米托蒽醌为主方案治疗难治性急性白血病

应用米托蒽醌（MTZ）为主的联合化疗方案，治疗成人难治性急性白血病25例，急非淋21例，急淋4例。结果完全缓解率48％，部分缓解率30％，总有效分80％。MTZ的主要毒副作用为严重的骨髓抑制及一过性肝功能损害等。结果表明：MTZ为主的联合化疗方案对于成人难治性急性白血病具和疗效高、副反应小的优点。     

MA方案与ID-Ara-C方案治疗难治性及复发性急性髓细胞性白血病疗效观察

目的 探讨难治,复发性白血病的治疗方法。方法 用ＭＡ方案和ＩＤ－Ａｒａ－Ｃ方案治疗３４例成人难治性及复发性急性髓细胞性白血病（ＡＭＬ）。结果 完全缓解（ＣＲ）率为３２．４％,有效率４１．２％;其中难治组ＣＲ率为２１．４％,复发组ＣＲ率为４０％（Ｐ〉０．５０）;ＭＡ方案组ＣＲ率为３７．５％;ＩＤ－Ａｒａ－Ｃ方案组ＣＲ率为２０％（Ｐ〉０．０５）,随访观察,取得ＣＲ的１１例病人,中位ＣＲ期为１２月（３～     

以米托蒽醌为主药治疗急性白血病的临床观察与护理

米托蒽醌是用于白血病治疗的一种抗肿瘤药物^[1]。由于其对心脏毒性较低及较强的抗白血病活性，已广泛用于临床^[2]。我科于1988～02／2002—01采用以米托蒽醌(MTZ)为主药的组合方案治疗初治、复发、难治的各类型急性白血病42例(68例次)，均取了较高的缓解率，现将临床护理总结如下。     

米托蒽醌治疗急性白血病疗效观察

应用含米托蒽醌的联合化疗方案治疗难治性及复发性急性白血病１８例。急淋７例（Ｌ１１例，Ｌ２６例），急非淋１１例（Ｍ２３例，Ｍ４３例；Ｍ５４例，Ｍ６１例）。完全缓解率５５．６％，部分缓解率１１．１％，总有效率６６．７％。含米托蒽醌的联合化疗方案对难治、复发性急性白血病具有疗效高、副反应小的优点，是较理想的化疗方案。     

去甲氧柔红霉素联合方案补救治疗难治复发性急性白血病

目的：探讨使用去甲氧柔红霉素为主联合化疗方案补救治疗难治、复发性急性白血病（AL）的疗效及不良反应。方法：急性非淋巴细胞白血病（ANLL）患者及慢性粒细胞白血病患者，采用IA方案治疗，急性淋巴细胞白血病（ALL）患者使用VILP方案治疗。结果：29例患者完全缓解13例、部分缓解5例，完全缓解率44．8％．部分缓解率17．2％，总有效率62．0％。全部患者均出现骨髓抑制，血象最低时间为用药后第10～30天，第19～35天恢复，绝大部分患者出现消化道反应，2例出现心脏毒性，死亡原因为严重感染及出血。结论：去甲氧柔红霉素为主的联合化疗方案是治疗难治、复发性AL的有效药物，临床应注意加强支持治疗、注意环境保护，以降低并发症导致的死亡率。     

MAE方案联合化疗治疗CD7^＋急性髓性白血病疗效观察

目的：探讨应用米托蒽醌 阿糖胞苷 足叶乙甙（MAE）方案治疗CD7^ 急性髓性白血病（CD7^ MAL）的有效性。方法：采用MAE方案联合化疗治疗经细胞形态学分型诊断为CD7^ AML12例,并监测化疗后骨髓像变化及化疗相关毒性反应。结果：12例中,7例达完全缓解,1例达部分缓解,总有效率为66.7%,持续缓解时间6-36个月。化疗相关毒性各大于HA和DA方案,主要特征为骨髓抑制期延长。结论：MAE方案可提高CD7^ AML的缓解率,尽管化疗后骨髓抑制期延长,但能被患者耐受。     

