完全腹腔镜结合胆道硬镜保胆取石术和取息肉术

目的 探讨完全腹腔镜结合胆道硬镜保胆取石和取息肉的手术方法 和应用价值.方法 总结2009年1月～2009年4月91例完全腹腔镜下保胆取石(或息肉)术的经验,其中胆囊结石67例,胆色素结石36例,胆固醇结石26例,混合性结石5例.在胆囊结石中合并有胆囊壁问结石23例,占34.33%,行胆囊切开胆道硬镜取石术;胆囊息肉24例患者中,22例胆固醇性息肉,2例为胆囊腺瘤样息肉,用胆道镜取尽息肉.结果 91例保胆患者手术均获成功.手术时间80～190(109±33)min,术后住院4～7(6.0±0.8)d,术后排气时间6～30(14.3±4.2)h,所有患者均治愈.因术后时间短,无随访结论 .结论 完全腹腔镜结合胆道硬镜保胆取石(或息肉)术对于保留胆囊及胆囊的功能具有重要的意义.     

完全腹腔镜保胆取石术和息肉切除术(附68例报告)

目的 探讨完全腹腔镜下保胆取石和取息肉的手术方法 和应用价值.方法 总结2006年3月～2008年8月68例完全腹腔镜下保胆取石和取息肉术的经验,胆石症患者63例,其中单纯胆囊结石51例,行胆囊切开结合胆道镜取石,3-0可吸收线双层缝合胆囊;胆囊颈部结石嵌顿5例,行颈部切开取石成型术,用3-0可吸收线间断全层、单层缝合胆囊颈部,若颈部不扩张为预防狭窄则纵切横缝,针距、边距1.5 mm;胆囊结合并胆总管结石7例,胆囊切开取石后行胆总管切开取石术.胆囊息肉5例,3例胆固醇性息肉用胆道镜取尽息肉;2例为胆囊腺瘤样息肉,行胆囊部分切除术.结果 68例保胆患者手术均获成功,有1例合并胆总管结石的患者因胆总管取石困难中转开腹.胆漏2例,术后每天10 mL,共2 d,术后4 d拔除腹腔引流管.手术时间80～240(109±33)min(包括胆总管切开取石术).术后住院4～10(6.0±0.8)d,所有患者均治愈.获随访患者58例,随访时间1～29个月,结石复发1例,占1.59%.结论 完全腹腔镜下保胆取石和取息肉术对于保留胆囊及胆囊功能具有重要的意义,特别是胆囊部分切除术、胆囊颈部成型术对于治疗胆囊腺瘤样息肉、胆囊颈部结石嵌顿是一种新的保胆术式和方法 .     

腹腔镜联合胆道镜腹腔外微创保胆取石术的临床研究

目的:探讨腹腔镜联合胆道镜腹腔外微创保胆取石术治疗胆囊结石临床应用价值.方法:回顾性分析我院2007年1月至2009年1月采用腹腔镜联合胆道镜腹腔外微创保胆取石术治疗胆囊结石42例的临床资料.结果:42例均顺利完成手术,术后临床症状消除,结石取净率100%,未出现并发症.2例术后出现少量泥沙样结石,复发率为4.8%.结论:腹腔镜联合胆道镜腹腔外保胆取石术治疗胆囊结石不仅可保留胆囊功能,而且具有创伤小、疗效好、并发症少的优点,较腹腔内保胆术更易施行.     

经脐入路腹腔镜保胆取石术探讨

目的 探讨经脐入路行内镜微创保胆取石术的可行性.方法 8例胆囊结石患者行经脐入路腹腔镜保胆取石术,取脐部A、B、C点3个5 mm切口,在腹腔镜直视下电凝切开胆囊底,用胆道镜取出结石,3-0可吸收线连续缝合胆囊.结果 8例手术均获成功.其中第1、2例手术时间分别为180及120min,最短为65min,平均114min.未放置引流管,无出血及胆漏,1例患者术后3 d右侧腹疼痛,经消炎后缓解.平均术后5 d出院.术后2周复查.脐部无明显手术瘢痕,B超胆囊无结石,胆汁透声好.结论 经脐入路内镜微创保胆取石术是安全可行的,虽操作难度较常规腹腔镜保胆取石术稍大,但切口隐蔽,愈后疤痕不明显,美容效果好.     

