胃癌患者外周血淋巴细胞免疫功能的变化及临床意义

目的 检测胃癌患者外周血淋巴细胞免疫功能的变化,探讨其与胃癌新临床病理分期（TNM）及组织病理学分级的关系。方法流式细胞仪测定胃癌患者及正常对照组外周血淋巴细胞亚群及NK细胞数量。结果胃癌患者外周血CD3^＋、CD4^＋、NK、CD19^＋细胞数量及CD4^＋／CD8^＋比值较正常对照组明显下降（P〈0．01）,而CD8^＋细胞水平显著升高（P〈0．01）。Ⅲ～Ⅳ期患者的CD3^＋细胞数、CD4^＋／CD8^＋比值、NK细胞数降低（P〈0．05）。胃癌组织的分化程度与细胞免疫功能无明显相关性。结论胃癌患者外周血淋巴细胞免疫功能低下,且临床病理分期越晚,其免疫功能越低。检测淋巴细胞亚群、NK细胞可用于胃癌患者的免疫状态监测。     

调节性T细胞在胃癌患者外周血的表达及临床意义

目的研究胃癌患者外周血CD4^＋CD25^＋调节性T细胞（Tregs）的表达,并探讨该群细胞频数的变化与肿瘤临床分期的相关性,从而探讨在胃癌肿瘤免疫过程中Treg细胞对免疫效应细胞的调节作用,探讨其在胃癌发病机制中的作用。方法采用流式细胞术检测39例胃癌患者外周血淋巴细胞CD3^＋、CD4^＋、CD8^＋及CD4^＋CD25^＋调节性T细胞的表达,并以30例健康人作为对照。结果胃癌患者外周血中CD3^＋、CD4^＋、CD4^＋／CD8^＋水平明显低于正常对照组,CIM^＋CD25^＋和CD8^＋水平显著增高,胃癌临床分期越晚CD3^＋、CD4^＋、CD4^＋／CD8^＋水平越低,CD4^＋CD25^＋和CD8^＋水平越离．在临床I、Ⅱ期患者与临床Ⅲ、Ⅳ期患者之间存在显著差异,差异有显著统计学意义。结论胃癌患者机体免疫功能低下,胃癌患者外周血中CD3^＋、CD4^＋T细胞数量下降,而Treg细胞的数量较正常人明显增高,使T细胞不能有效地清除肿瘤,与胃癌的发病有关。     

铅中毒儿童外周血T淋巴细胞免疫活性改变及临床意义

【目的】了解铅中毒儿童外周血T淋巴细胞免疫活性改变及体内铅含量对外周血T淋巴细胞免疫功能的影响。【方法】检测127例铅中毒儿童和43名正常儿童的T淋巴细胞亚群CD3^＋、CD4^＋、CD8^＋和自然杀伤（NK）细胞CD14^＋活性，分析铅中毒不同程度时各免疫指标的变化。【结果】铅中毒儿童外周血T细胞亚群CD4^＋、CD4^＋／CD8^＋比值显著低于正常儿童组；随着铅中毒程度的加重，CD3^＋、CD4^＋细胞的百分比随之下降。【结论】铅中毒儿童T淋巴细胞亚群免疫活性及NK细胞（CD14^＋）的活性降低，机体免疫功能降低，并与体内铅含量水平成负相关。     

传染性单核细胞增多症患儿CD3^＋CD4^-CD8^-T细胞与T淋巴细胞亚群变化情况及临床意义

目的 研究传染性单核细胞增多症（IM）患儿外周血CD3^＋CD4^-CD8^-T细胞（DNT细胞）及T淋巴细胞亚群变化及其临床意义.方法 采用免疫荧光流式细胞技术检测了48例IM患儿及40例正常儿童外周血DNT细胞与T淋巴细胞亚群CD3^＋T细胞、CD3^＋CD4^＋T细胞及CD3＋CD8＋T细胞水平.结果 IM患儿DNT细胞百分比（9.39±4.89）%高于正常对照组（4.26±1.68）%（P＜0.01）,CD3^＋CD4^＋T细胞百分比（21.45±9.87）%明显低于对照组（32.43±5.07）%（P＜0.01）;而CD3＋T细胞及CD3＋CD8＋T细胞百分比均明显高于对照组（P＜0.01）.结论 IM患儿DNT细胞升高及T淋巴细胞亚群比例改变,提示IM患儿存在免疫功能异常,为IM患儿临床免疫治疗提供理论依据.     