足叶乙甙联合米托蒽醌、阿糖胞苷治疗难治性急性髓性白血病36例观察

急性髓性白血病(AML)的耐药是导致化疗缓解率降低的重要因素之一，足叶乙甙(VP—16)对处于有丝分裂期白血病细胞有阻断作用，且能加强阿糖胞苷的细胞周期特异性的化疗作用。1999～2002年，我们对36例难治性AML患者采用EMA方案(VP—16、米托蒽醌、阿糖胞苷)进行化疗，临床疗效满意。现报告如下。     

吡柔比星为主联合化疗治疗急性髓系白血病的疗效

目的探讨吡柔比星为主联合化疗治疗老年急性髓系白血病的疗效。方法急性髓系白血病患者82例,随机分成两组,各41例。对照组:通过米托蒽醌+阿糖胞苷治疗。观察组:通过吡柔比星+阿糖胞苷治疗。结果观察组总缓解率(87.80%)高于对照组(68.29%)(P0.05)。化疗3 w后,观察组患者红细胞、白细胞、血红蛋白、中性粒细胞绝对值都高于对照组(P0.01)。化疗3 w,观察组患者CD3+、CD4+与CD4+/CD8+水平高于对照组,CD8+水平低于对照组(P0.01)。化疗3 w,观察组患者CD4+HLA-DR+、CD8+HLA-DR+、CD4+HLA-DR+/CD8+HLA-DR+水平高于对照组(P0.01)。结论吡柔比星为主联合化疗治疗老年急性髓系白血病疗效显著,能够有效改善患者的外周血常规、增强免疫功能。     

阿糖胞苷联合米托蒽醌治疗难治性白血病

目的：寻找复发性及难治性白血病有效治疗方案。方法：选用中剂量阿糖胞苷联合米托蒽醌治疗复发及难治性白血病16例。结果：显示完全缓解率83．3％，部分缓解率5.6％，总有效率为88.9％，主要毒副反应为骨髓抑制，全血象减少导致发生感染及出血。结论：本方案是治疗复发及难治性白血病的有效方案，加强支持治疗是保证疗效的关键。     

MAE方案联合化疗治疗CD_7~+急性髓性白血病疗效观察

目的 :探讨应用米托蒽醌 +阿糖胞苷 +足叶乙甙 (MAE)方案治疗 CD7+急性髓性白血病 (CD7+ AML)的有效性。方法 :采用 MAE方案联合化疗治疗经细胞形态学、细胞化学及细胞免疫学分型诊断为 CD7+ AML 1 2例 ,并监测化疗后骨髓像变化及化疗相关毒性反应。结果 :1 2例中 , 7例达完全缓解 , 1例达部分缓解 ,总 有效率为 66. 7%,持续缓解时间 6～ 3 6个月。化疗相关毒性略大于 HA和 DA方案 ,主要特征为骨髓抑制期延长。 结论 :MAE方案可提高 CD7+AML的缓解率 ,尽管化疗后骨髓抑制期延长 ,但能被患者耐受     

Treatment of resistant acute myeloid leukemia.

Although combination cytotoxic chemotherapy induces complete remission in 60-80% of adults with previously untreated acute myeloid leukemia, most patients will ultimately relapse and die from leukemia. Strategies which have been developed for patients with relapsed leukemia include the use of active non-cross-resistant chemotherapeutic agents, allogeneic or autologous bone marrow transplantation, or combined sequential therapy with hematopoietic growth factors and chemotherapy. Most salvage chemotherapeutic regimens use high-dose cytarabine; other agents which have activity include idarubicin, mitoxantrone, etoposide, and high-dose cyclophosphamide. Bone marrow transplantation represents the preferred approach for patients with resistant leukemia offering a likelihood of prolonged disease-free survival. Unique combinations of high-dose chemotherapy and growth factors may provide an alternative therapeutic role in the treatment of resistant leukemia.     

