Does a risky outcome of antenatal screening test indicate oxidative stress?

Abstract

Objective: The study aimed to investigate a possible relationship between second trimester aneuploidiy screening results and oxidative stress in foetal amnion and maternal serum.

Methods: Concerning the outcome of the second-trimester screening test, 50 pregnant women of high risk were included in the experimental group, whereas 50 pregnant women with normal scores who wished to proceed with the amniocentesis procedure due to advanced maternal age and counselling were included in the control group. The biochemical parameters of total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS) and oxidative stress index (OSI) were measured in the amniotic fluid samples and maternal serum samples.

Results: OSI in the maternal serum samples, as well as TAS and TOS in the amniotic fluid, was significantly higher in the control group compared to the experimental group (p?<?0.001, p?=?0.047, p?=?0.005, respectively). There was no significant difference in the TAS and TOS in the maternal serum samples or the OSI in the amniotic fluid between the groups.

Conclusions: The results indicate that the positivity of the screening test is not significantly correlated with oxidative stress, a factor regarded as a pathological mechanism in various diseases. Potential maternal anxiety could underlie the elevated oxidative stress in the control group.     

Immediate breastfeeding and skin-to-skin contact during cesarean section decreases maternal oxidative stress,a prospective randomized case-controlled study

Objective: Immediate skin-to-skin contact (ISSC) and early breastfeeding are recommended for the wellbeing of the neonate. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effect of ISSC and early breastfeeding on maternal oxidative stress and postoperative pain.

Methods: A total of 90 patients were randomized into two groups based on the timing of skin-to-skin contact and breastfeeding. Group 1 (n?=?45) was provided ISSC and breastfeeding in the operating room during the cesarean section (C/S). Group 2 (n?=?45) breastfed their babies 1?h after the C/S. As markers of oxidative stress, maternal serum levels of total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS) and oxidative stress indices (OSI) were evaluated. Maternal oxytocin levels and the relation between these parameters and postoperative pain were also evaluated.

Results: The postoperative TAS levels were significantly higher, whereas TOS and OSI levels were lower in Group 1 than Group 2. Negative correlations between oxytocin level and postoperative TOS and OSI were observed, as was a positive correlation between oxytocin level and postoperative TAS.

Conclusions: The effect of ISSC and early breastfeeding on mothers was documented for the first time in this study. Our results demonstrated ISSC and early breastfeeding during C/S reduce maternal oxidative stress.     

Paraoxonase-1 is not affected in polycystic ovary syndrome without metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance,but oxidative stress is altered

Paraoxonase-1 (PON1) activity is decreased in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) having metabolic syndrome (MetS) or insulin resistance (IR). We aimed to assess PON1 activity and oxidative stress in PCOS without MetS or IR. Metabolic and hormonal parameters, high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), oxidative stress parameters (total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidative stress (TOS), oxidative stress index (OSI), lipid hydroperoxide (LOOH), total free sulfhydryl (?SH) groups), PON and arylesterase were analyzed in 30 normal weighed patients with PCOS without MetS or IR and 20 normal controls. Hs-CRP, PON, arylesterase, and TAS levels of PCOS and control groups were similar. LOOH, TOS, and OSI of PCOS group were higher than in the controls (p?<?0.05; p?<?0.001, and p?<?0.001, respectively). ?SH group levels showed a positive correlation with free testosterone (fT). TOS positively correlated with free androgen index (FAI), body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), LOOH, and OSI. This study showed that oxidative stress is increased in PCOS even in the absence of MetS or IR. PON1 activity appears not to be affected in PCOS without MetS and IR. Several metabolic and antropometric risk factors may aggravate this altered oxidative state in PCOS.     