类风湿关节炎患者外周血单个核淋巴细胞IL-21受体表达及意义

[目的]检测类风湿关节炎（RA）患者外周血单个核淋巴细胞表面IL-21受体（IL-21R）表达，探讨其在疾病发生过程中的免疫病理作用。[方法]收集26例RA患者和18硎健康成人对照外周血标本，分离外周血单个核淋巴细胞，利用流式细胞仪控测IL-21R在外周血CD4^＋、CD8^＋T细胞、B细胞和NK细胞表面表达，分析它们在疾病发展过程中的作用。[结果]RA患者外周血CD4^＋、CD8^＋T细胞、B细胞和NK细胞表达IL-21R水平比健康者比较显著升高（P〈0.05）。RA患者接受有效的药物治疗，待症状控制后，分析发现RA患者外周血CD4^＋、CD8^＋T细胞、B细胞、NK细胞IL-21R水平呈明显下降（P〈0．05）。[结论]RA患者外周血单个核淋巴细胞表达IL-21R水平明显升高，提示IL-21R在关节炎症炳变过程中起着重要作用，可能诱导关节滑模炎症病变，参与关节滑膜组织及全身免疫病理损伤。     

肺癌患者外周血T淋巴细胞亚群的变化

目的 研究肺癌患者外周血T淋巴细胞亚群的水平及变化特点。方法 采用流式细胞技术，对41例肺癌患者术前检测外周血T淋巴细胞亚群水平，并与50例健康献血者作对照研究。结果与对照组比较，肺癌患者CD3^＋、CD4^＋、CD8^＋和NK细胞减少，CD4^＋／CD8^＋降低，差异均有统计学意义（P均〈0．01）。淋巴细胞亚群变化与分期相关：Ⅰ期肺癌患者T淋巴细胞亚群未见明显抑制；Ⅱ期CD3^＋、CD4^＋、CD9^＋和NK细胞减少，但较Ⅰ期差异无统计学意义；Ⅲ期肺癌患者所有亚群均降低，分别与Ⅰ期和Ⅱ期比较，差异均有统计学意义；随着分期增加，CD4^＋／CD8^＋明显降低，各期之间差异均有统计学意义。淋巴结转移组NK细胞和CD4^＋／CD8^＋均明显低于无淋巴结转移组，差异均有统计学意义（P均〈0．01）。结论肺癌患者存在免疫功能低下，免疫功能随着肿瘤的进展进一步受到削弱。     

传染性单核细胞增多症不同病原的免疫状态改变及免疫干预研究

目的研究不同痛原感染引起传染性单核细胞增多症时机体免疫功能改变及其意义,以及免疫干预对传染性单核细胞增多症免疫紊乱的改善情况。采用ELISA法检测柯萨奇B组病毒抗原（CVB—Ag）、IgM抗体（CVB—IgM）、EB病毒VCAIgM抗体（EBV～IgM）、巨细胞病毒IgM抗体。采用免疫散射比浊法测定免疫球蛋白浓度。采用直接免疫荧光标记流式细胞术（FCM）检测外周血T细胞亚群。结果①EBV合并其他病毒感染组外周血T细胞亚群及免疫球蛋白浓度与EBV病毒感染组比较差异无显著性。EBV合并其他病毒感染组CD4^＋T比例、CDC＋／CD8^＋比值较其他病毒感染组降低（P〈0．05）。EBV合并其他病毒感染组IgG、IgM浓度较其他病毒感染组升高（F〈0．05）。EBV感染组外周血CD4^＋／CD8^＋比值较其他病毒感染组降低（P〈0．05）。②免疫干预治疗后,与治疗前比较,患儿CD4^＋T细胞比例、CD4^＋／CD8＋升高（P〈0．05）。与常规治疗组比较,免疫干预治疗后患儿CD4^＋T细胞比例、CD4^＋／CD8^＋、CD19^＋细胞比例升高,CD3^＋T细胞比例、CD8^＋T细胞比例降低（P〈0．05）。结论EBV感染是引起传染性单核细胞增多症细胞免疫紊乱的重要原因。免疫干预治疗有助于尽快调整机体的免疫功能,促进机体康复。     