腹腔镜联合胆道镜微创保胆取石术治疗胆囊结石(附56例病例报告)

目的 探讨腹腔镜联合胆道镜行微创保胆取石术治疗胆囊结石病的适应证、手术方法及临床疗效.方法 回顾分析56例腹腔镜联合胆道镜微创保胆取石术治疗胆囊结石病患者的临床资料.结果 56例病人中,成功行微创保胆取石术54例,2例病人由于慢性炎症较重,中转为腹腔镜胆囊切除术.保胆取石术54例,手术时间30～70min,平均52min,住院时间2～6d,无术中及术后并发症发生,术后随访6～12个月,1例病人复发少量泥沙样结石(1.9%).结论 选择合适病人,联合应用腹腔镜、胆道镜行微创保胆取石术治疗胆囊结石病是可行、有效和安全的.     

硬质胆道镜联合腹腔镜保胆取石治疗胆囊结石、胆囊息肉的78例疗效观察

目的观察硬质胆道镜联合腹腔镜保胆取石治疗胆囊结石、胆囊息肉的临床疗效。方法 48例胆囊结石与30例胆囊息肉患者行硬质胆道镜保留胆囊、取净结石和息肉手术,术后定期复查腹部彩超。结果 78例患者中1例(1.28%)因结石位于胆囊颈且嵌顿中转行胆囊切除,其余均顺利手术;1例(1.28%)术后2月发现胆囊颈内残余结石,行腹腔镜胆囊切除术;胆囊息肉术后病理检查均为良性息肉。结论硬质胆道镜取石、取息肉术方法简单、安全、可行,是保留胆囊功能的有效方法。     

硬性胆道镜保胆取石(息肉)80例报告

目的探讨硬性胆道镜微创保胆取石(息肉)的可行性。方法2006年10月～2007年3月,用Wolf硬性胆道镜行保胆取石(息肉)手术80例。喉罩全身麻醉,迷你腹腔镜直视肋缘下小切口抓取胆囊,胆囊底部小切口,应用Wolf硬性胆道镜进行胆囊探查、取石(息肉),直径>0.5cm的结石,用套石网取出,直径<0.5cm的结石以及泥沙样结石用胆囊泥沙样结石吸取箱取出,取石钳从根部摘除胆囊息肉。应用胆囊泥沙样结石吸取箱设备,用推、挤、压、撕、撑、冲6种手法,发现并清除8例55窝胆囊黏膜下结石,3-0肠线间断缝合胆囊底部切口。结果80例硬镜微创保胆取石(息肉)手术顺利,平均手术时间63min,平均住院4d,均治愈出院,无并发症发生。发现并清除8例55窝胆囊黏膜下结石,最少1例1窝,最多1例30窝,发生率10%。结论硬性胆道镜微创保胆取石术是一项新技术,安全、有效。     

腹腔镜联合胆道镜保胆取石术临床应用体会

目的 探讨和评价微创内镜保胆取石术的临床应用价值.方法 在腹腔镜下腹腔内使用胆道镜取尽胆囊内结石,同时腹腔内完成胆囊切口缝合.结果 53例患者中4例中转腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC),49例成功施行保胆手术,所有患者均痊愈出院,随访至今无并发症发生,未见结石复发.结论 腹腔镜联合胆道镜保胆取石术具有创伤小、安全性高、并发症少等优点,是值得推广.     

保胆取石术117例临床分析

目的探讨腹腔镜、纤维胆道镜、硬质胆囊镜三镜联合保胆取石术的疗效及可行性。方法利用Chiao胆道镜、Olympus CHF20纤维胆道镜、Wolf腹腔镜对117例胆囊结石患者保留胆囊取石术,术后每3～6个月随访并复查胆囊彩超。结果 117例保胆取石术复发率为1.0%,并发症发生率为6.8%,中转腹腔镜胆囊切除术4例(3.4%);术后3个月查胆囊壁厚(2.41±0.33)mm,与术前比较变薄,差异有统计学意义(P﹤0.05)。结论保胆取石术技术简单、安全,对保留胆囊功能具有重要的临床应用价值。     

新式保胆取石取息肉术的临床意义

目的:探讨新式保胆取石取息肉术的临床意义.方法:对475例胆囊结石、145例胆囊息肉采取新式保胆取石取息肉术病例进行随访观察,综合各学者研究及术者体会,比较新式保胆手术与传统胆囊切除术、既往保胆手术及腹腔镜胆囊切除术的优缺点.结果:新式保胆取石取息肉术具有手术切口小、损伤轻及结石复发率低等优点,475例胆囊结石经1～4年的随访,结石复发率为1.26%(6/475).结论:新式保胆取石取息肉术可以保留胆囊正常生理功能,减少医源性胆管损伤,并有效地解决结石复发问题,对胆道外科的发展有着现实和长远的意义.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.