Primary pneumococcal peritonitis in pregnancy

Objective: To compare cord blood oxidative stress markers (OSM) between intrauterine small fetuses with high umbilical artery (UA) Doppler indices and normal indices. Methods: Forty women who had oligohydramnios and intrauterine growth-restricted fetuses with abnormal (n = 20, group I) or normal Doppler indices (n = 20, group II) were included. All patients underwent fetal Doppler ultrasound studies. Cord blood was collected at birth and six OSMs (ischemia-modified albumin (IMA), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), malondialdehyde (MDA)) levels, total oxidant status (TOS), total antioxidant status (TAS), and oxidative stress index (OSI) were studied. Results: The mean cord blood IMA, MDA, TOS, and OSI values for group I were significantly increased when compared to the group II (p < 0.001 for IMA, MDA, TOS, and OSI). However the mean cord blood HGF and TAS values were statistically significantly decreased in group I, compared with group II (p < 0.001 for HGF, and TAS). A significant positive (for IMA, MDA,TOS levels, and OSI ratio) and negative (for HGF and TAS levels) correlations between UA pulsatility index (PI) and cord blood OSM were found. Conclusion: The correlation between cord blood OSM and Doppler blood flow changes shown in this study may contribute to understanding the underlying oxidative stress-related mechanisms.     

Relationship between oxidative stress and clinical pregnancy in assisted reproductive technology treatment cycles

PurposeTo examine the relationship between serum total oxidant (TOS) and antioxidant (TAS) levels and clinical pregnancy in assisted reproductive technology (ART) cycles.MethodsPrior to and after oocyte pick-up (OPU) and embryo transfer (ET), blood samples were collected from gynecologically normal females (n = 70) who were enrolled for ART solely due to male factor infertility. TAS, TOS levels and oxidative stress indexes (OSI: TOS/TAS) in four phases of treatment cycle (pre and post OPU and ET) between clinically pregnant and non-pregnant patients were compared. Critical cut-off values of significantly different TAS, TOS levels and OSIes for clinical pregnancy were established.ResultsThe TAS levels in patients with clinical pregnancy were significantly higher in all of the four phases of the cycle. Post-OPU and pre-ET TOS levels were significantly higher in clinically pregnant patients. According to OSIes; only the pre-OPU OSI was significantly lower in clinically pregnant patients compared with non-pregnant ones. Moreover, the highest area under the ROC curve (AUC) from the seven different significant measurements [1) pre-OPU OSI, 2) pre-OPU TAS, 3) post-OPU TAS, 4) pre-ET TAS, 5) post-ET TAS, 6) post-OPU TOS, 7) pre-ET TOS] was related to pre-OPU OSI.ConclusionsIn ART cycles, women with a higher total antioxidant status prior to and after OPU and prior to and after ET have an increased probability of clinical pregnancy. Additionally; OSI before OPU was one of the most important determinants for clinical pregnancy, so the oxidant and antioxidant balance is as important as the antioxidant concentration alone.     

Mode of delivery changes oxidative and antioxidative properties of human milk: a prospective controlled clinical investigation

Objective: To evaluate the influence of delivery mode on oxidative stress in human breast milk.

Methods: Thirty-three women who delivered by vaginal birth and 55 women who underwent cesarean section (CS) were included in this study. Colostral samples were collected on the second day after delivery. Total antioxidative status (TAS), total oxidative status (TOS), oxidative stress index (OSI), malonyldialdehyde (MDA), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) levels were determined and compared.

Results: Colostrum TAS was significantly higher in women of vaginal birth, than in women with CS (p?<?0.001). Milk TOS and OSI were found to be significantly increased in women with CS under general anesthesia. A marked increase in colostral GSH-Px levels after vaginal delivery was also noticed (p?<?0.001).

Conclusion: This study revealed that vaginal birth is associated with decreased oxidative stress in colostrum than CS, which suggest that mode of delivery plays an important role in the antioxidative production of breast milk.     

Evaluation of the effects of fulvestrant and micronized progesterone on the post-operative adhesion formation and ovarian reserve in rat model with immunohistochemical and biochemical analysis

Abstract

Objective: To evaluate the effects of fulvestrant and micronized progesterone on post-operative adhesion formation and ovarian reserve in a rat uterine horn adhesion.

Methods: In this prospective randomized controlled trial, 32 female Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into four groups including control group (Group 1), the control adhesion group (Group 2), 1?mg/kg daily intramuscular fulvestrant received group (Group 3) and 1?mg/kg daily oral micronized progesterone received group (Group 4). The extent and severity of adhesions were scored and samples were taken from adhesion areas to investigate the grades of adhesions according to the immunohistochemical scoring system. Ovarian reserves were measured with anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) and histological ovarian follicles count.

