICU. During the investigated period (01. 04. 2004-31. 03. 2006) 1490 patients, with a total 8058 ICU days, were hospitalised in the mixed medical-surgical ICU. The commonest primary diagnosis were respiratory failure, multiple trauma and head injury. Surveillance was performed by a trained infection control nurse and was supervised by an infection control physician and infectious disease physician. CDC definitions were used to define nosocomial infections. RESULTS: A total of 194 nosocomial infections in 134 patients were detected during the study period. The overall incidence and incidence density of nosocomial infections were 13.0 per 100 patients and 24.0 per 1000 patient-days. Respiratory tract infections (44.3%) were the most frequent nosocomial infection, followed by urinary tract (21.1%) and bloodstream infections (20.1%). CONCLUSIONS: Nosocomial surveillance is useful in detecting nosocomial infections in ICU. A multidisciplinary approach and partnership between the physicians and infection control nurses is needed. Patient-to-nurse ratio is an independent risk factor for nosocomial infections in intensive care, this must be kept in mind when planning rationalization of the number of nursing staff.     

脑出血患者医院感染特点及相关因素分析

目的 探讨脑出血患者医院感染特点及相关危险因素.方法 回顾性调查分析2006年5月-2011年4月1017例脑出血住院患者的临床资料.结果 1017例脑出血患者发生医院感染145例,感染率为14.3％,感染173例次,例次感染率为17.0％;感染部位以下呼吸道多见占51.4％,其次为泌尿道、消化道;年龄、住院时间、格拉斯哥昏迷量表(GCS)评分、卒中量表(NIHSS)评分、糖尿病史、吸烟及侵入性操作等是医院感染发生的危险因素.结论 脑出血患者医院感染发生率高,医务人员应采取综合措施加以防治,降低医院感染发生率.     

Multiple nosocomial infections. An incidence study

Prospective surveillance for nosocomial infections was performed for a five-year admission cohort (1980-1984) at North Carolina Memorial Hospital. One or more nosocomial infections developed in 2,662 patients (2.6%) from 102,206 patients at risk; greater than or equal to 2 nosocomial infections developed in 775 of these 2,662 patients (29.1%), and greater than or equal to 3 nosocomial infections in 304 of 775 patients with greater than or equal to 2 infections (39.2%). Hospital stay was significantly prolonged for infected compared with never-infected patients (38.1 vs. 7.9 days, p less than 0.0001) and for multiply-infected versus once-infected patients (57.9 vs. 30.0 days, p less than 0.0001). Total nosocomial infections numbered 4,031 with 2,144 multiple infections (53%); the average number of nosocomial infections per infected patient was 1.5 (4,031 infections in 2,662 patients). Among all nosocomial infections, 64% of bacteremias, 55% of respiratory infections, 55% of surgical wound infections, and 40% of urinary tract infections occurred in patients with multiple nosocomial infections. Surgical patients had 56% of multiple infections. Intensive care unit patients had significantly more multiple infections than non-intensive care unit patients. Nosocomial infections in intensive care unit patients were 71% multiple nosocomial infections. The probability of developing multiple infections was 11 times greater after the first infection occurred. This emphasizes the need to prevent initial nosocomial infections and to identify risk factors for multiple nosocomial infections. Determining risk factors for multiple nosocomial infections could focus infection control efforts on a subpopulation of patients who acquire over 50% of all nosocomial infections and who have significantly prolonged and costly hospital stays.     

脑出血患者医院感染的相关因素分析

目的探讨脑出血患者并发医院感染相关因素,以便采取有效控制措施. 方法对1999年6月～2003年6月,住院时间>48 h的584例脑出血患者进行医院感染相关因素分析. 结果脑出血并发医院感染74例,感染发生率12.67%,多发生在住院<2周,下呼吸道感染最多,占36.49%,其次为泌尿道占22.97%,病原学检查主要为条件致病菌;侵袭性操作、抗生素预防性应用、血糖、白细胞计数、意识障碍、肢体运动障碍、年龄、住院天数、营养状态与医院感染的发生相关. 结论脑出血医院感染发生率高,应充分重视这些影响因素,予积极有效的防治措施,减少医院感染的发生率,促进患者康复.     

医院获得性血流感染的流行病学研究

目的 了解医院获得性血流感染的发病情况、流行病学分布、影响因素、病原菌和耐药性.方法 前瞻性监测医院2010年所有住院患者发生的医院血流感染,分析医院血流感染的流行病学分布和影响因素.结果 共监测住院患者35 708例,发生医院血流感染242例,医院血流感染率为0.7％,每千住院日的感染率为0.4‰；所有医院血流感染中,26.9％发生在ICU,68.6％为导管相关性感染；引起医院血流感染的病原菌,58.4％为革兰阳性球菌,30.7％为革兰阴性杆菌,10.9％为真菌,有9.9％的血流感染由＞2种病原菌引起.结论 医院获得性血流感染主要发生在ICU、血液科、肾内科、神经外科等科室,这些科室是开展目标性监测的重点部门.     