r儿童传染性单核细胞增多症的免疫功能改变

目的探讨传染性单核细胞增多症（IM）患儿细胞免疫功能的变化及与疾病的关系。方法用流式细胞仪分别对22例正常儿童及24例IM患儿进行外周血淋巴细胞亚群检测。结果与健康对照组相比较。IM组CD3^＋CD19^-（总T淋巴细胞）及CD3^＋CD8^＋（抑制性T淋巴细胞）表达明显升高,差异具有统计学意义（t值分别为5．223,14．982,P〈0．01）,而CD3^-CD19^＋（总B淋巴细胞）、CD3^＋CD4^＋（辅助性T淋巴细胞）、CD3^＋CD4^＋／CD3^＋CD8^＋（辅助／抑制性T淋巴细胞比值）及CD3^-／CD16^＋cD56^＋（NK细胞）的表达则明显下降,差异均具有统计学意义（t值分别为-10．090、-9．355、-14．973、-6．652．均P〈0．01）。结论IM患儿外周血淋巴细胞亚群明显变化,存在免疫功能紊乱。检测外周血淋巴细胞亚群的表达可能对评估IM患儿的免疫功能情况、疾病的辅助诊断、治疗药物的指导以及预后的评估具有重要意义。     

淋巴瘤患者外周血T细胞CD8^＋CD28^-、CD4^＋CD25^＋的表达及意义

目的探讨恶性淋巴瘤患者外周血T细胞CD8^＋CD28^-、CD4^＋CD25^＋的表达及意义。方法采用流式细胞术检测35例恶性淋巴瘤患者外周血T细胞CD8^＋CD28^＋、CD8^＋CD28^-及CD4^＋CD25^＋。结果恶性淋巴瘤患者外周血T细胞CD8^＋CD28^-、CD4^＋CD25^＋与正常对照差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）；治疗有效后三者趋于正常（P〉0．05）；而无效组与正常对照组相比差异仍有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论恶性淋巴瘤患者外周血T细胞CD8^＋CD28^-、CD4^＋CD25^＋一及CD4^＋CD25^＋表达异常，不同治疗效果表达不同，恶性淋巴瘤患者有免疫功能异常，治疗有效后免疫功能恢复正常。     

甲状腺乳头状癌肿瘤微环境中T淋巴细胞各亚群的分布

目的分析甲状腺乳头状癌（PTC）肿瘤微环境T淋巴细胞各亚群的相对分布。方法应用流式细胞术测定35例PTC患者、25例良性甲状腺病变的局部肿瘤组织以及15例健康体检者外周血CD3^＋ CD4^＋ CD8^-、CD3^＋ CD4^- CD8^＋、CD3^＋CD4^＋CD8^＋、CD3^＋CD4^-CD8^-各T细胞亚群的水平及CD4^＋／CD8^＋比值。结果外周血、良性组和PTC肿瘤微环境的CD4^＋／CD8^＋比值明显依次递减（P〈0．01）；PTC和良性组局部组织间的CD3^＋CD4^＋CD8^＋细胞水平显著高于外周血（P〈0．01），但前二者间的CD3^＋CD4^＋CD8^＋细胞水平差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）；良性组的CD3^＋CD4^-CD8^-细胞水平显著高于PTC局部和外周血（P〈0．01），后二者间的CD3^＋CD4^-CD8^-细胞水平的差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）；15例伴淋巴结转移PTC局部癌组织的CD4^＋／CD8^＋比值及CD3^＋CD4^＋CD8^-、CD3^＋CD4^-CD8^＋、CD3^＋CD4^＋CD8^＋、CD3^＋CD4^-CD8^-各T细胞亚群的水平与20例无淋巴结转移的PTC局部癌组织之间的差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论PTC肿瘤微环境免疫细胞以CD8^＋阳性T细胞为主，局部呈明显的免疫受抑状态，而甲状腺良性病变局部CD3^＋CD4^＋CD8^＋、CD3^＋CD4^-CD8^-T细胞的显著增多可能有利于营造抗瘤免疫效应的微环境，PTC肿瘤微环境中T淋巴细胞各亚群的分布与淋巴结癌转移与否无关。     