Results: The extent, severity and total adhesion scores were reduced in all treatment groups compared to control adhesion group (Group 2). Similarly, immunohistochemical adhesion scores were lower in the treatment groups. AMH and follicle count were significantly found lower in adhesion groups compared with control group. However, treatment groups were found to have higher ovarian reserve compared to control adhesion group (Group 2).

Conclusions: Fulvestrant and micronized progesterone were found to reduce post-operative adhesion formations and have decreased detrimental effects of adhesion formation on ovarian reserve.     

No increase in sperm DNA damage and seminal oxidative stress in patients with idiopathic infertility

The most common cause of male infertility is idiopathic. Standard investigations reveal no abnormality in such cases. The aim of the study was to investigate the levels of sperm DNA damage and seminal oxidative stress and their relationships with idiopathic infertility. The study included 30 normozoospermic infertile men seeking infertility treatment and 20 fertile donors. Semen analysis was performed according to the World Health Organization guidelines. Sperm DNA damage was assessed by alkaline single cell gel electrophoresis (comet assay) after preparation with two-step discontinuous Percoll gradient. Seminal oxidative stress was measured by a novel automated method. DNA damage score, total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS) and oxidative stress index (OSI) were not different in idiopathic infertile men compared with controls. No correlations were also found between DNA damage score and TAS, TOS levels and OSI in idiopathic infertile group. We did not find any relationship between sperm DNA damage and oxidative stress in normozoospermic infertile men. We think that the pathophysiology of idiopathic infertility cannot be explained by sperm DNA damage or seminal oxidative stress.     

Assessment of ovarian reserve in euthyroid adolescents with Hashimoto thyroiditis

Aim: We aimed to investigate the ovarian function and reserve in euthyroid adolescents (TSH?Methods: This case-control study included 30 adolescent girls (mean age 15.1?±?1.4 years) newly diagnosed as HT with presence of high thyroid antibodies with gland heterogeneity in ultrasound and age-matched 30 healthy female subjects. Anti-ovarian antibody (AOAb), LH/FSH ratio, estradiol, anti-mullerian hormone (AMH), inhibin-B, total testosterone, antral follicle count, ovarian volumes and uterine length were measured. The clinical, laboratory, and ultrasound data of the HT and control groups were compared.

Results: There were no significant differences between the girls with HT and healthy controls in relation to LH/FSH ratio, estradiol and inhibin-B levels. AOAb (p?=?0.02), AMH (p?=?0.007) and total testosterone levels were higher in HT group than the control group (p?=?0.03). AOAb level was found to be positively correlated with LH/FSH ratio (p?=?0.03), AMH (p?=?0.01) and inhibin-B (p?Conclusion: This study demonstrated that the adolescent girls diagnosed with autoimmune thyroiditis had normal ovarian reserve based on measurements of AMH, inhibin B, FSH, LH/FSH ratio, estradiol and antral follicle counts.     

Carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum induces systemic oxidative stress: a clinical study

Objective

To investigate the effect of carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum on systemic oxidative stress by using serum oxidative stress markers (ischemia modified albumin (IMA), malondialdehyde (MDA), total oxidant status (TOS), total antioxidant status (TAS) and oxidative stress index (OSI)) and to compare their effectiveness at clinically accepted safe intra-abdominal pressure levels (<12 mmHg).

Study design

A total of 33 consecutive patients who had a unilateral ovarian cyst were enrolled for this prospective clinical study. All women underwent a laparoscopic ovarian cystectomy procedure. Venous blood was collected from patients preoperatively, 10 min after induction of anesthesia and 30 min after insufflation. Preoperative, 10_min, and 30_min serum IMA, MDA, TOS, OSI and TAS levels were compared.

Results

The mean age was 29.3 ± 6.4 and the range of operation time was 45–80 min. The mean serum IMA levels showed a significant increase 30 min later from CO₂ insufflation (p < 0.05). Significant alterations were not observed in serum MDA, TOS, OSI or TAS levels.