Impact of body-mass index on the outcome of adult patients with acute myeloid leukemia

Background Obesity increases the risk of treatment-related complications and reduces survival in children with acute myeloid leukemia. Little is known about the impact of obesity on the outcome of adult patients with acute myeloid leukemia. DESIGN AND METHODS: We compared the baseline characteristics and effect on treatment and survival in 1,974 previously untreated adult patients with acute myeloid leukemia undergoing treatment, according to international classification of body-mass index. RESULTS: The median body-mass index was 26.7 (15.5-61) and 63% of patients were overweight/obese. After adjustment for other confounders, such as age, gender, performance status, karyotype, white blood cell, platelet and peripheral blast counts, obese patients had better complete remission rates (P=0.0046), lower rates of resistant disease (P=0.038) but similar rates of survival and severe adverse events. Conclusions In the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia in adults, obesity was associated with increased response rates and no apparent increase in toxicity. Obesity should not, therefore, be a criterion for excluding patients from aggressive therapy.     

Mitoxantrone and 5-azacytidine for refractory/relapsed ANLL or CML in blast crisis: A leukemia intergroup study

In an effort to determine if cell cycle active agents are augmented when given after non-cell cycle active agents, 104 patients with either multiply relapsed or refractory acute nonlymphocytic leukemia or blast crisis of chronic myelogenous leukemia were treated with mitoxantrone. Patients whose bone marrow did not show significant cytoreduction received 5-azacytidine. Twenty-seven of the 93 evaluable patients (23%) with ANLL achieved a complete remission. A total of 28% of patients receiving mitoxantrone alone achieved remission compared to 15% for those receiving mitoxantrone and 5-azacytidine. Relapsed patients had a higher CR rate (36%) than refractory patients (15%). Nausea, vomiting, and stomatitis were common but rarely severe. The median duration of remission was 3.7 months and patients with abnormal karyotypes had longer remission durations than those with normal karyotypes. In this patient population, there was no evidence that 5-azacytidine given after mitoxantrone increased the complete remission rate.     

Predictors of response to reinduction chemotherapy for patients with acute myeloid leukemia who do not achieve complete remission with frontline induction chemotherapy

Eighty-one patients with acute myeloid leukemia who had persistent leukemia following standard induction therapy with cytarabine plus daunorubicin (7+3 regimen) underwent reinduction therapy with a combination of mitoxantrone, etoposide, and high-dose cytarabine (HiDAC). Patients achieving complete remission (CR) then received consolidation therapy with HiDAC plus mitoxantrone. Patients with matched sibling donors were referred for allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) in CR-1. The overall response rate to reinduction was 53%. The major adverse predictors of CR on multivariate analysis were poor risk cytogenetics, a higher % bone marrow blasts prior to reinduction therapy and increased age. The median relapse-free survival (RFS) was 9 months and the estimated 2-year RFS was 30%. No significant predictors of RFS or overall survival (OS) were found among the patients achieving CR. Patients undergoing allogeneic BMT in CR-1 after double induction had a 50% 2-year OS. Patients relapsing after achieving CR with double induction had a poor outcome with a 4% 1-year OS. The results indicate that patients with poor risk cytogenetics or marrow blast percentage >or= 60% following 7+3 induction have a low probability of achieving CR with reinduction and should be considered for novel approaches to improve CR rates. Patients achieving CR are at high risk of relapse and should be considered for allogeneic BMT or novel strategies to attempt to reduce relapse rates.     

Phase I-II trial of mitoxantrone in acute leukemia

Mitoxantrone was evaluated in a multi-institution trial to define the effective dose for treating acute leukemia, to evaluate its toxicity, and to assess the induction rates for the different types of acute leukemia. Fifty-seven patients have been treated. Of the 24 patients receiving mitoxantrone (10 mg/m2/day X 5), one of nine with acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia (ANLL) in relapse, one of five with acute lymphoblastic leukemia in relapse, and one of seven with blastic chronic myelogenous leukemia achieved remission. At a dose of 12 mg/m2/day X 5, seven of 16 patients with ANLL in relapse, none of six with acute lymphoblastic leukemia in relapse, and one of five with blastic chronic myelogenous leukemia achieved remission. At both dose levels, there was no response in patients who had failed to achieve a prior remission. Toxic effects included nausea/vomiting, stomatitis, and hepatic dysfunction. Nine of the 57 patients treated experienced cardiac events but cardiac toxicity seemed clinically significant in only three. We conclude that mitoxantrone, at a dose of 12 mg/m2/day X 5, is effective therapy for ANLL. Trials combining mitoxantrone with other agents are needed.     