太原市不同交通路口尾气污染对学龄儿童免疫功能的影响

目的探讨不同交通路口尾气污染对学龄儿童免疫功能的影响。方法选取重交通污染区小学(A校)、轻交通污染区小学(B校),采用整群抽样的方法抽取五、六年级的学生142名,计数外周血细胞(白细胞、淋巴细胞、中间细胞、红细胞、血小板)、T淋巴细胞亚群(CD3+、CD4+、CD8+百分含量、CD4+/CD8+比值)、唾液溶菌酶含量和血清免疫球蛋白含量。结果A校小学生外周血细胞(白细胞、淋巴细胞、中性细胞、红细胞、血小板)均高于B校,除中间细胞外,差异均有显著性(P<0.05);A校小学生的唾液溶菌酶、免疫球蛋白(IgG)、T淋巴细胞亚群(CD3+、CD4+百分含量、CD4+/CD8+比值)均低于B校(P<0.05)。结论太原市不同路口尾气污染对学龄儿童的非特异性免疫、细胞免疫功能有抑制作用,对细胞和体液免疫有一定的影响。     

大肠癌患者外周血CD_8和CD_(28)检测的临床意义

目的 探讨大肠癌患者外周血淋巴细胞表型CD_8、CD_(28)的变化及其临床意义.方法 应用CD_8、CD_(28)单克隆抗体,采用流式细胞仪技术,对50例大肠癌患者(大肠癌组)CD_8、CD_(28)进行测定,并与30例非肿瘤患者(对照组)进行比较.结果 大肠癌组CD_8的表达显著高于对照组[(32.24±8.38)%比(22.18±7.55)%](P<0.01);而CD_(28)、CD_8~+,CDf的表达低于对照组[(52.03±10.94)%比(60.60±7.98)%,12.18-I-4.28比16.38±4.94](P<0.01).大肠癌组Dukes分期D期患者CD_8~+/CD_(28)~+的表达明显低于Dukes分期B期患者(P<0.05),有淋巴结转移患者CD_(28)、CD_8~+/CD_(28)~+的表达低于无淋巴结转移患者(P<0.01),已浸润浆膜层患者CD_(28)、CD_8~+/CD_(28)~+的表达则低于未浸润浆膜层患者(P<0.01).结论 大肠癌患者CD_8、CD_(28)的表达与肿瘤的生物学行为密切相关.观察淋巴细胞表型CD_8、CD_(28)变化,对大肠癌患者的免疫状态及预后监测具有一定的参考价值.     

Probiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus enhances the immunogenicity of an oral rotavirus vaccine in gnotobiotic pigs

We evaluated virus-specific B and T cell responses induced by the attenuated Wa (P1A[8]G1) human rotavirus (AttHRV) oral 2-dose vaccine with or without Lactobacillus acidophilus (LA) colonization in neonatal gnotobiotic (Gn) pigs. The AttHRV vaccinated and LA-fed pigs had a significantly higher magnitude of HRV-specific IFN-gamma producing CD8+ T cell responses in ileum and spleen, IgA and IgG antibody-secreting cell responses in ileum, and serum IgM, IgA and IgG antibody and virus neutralizing antibody titers compared to the AttHRV vaccinated pigs without LA colonization. These findings suggest that L. acidophilus has significant immunopotentiating effects and may be used as a safe oral adjuvant for rotavirus vaccines in neonates.     

多发性硬化患者T淋巴细胞亚群与临床研究

目的研究T淋巴细胞亚群(CD4 ,CD8 )比值与多发性硬化患者发病的相关关系。方法采用间接免疫荧光染色及流式细胞仪检测28例多发性硬化(MS)活动期及缓解期外周血和脑脊液的CD4 、CD8 ,MS患者活动期应用糖皮质激素治疗。结果活动期MS的外周血CD4 、CD8 细胞较对照组减少,CD4 /CD8 比值较对照组升高(P<0.01)。脑脊液中CD4 、CD4 /CD8 比值较对照组升高,CD8 细胞降低(P<0.01),且脑脊液中T淋巴细胞亚群均高于自身外周血中相应细胞(P<0.01),而且缓解期与活动期比较外周血和脑脊液CD4 /CD8 比值及脑脊液中CD4 细胞明显降低,脑脊液中CD8 明显升高(P<0.01),但外周血和脑脊液CD8 细胞仍低于对照组。结论MS患者存在T淋巴细胞辅助免疫功能的明显增强,免疫抑制功能的明显减弱;糖皮质激素对活动期MS患者有效,随着病情的缓解T淋巴细胞亚群均有不同程度的改善;部分MS患者活动期与缓解期比较,外周血和脑脊液CD4 、CD8 及CD4 /CD8 比值变化不明显,常提示容易复发。     