Conclusions

Laparoscopic surgery causes systemic ischemia and this ischemic effect can be revealed by measuring serum ischemia modified albumin. IMA is more sensitive than MDA, TOS, OSI and TAS in early detection of systemic oxidative stress.     

Levetiracetam ameliorates ovarian function in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus can adversely affect gonadal function. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the protective effects and mechanism of action of levetiracetam (LEV) on the ovaries in a streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes model in rats. Twenty-one adult female rats were assigned to three groups as control, diabetes group treated with 1?mL/kg/d saline (STZ?+?SP) and diabetes group treated with 600?mg/kg/d LEV (STZ?+?LEV). Following 4 weeks treatment, blood samples were collected for biochemical analysis and ovariectomy was performed for histopathological examination. Plasma anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH), glutathione and total anti-oxidant capacity values were significantly lower whereas lipid peroxides and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) values were significantly higher in STZ?+?SP group compared to control. LEV treatment successfully decreased lipid peroxidation and TGF-β levels, and also increased anti-oxidant parameters and AMH levels in diabetic rats. Saline-treated rats significantly displayed ovarian degeneration and decreased counts of follicles. However, treatment of diabetic rats with LEV effectively prevented the degenerative changes and follicle loss. Also, LEV suppressed ovarian nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kB) immunoexpression in diabetic rats. Taken together, we propose that LEV can ameliorate the adverse effects of diabetes on ovarian function via decreasing NF-kB expression and oxidative stress and increasing anti-oxidant status in rats.     

DNA damage and oxidative stress in patients with mild preeclampsia and offspring

Objective

Oxidative stress has been shown to play an important role in the pathogenesis of pre-eclampsia, and DNA damage frequently occurs in cells exposed to such stress. The aim of the present study was to investigate DNA damage and oxidative stress in mildly pre-eclamptic women and their offspring.

Study design

We studied 25 mildly pre-eclamptic mothers, 20 healthy controls, and their infants. Mononuclear leukocyte DNA damage, total antioxidant status (TAS), and total oxidant status (TOS) were determined and the oxidative stress index (OSI) was calculated.

Results

DNA damage, and TOS and OSI levels were significantly increased, and TAS levels significantly decreased, in maternal and cord blood samples of the mildly pre-eclamptic group. A positive correlation between the extent of DNA damage and diastolic blood pressure was evident in pre-eclamptic mothers and there was a negative correlation between the extent of DNA damage and TOS.

Conclusion

Both oxidative stress and DNA damage are elevated in mildly pre-eclamptic patients and their offspring. Increased oxidative stress may be important in inducing DNA damage in pre-eclamptic patients.     

The effect of galactagogue herbal tea on oxidant and anti-oxidant status of human milk

Abstract

Objective: Human milk (HM) has antioxidant constituents which protect newborns against oxidative damage. We aimed to evaluate whether maternal consumption of herbal tea containing fenugreek had any effects on global oxidant and antioxidant capacity of HM.

Methods: Volunteer mothers 18–35 years of age without any antenatal or perinatal risk factors were randomly assigned to receive galactagogue herbal tea (Humana still-tee®, Herford, Deutschland) 3 cups/d or same amount of water as placebo. The total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total oxidant status (TOS) and the oxidative stress index (OSI) of breast milk samples taken in the 1st day and 7–10?d were compared between groups.

Results: Herbal tea (n?=?40) and placebo (n?=?40) groups had similar TAC, TOS and OSI values in the 1st day samples. TAC, TOS and OSI values in the breast milk samples taken on 7–10th day were also similar. OSI increased significantly in 7–10 day samples compared to 1st day in each group, while TAC and TOS levels did not differ.

Conclusion: Galactagogue herbal tea containing fenugreek has no detectable effect on global oxidant and antioxidant status of HM. OSI increases in course of lactation compared to colostrums irrespective of galactagogue use.     

Total antioxidant,total oxidant and serum paraoxonase levels according to lipid administration method in parenterally fed premature infants

Objective: The aim of our study was to determine whether lipid solutions delivered separately or in mixture with total parenteral nutrition (TPN) solutions effect the balance between oxidant and antioxidant levels in premature infants.