2009-2010年医院感染现患率调查与分析

目的 了解住院患者医院感染的发生情况与影响因素的关系,为制定医院感染监控措施提供依据,并开展有效的目标性监测.方法 依照卫生部《医院感染监测规范》,对2009、2010年某日0:00-24:00的住院患者,采取床旁调查与查阅住院病历相结合方法,填写统一调查表进行医院感染现患率调查,并对资料统计分析.结果2009、2010年两次共调查住院患者1122例,实查率分别为99.48％.99.28％;现患率分别为5.96％和7.07％,差异无统计学意义;医院感染部位以下呼吸道感染为主,占42.27％,其次为泌尿道占16.44％、术后伤口占13.70％;医院感染率较高科室为ICU占26.67％、泌尿外科占15.00％、心胸外科占14.29％;医院感染病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主,占所有病原菌的73.17％;2009、2010年抗菌药物日使用率分别为41.58％、48,19％.结论 连续进行现患率调查,掌握医院感染变化趋势,通过提高临床标本送检率,加强抗菌药物合理使用管理,对发现问题开展目标性监测,可有效预防医院感染的发生.     

Postoperative Nosocomial Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance Pattern of Bacteria Isolates among Patients Admitted at Felege Hiwot Referral Hospital,Bahirdar, Ethiopia

Background

Nosocomial infection constitutes a major public health problem worldwide. Increasing antibiotic resistance of pathogens associated with nosocomial infections also becomes a major therapeutic challenge for physicians. Thus, the aim of this study was to identify post operative bacterial infections and determine their current antimicrobial resistance to commonly prescribed drugs.

Methods

A cross sectional study was conducted on patients under gone operation from October 2010 to January 2011 and followed for development of clinical signs and symptoms of surgical site and blood stream infection until the time of discharge. Structured questionnaire was used to collect socio demographic characteristics. Wound swab and venous blood samples were collected and processed for bacterial isolation and antimicrobial susceptibility testing following standard bacteriological techniques.

Results

Out of 294 patients who had clean and clean-contaminated operation, 10.9% were confirmed of bacterial nosocomial infections. The rate of nosocomial infections among clean and clean-contaminated operations was 3.3% and 12.8% respectively. Nosocomial surgical site and blood stream infection rate was 10.2% and 2.4% correspondingly. A total of 42 bacterial pathogens were identified of which S. aureus was the leading isolates accounting 26.2% followed by E. coli and Coagulase negative Staphylococcus species each 21.4%. Nearly 100% of Gram positive and 95.5% of Gram negative bacterial isolates showed resistance against two or more antimicrobial drugs.

Conclusions

Multiple drug resistance of isolates to antimicrobials was alarmingly high so that any empirical prophylaxis and treatment needs careful selection of effective drugs. To minimize such infections, adherence of strict aseptic surgical procedures and proper management of wounds is required.     

血液病患者医院感染分析与干预措施

目的了解血液病患者医院感染的发病特点、病原菌及危险因素,采取干预措施。方法采用前瞻性调查方法,对无锡人民医院2009年1月至2009年12月血液病患者的医院感染情况进行调查分析。结果医院感染率为12.93%,例次感染率为15.34%,感染部位以下呼吸道为首位。医院感染的病原菌中革兰阴性菌占68.82%,真菌占21.50%,革兰阳性菌占9.68%。恶性白血病、接受放疗、化疗、免疫受损、白细胞<1.5×109/L时医院感染发生率明显增高。结论血液病患者医院感染率高,应针对其危险因素进行重点监控,并采取有效的预防控制措施,降低其感染率。     