Vaccination with dendritic cells pulsed ex vivo with gp100 peptide-decorated liposomes enhances the efficacy of anti PD-1 therapy in a mouse model of melanoma

BackgroundTargeting antigens to dendritic cells (DCs) via nanoparticles is a powerful strategy which improves the efficacy of ex vivo antigen-pulsed DC vaccines.MethodsIn this study, liposomes were first decorated with gp100_25-33 self-antigen and then characterized. Then, DCs were pulsed ex vivo with liposomal gp100 and injected subcutaneously in mice bearing B16F10 established melanoma tumors in combination with anti-PD-1 therapy.ResultsTreatment with liposomal pulsed DC vaccine elicited the strongest anticancer immunity and enhanced intratumoral immune responses based on infiltration of gp100-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells to the tumor leading to significant tumor growth regression and prolonged survival rate. Treatment with liposomal pulsed DC vaccine also markedly enhanced specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) responses with a significant higher titer of IFN-γ in the spleen. Moreover, a significant increase of PD-1 expressing CD8+ tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) was detected in tumors.ConclusionOur results demonstrate an optimum dose of liposomal gp100 significantly increases the efficacy of anti-PD-1 therapy in mice and might be an effective strategy to overcome resistance to anti-PD-1 therapy.     

成人接种乙型肝炎疫苗后细胞免疫应答的动态变化

目的探讨人体接种乙型肝炎(乙肝)疫苗后细胞免疫的动态变化,了解疫苗介导的细胞免疫应答与体液免疫应答的关联。方法8例成人按0、1、2月程序接种乙肝疫苗,于首针免疫后3、8、21、34和65 d采静脉血,分离外周血单个核细胞(PBMC),对PBMC进行细胞分选,获得纯度95%以上的CIM~ 和CD8~ T淋巴细胞,应用酶联免疫斑点法(ELISPOT)测定PBMC、CD4~ 和CD8~ T淋巴细胞体外刺激后所产生的细胞因子IFN-γ、IL-2和IL-4的斑点数(SFC),并收集乙肝疫苗免疫前(0 d)和免疫后3、8、21、30、34、60、65和150 d血样,测定乙肝表面抗体(抗-HBs)。同时设立阴、阳性对照各2例。结果人接种乙肝疫苗后,CD4~ 、CD8~ T淋巴细胞产生不同细胞因子趋势和强度不同: IFN-γ(由CD8~ 、CIM~ T淋巴细胞产生)出现较早,且较为稳定,而CD4~ T淋巴细胞产生的IL-2和IL-4出现较晚,但其升高与第2、3针乙肝疫苗免疫有关;免疫后IL-4阳转率与抗-HBs阳转率呈显著正相关,IL-2、IL-4的SFC与抗-HBs滴度也呈显著正相关。结论成人接种乙肝疫苗后可早期检测出以IFN-γ为主的细胞免疫,IL-4和IL-2阳转与抗-HBs升高有关。     