Methods: A total of 60 preterm newborns who were delivered at their 30–34 gestational weeks and received TPN were included in the study. Premature newborns were randomized into two groups based on the delivery method of the lipid solution, separately (Group 1) or in mixture with TPN solutions (Group 2). Total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS) and paraoxonase (PON-1) levels were analyzed in both blood samples, and oxidative stress index (OSI) was also calculated.

Results: Thirty cases from both groups were included in the study. Statistically significant decrease in the level of TAS and increase in the level of PON-1 were detected at 72?h of TPN therapy in both groups (p?p?p?>?0.05).

Conclusion: Our study showed that according to lipid administration method any difference for oxidant–antioxidant balance was not detected.     

Expression of anti-Müllerian hormone in letrozole rat model of polycystic ovary syndrome

Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder in women of reproductive age with anti-müllerian hormone (AMH) two to three times higher, but the mechanism of increased AMH, excessive follicles and follicle stagnation in PCOS still needs further research.

Methods: Female Sprague–Dawley rats were treated with a gavage of 1.0?mg/kg of letrozole carboxymethylcellulose solution once daily for 21 consecutive days. Serum steroid concentrations, ovarian morphology, ovarian expression of AMH and AMH-RII protein were determined and their relationships were studied.

Results: According to the morphology and endocrinology, the letrozole model group was a successful PCOS model. Serum AMH and ovarian local expression of AMH and AMH-RII were both increased in letrozole model group. The elevated AMH had a positive correlation with T, growing follicle count and a negative correlation with body weight.

Conclusions: The letrozole model group is a good animal model for the study of AMH in PCOS patients with obesity or insulin resistance. The increased serum AMH level in PCOS is the consequence of the androgen-induced excess of small antral follicles. These results lead to the hypothesis that reducing AMH may become a therapeutic target of PCOS, which is worth further research.     

Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand-2 (CCL2) and oxidative stress markers in recurrent pregnancy loss and repeated implantation failure

Purpose

The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the inflammatory response and oxidative stress together in the cases of recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) and repeated implantation failure (RIF).

Methods

This is a cross-sectional study conducted to compare infertile patients who have RIF and patients with RPL histories in terms of CCL2, TAS, TOS, and OSI. To this end, two study groups were formed by primary-infertile women with RIF history and women with nulliparous RPL history who consulted a university hospital between 2014 and 2016, and a control group was formed by multiparous women who had no pregnancy loss. With 30 women in each group, 90 women in total were included in the study. CCL2, TAS, and TOS blood levels were measured and oxidative stress index was calculated in all participants.

Results

The patients with RPL and RIF had higher levels of CCL2 than those in the control group. The TOS, TAS, and OSI levels did not differ in RPL and RIF groups from the control group. No statistically significant relationship was found between CCL2 and the TOS, TAS, and OSI values.

Conclusions

Oxidative stress markers in the pregestational period did not have a predictive value in the RPL and RIF. CCL2 might be useful in risk prediction.

     

The effect of maternal number of births on oxidative and antioxidative systems in cord blood

Objective: The aim of this study is to evaluate the relationship between cord blood oxidative and antioxidative status and maternal parity number. Methods: Patients are grouped according to the maternal parity number: primiparous group (n?=?36), multiparous group (n?=?40), and grand multiparous group (n?=?26). Cord blood samples are obtained in all subjects and assessed for total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total oxidant status (TOS) and oxidative stress index (OSI). The serum TAC and TOS were evaluated by using an automated colorimetric measurement method. Results: TAC levels are significantly higher and oxidative stress indicators are significantly lower in newborns of primiparous women compared to multiparous women p?<?0.05 for all). TAC level is increased, whereas TOS and OSI levels are decreased in newborns of grand multiparous mothers compared to primiparous mothers. TAC level is significantly higher, whereas TOS and OSI levels are significantly lower in newborns of grand multiparous women compared to multiparous women (p?<?0.05 for all). Conclusions: These results suggest a relation between higher maternal parity and increased oxidative stress and decreased antioxidant defense capacity. On the other hand, the compensatory mechanisms improve the antioxidant defense system in newborns of grand multiparous women and may prevent oxidative stress.     