Nosocomial infections in combined medical-surgical intensive care units in the United States.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the epidemiology of nosocomial infections in combined medical-surgical (MS) intensive care units (ICUs) participating in the National Nosocomial Infection Surveillance (NNIS) System. DESIGN: Analysis of surveillance data on 498,998 patients with 1,554,070 patient-days, collected between 1992 and 1998 from 205 MS ICUs following the NNIS Intensive Care Unit protocol, representing 152 participating NNIS hospitals in the United States. RESULTS: Infections at three major sites represented 68% of all reported infections (nosocomial pneumonia, 31%; urinary tract infections (UTIs), 23%; and primary bloodstream infections (BSIs), 14%: 83% of episodes of nosocomial pneumonia were associated with mechanical ventilation, 97% of UTIs occurred in catheterized patients, and 87% of primary BSIs in patients with a central line. In patients with primary BSIs, coagulase-negative staphylococci (39%) were the most common pathogens reported; Staphylococcus aureus (12%) was as frequently reported as enterococci (11%). Coagulase-negative staphylococcal BSIs were increasingly reported over the 6 years, but no increase was seen in candidemia or enterococcal bacteremia. In patients with pneumonia, S. aureus (17%) was the most frequently reported isolate. Of reported isolates, 59% were gram-negative bacilli. In patients with UTIs, Escherichia coli (19%) was the most frequently reported isolate. Of reported isolates, 31% were fungi. In patients with surgical-site infections, Enterococcus (17%) was the single most frequently reported pathogen. Device-associated nosocomial infection rates for BSIs, pneumonia, and UTIs did not correlate with length of ICU stay, hospital bed size, number of beds in the ICU, or season. Combined MS ICUs in major teaching hospitals had higher device-associated infection rates compared to all other hospitals with combined medical-surgical units. CONCLUSIONS: Nosocomial infections in MS ICUs at the most frequent infection sites (bloodstream, urinary, and respiratory tract) almost always were associated with use of an invasive device. Device-associated infection rates were the best available comparative rates between combined MS ICUs, but the distribution of device-associated rates should be stratified by a hospital's major teaching affiliation status.     

Prevalence of nosocomial infections and use of antibiotics in long-term care facilities in Norway, 2002 and 2003

There were 42900 institution-beds in long-term care facilities for elderly persons in Norway in 2000. This is twice as many as in 1984. Of those living in an elderly people's care institution 77% were above 80 years. To determine the magnitude and distribution of nosocomial infections in such institutions, the Norwegian Institute of Public Health initiated a surveillance system. The system is based on two annual one-day prevalence surveys recording the four most common nosocomial infections: urinary tract infections, lower respiratory tract infections, surgical-site infections and skin infections, as well as antibiotic use. All long-term care facilities were invited to participate in the four surveys in 2002 and 2003. The total prevalence of the four recorded nosocomial infections varied between 6.6 and 7.3% in the four surveys. Nosocomial infections occurred most frequently in the urinary tract (50%), followed by infections of the skin (25%), of the lower respiratory tract (19%) and of surgical sites (5%). The prevalence of nosocomial infections was highest in rehabilitation and short-term wards, whereas the lowest prevalence was found in special units for persons with dementia. In all the surveys the prevalence of the four recorded nosocomial infections was higher than the prevalence of patients receiving antibiotics. The frequency of nosocomial infections in such facilities highlights the need for nosocomial infection surveillance in this population and a need to implement infection control measures, such as infection control programmes including surveillance of nosocomial infections.     

脑卒中患者真菌性医院感染分析

目的研究脑卒中患者真菌性医院感染发病率及其危险因素,以采取有效措施。方法回顾性分析2002年9月~2005年9月,我院神经内科收治的脑卒中患者3 027例的有关临床资料。结果脑卒中患者真菌性医院感染发生率为3.24%;以下呼吸道和口腔感染最常见,分别占67.2%和21.1%;感染菌株主要是念珠菌属占96.7%;高龄、昏迷、广谱抗生素应用及时间、长住院日、糖尿病、吞咽困难、低蛋白血症等与真菌性医院感染密切相关。结论念珠菌属是真菌性医院感染的主要病原菌;要积极控制相关危险因素,预防真菌性医院感染的发生。     

肝硬化患者医院感染病原菌分布及危险因素分析

目的 探讨肝硬化患者医院感染病原菌的分布及临床危险因素,为预防与控制医院感染提供依据.方法 回顾性调查分析医院肝硬化合并医院感染的186例患者的病案资料,细菌培养鉴定按照《全国临床检验操作规程》进行.结果 从肝硬化合并医院感染患者标本中分离出186株病原菌,主要为大肠埃希菌占22.0％、肺炎克雷伯菌占15.1％、铜绿假单胞菌占10.2％、金黄色葡萄球菌占16.1％、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌占8.6％、粪肠球菌占5.9％等,均为多药耐药菌;耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌(MRS)检出率为60.9％;肝硬化患者发生医院感染与基础疾病、住院时间长、侵入性诊疗操作、预防性应用抗菌药物、患者严重的并发症、年龄大等危险因素密切相关.结论 应采取综合性干预措施,预防与控制肝硬化患者发生医院感染.     

老年患者下呼吸道医院感染与控制对策

目的探讨老年患者下呼吸道医院感染的现状,并制定控制对策. 方法对158例老年下呼吸道感染患者的临床资料进行调查,分析其感染现状及危险因素. 结果我院老年患者医院感染发病率为9.7%,感染部位以下呼吸道为主; 158例下呼吸道医院感染老年患者均患有各种慢性消耗性原发基础疾病,痰培养病原菌以革兰阴性杆菌和真菌为主,分别占48.1%和38.9%. 结论抵抗力降低、住院时间长、严重的原发基础疾病及不合理使用抗生素是老年患者医院感染的危险因素,应重视老年患者医院感染的监控管理.