LAH4 enhances CD8+ T cell immunity of protein/peptide-based vaccines

It is now clear that CD8+ T cells are crucial for therapeutic immunity against chronic viral infections and/or tumors. We reason that a strategy capable of improving CD8+ T cell activation would improve the efficacy of protein-based vaccines, which predominantly generate CD4+ T cell-mediated responses. Herein, we explore the ability of a novel cell-penetrating peptide (CPP), LAH4, to facilitate intracellular delivery of protein-based vaccines adjuvanted with Toll-like receptor 9 agonist CpG oligonucleotide (CpG) to generate enhanced CD8+ T cell immune responses and antitumor effects. LAH4 was found to mediate the intracellular delivery of both protein and nucleotide cargo and facilitate protein internalization using mechanisms involving endosomal acidification and processing through the proteasome pathway, leading to enhanced cross presentation of protein antigen by dendritic cells to CD8+ T cells. LAH4 also improved the internalization of CpG, resulting in NFkB activation, thus potentiating the adjuvant effect of CpG. We found that protein-based vaccine comprised of LAH4 mixed with model antigen and CpG generated significantly improved antigen-specific CD8+ T cell immune responses and/or antitumor effects. Furthermore, we found that LAH4 was able to enhance the ability of a tyrosinase-related protein 2 (TRP-2) peptide-based vaccine to generate TRP2-specific CD8+ T cells and antitumor effects against TRP2-expressing tumors. Thus, our results suggest that CPP technology using LAH4 is able to enhance both protein-based and peptide-based vaccine potency to generate antigen-specific CD8+ T cells and antitumor effects. Our findings serve as an important foundation for future clinical applications of CPP technology to improve protein/peptide-based vaccine potency.     

A strong CD8+ T cell response is elicited using the synthetic polypeptide from the C-terminus of the circumsporozoite protein of Plasmodium berghei together with the adjuvant QS-21: quantitative and phenotypic comparison with the vaccine model of irradiated sporozoites

Stable protective immunity can be achieved against malaria by the injection of radiation-attenuated sporozoites (gamma-spz) and is mediated by IFN-gamma producing CD8+ T cells targeting the pre-erythrocytic stages. An efficient malaria vaccine should mimic this immunity. We compared the immune response specific for the circumsporozoite protein (CSP) of Plasmodium berghei (P. berghei), an important target of this protective response, elicited in mice immunized with the long synthetic polypeptide (LSP) PbCS 242-310, representing the C-terminus of the CSP of P. berghei, with the adjuvant QS-21 or injected with gamma-spz. The ex vivo evaluation of the CD8+ T cell response by IFN-gamma ELISPOT assay revealed that the injection of LSP with QS-21 induced, compared to gamma-spz, a similar frequency of peptide-specific lymphocytes in the spleen but a eight-fold increase in the draining lymph-nodes. A very high frequency of CD8+ T cells, specific for the sequence PbCS 245-253, a H-2Kd-restricted CTL epitope, was obtained in the liver and spleen of mice immunized with the two regimens. Even though the frequency of H-2Kd PbCS 245-253 multimer+, CD8+ T cells was higher in gamma-spz immunized mice, the frequency of IFN-gamma producing CD8+ T cells was comparable. The phenotype of the CD8+ T cell responses was characterized with the help H-2Kd PbCS 245-253 multimer and most of the CSP-specific CD8+ T cells represented an intermediate subset between effector and central memory with CD44(high), CD45RB(high), CD62L(low) and CD122(high). The number of memory CD8+ T cells decreased after the last LSP immunization but could be boosted to higher level with live spz. The unique combination of LSP PbCS 242-310 and the adjuvant QS-21 induced an immune response that was comparable in terms of quality to the one generated with gamma-spz. This confirmed the potential of LSP as malaria vaccine candidates as well as for the study of the repertoire of targets of protective immunity in the gamma-spz vaccine model.     

In vivo antigen loading and activation of dendritic cells via a liposomal peptide vaccine mediates protective antiviral and anti-tumour immunity

Initiation of antiviral and anti-tumour T cell responses is probably achieved mainly by dendritic cells (DC) transporting antigen from the periphery into organised lymphoid tissues. To develop T cell vaccines it is, therefore, important to understand the accessibility of the antigen to DC in vivo and whether DC are activated by vaccination. Here we have evaluated the immunogenicity of a liposomal vaccine formulation with antigenic peptides derived from the glycoprotein of the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. Liposome-encapsulated peptides were highly immunogenic when administered intradermally and elicited protective antiviral immunity. After intradermal injection, liposomes formed antigen depots which facilitated long-lasting in vivo antigen loading of dendritic cells almost exclusively in the local draining lymph nodes. The immunogenicity of the liposomal peptide vaccine was further enhanced by incorporation of immunostimulatory oligonucleotides leading to activation of DC. This optimised liposomal peptide vaccine elicited also anti-tumour immunity and induced CTL responses comparable to adoptively transferred, peptide-presenting DC. Thus, our data show that liposomal formulations of peptide vaccines are highly effective at direct in vivo antigen loading and activation of DC leading to protective antiviral and anti-tumour immune responses.