Evaluation of ovarian reserve in women with psoriasis

The aim of this study is to evaluate ovarian reserve in women with psoriasis. Thirty-six women with psoriasis and 36 healthy women were enrolled in this prospective study. On day 3 of the menstrual cycle, blood samples for AMH and other hormones were collected. On the same day, antral follicle count (AFC), and ovarian volumes were measured. A multiple regression analysis was carried out to examine the contribution of factors to the serum AMH levels in patients with psoriasis. The serum AMH levels and ovarian volumes were lower in the psoriasis group than in the control group (1.85?±?1.13?ng/ml vs 2.46?±?1.21?ng/ml, p?=?.029 and 10.43?±?3.08?cm³ vs 11.93?±?3.01?cm³, p?=?.038). However, the mean AFC between the two groups was not significantly different. The psoriasis area severity index (PASI) score did not correlate with AMH. On the other hand, the duration of the disease negatively correlated with AMH, total AFC and ovarian volume. In the multiple regression analysis, duration of disease and total AFC were the most significant contributors to the serum AMH levels in patients with psoriasis. Autoimmune diseases may affect ovarian reserve regardless of immunosuppresive treatment. Longitudinal follow-ups regarding reproductive function might be required in women with psoriasis.     

Effects of two different lipid emulsions on morbidities and oxidant stress statuses in preterm infants: an observational study

Objective: We examined the morbidities and oxidative stress statuses in preterms receiving either SMOFlipid or ClinOleic.

Study design: This observational study was performed in Etlik Zubeyde Hanim Hospital, Turkey. Infants received SMOFlipid (5 months) or ClinOleic (7 months). Two hundred and twenty seven infants (SMOFlipid: 93, ClinOleic: 134) very low birth weighted infants were included. The oxidative stress status was evaluated in infants at low risk of oxidative stress by total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and total oxidant status (TOS) and oxidative stress index (OSI; TAC/TOS/100) at baseline, first week and third week.

Results: Parenteral nutrition was given for a median of 7 days in both groups. There were statistically insignificantly higher rates of retinopathy of prematurity (9.4 versus 11.7%) and chronic lung disease (4.7 versus 6.7%) in ClinOleic group compared with SMOFlipid group. The TAC, TOS and OSI decreased significantly in ClinOleic group after 1 week, and although the results were not statistically significant, the TAC increased while the TOS and OSI decreased in SMOFlipid group. In both groups, the TAC, TOS and OSI were lower than baseline after 3 weeks.

Conclusion: SMOFlipid and ClinOleic result in similar oxidative stress statuses after they were stopped, and we detected no statistically significant differences in morbidity rates.     

Metformin reduces ovarian ischemia reperfusion injury in rats by improving oxidative/nitrosative stress

ObjectiveTo assess the preventive role of metformin on rat ovarian ischemia reperfusion injury.Materials and methodsForty rats were divided equally into five groups; Group 1: sham, Group 2: surgical control with 3-hr torsion and detorsion, Group 3: 50 mg/kg p.o. metformin 30 min before 3-hr torsion, Group 4; metformin just after detorsion, Group 5; metformin 30 min before torsion and just after detorsion. Bilateral ovaries and blood sample were obtained seven days after detorsion for biochemical and histopathological evaluation.ResultsOvarian tissue total anti-oxidant status (TAS) levels were significantly increased in group 4 when compared to group 1, 2 and 3 (all p < 0.01). In addition, there was a significant decrease in tissue oxidative stress index (OSI) level in group 4 with respect to group 2 (p < 0.01). Moreover, serum levels of OSI were significantly higher in group 2 with respect to group 1 and 5 (both p < 0.05). Similarly, there was significant increase in serum levels of peroxynitrite in group 2 as compared to serum levels in group 3 and 5 (p < 0.01 and 0.05, respectively). Furthermore, there were significant decrease in histopathological scores metformin and sham groups when compared to rats in the control group (Group 2).ConclusionMetformin reduces ischemia reperfusion injury in rat torsion detorsion model by improving histopathological and biochemical findings including TAS, OSI and peroxynitrite.