Treatment-related myelodysplasia following fludarabine combination chemotherapy

Although myelodysplasia (MDS) and secondary acute myeloid leukemia (sAML) are rare following fludarabine monotherapy, the risk of these diseases may potentially be increased when fludarabine is combined with cyclophosphamide or mitoxantrone due to synergistic effects on the inhibition of DNA repair. Among 137 patients treated with fludarabine combination regimens, ten patients developed MDS/sAML, including one who had received no other therapy. Six patients had abnormalities of chromosomes 5 and/or 7. The crude rate of MDS/sAML was 2.5% for previously untreated patients, and 9.3% for pretreated patients (p=0.28). The rate of MDS/sAML following fludarabine combination therapy is higher than that previously reported for fludarabine monotherapy.     

Sequential standard dose mitoxantrone and cytosine arabinoside for newly diagnosed adult acute myeloblastic leukemia.

Twenty one adult patients with previously untreated acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML) were treated with sequential mitoxantrone and standard dose cytosine arabinoside remission induction therapy. The median age was 33 years (range 17-56 years). Complete remission (CR) was achieved in 80% (17/21 cases) and 76% (16/21 cases) achieved CR after one course of induction therapy. The median duration of disease free survival was 9 months with an actuarial disease free survival of 22% at 43 months. The non-hematological toxicity was acceptable. We conclude that sequential mitoxantrone and cytosine arabinoside combination therapy is an effective antileukemic regimen which produces high CR rates in previously untreated adult patients with AML.     

Gemtuzumab ozogamicin with cytarabine and mitoxantrone as a third-line treatment in a poor prognosis group of adult acute myeloid leukemia patients: a single-center experience

We analyzed the safety and efficacy of gemtuzumab ozogamicin (GO) combined with cytarabine and mitoxantrone in the treatment of 21 patients with acute myeloid leukemia (11 refractory and 10 in second relapse). Patients’ median age was 52 years (range 36–68); all patients had previously been treated with anthracycline-containing regimens (daunorubicin and idarubicin). GO at a dosage of 3 mg/m² was administered as a 2-h intravenous infusion on days 1 and 14, cytarabine at 100 mg/m² on days 1–7, and mitoxantrone at 12 mg/m² on days 1–3. Infusion-related events were observed in 15 of 21 (71.4%) patients. The incidence of grade 1 or 2 elevations of bilirubin and hepatic transaminases was 4 of 21 (19%) and 3 of 21 (14.2%). In response to chemotherapy, 2 of 21 (9.5%) achieved complete remission and 2 of 21 (9.5%) achieved complete remission with incomplete platelet recovery, with an overall remission rate of 4 of 21(19%); median survival of these 4 patients was 7 months. Four of 21 patients (19%) died during aplasia after chemotherapy; no veno-occlusive disease occurred. No treatment-related cardiotoxicity or cerebellar toxicity was observed. In our experience, the addition of GO to mitoxantrone and cytarabine is feasible in refractory or second relapse acute myeloid leukemia patients but yields a low response rate when used as a third-line treatment.     

Disseminated extramedullary myeloid tumor of the gallbladder without involvement of the bone marrow

Extramedullary myeloid tumors (myeloid sarcomas) are rare neoplasms that are composed of myeloid precursors. They usually arise concurrently with a diagnosis of acute myeloid leukemia, chronic myeloid leukemia, or other myeloproliferative disorders. They may also indicate relapsing disease in a patient with a prior history of leukemia or myeloproliferative disorder. We present our findings of a 63-year-old female diagnosed with extramedullary myeloid tumor first presenting in the gallbladder. She subsequently developed respiratory failure; pre- and postmortem bone marrow studies were negative for leukemia by morphology, flow cytometry, and karyotypic analysis. However, the myeloid neoplasm was disseminated throughout most of her remaining organs. Immunohistochemical stains of the cells indicated a neoplasm of myelomonocytic derivation (CD4, CD43, CD45, CD68, myeloperoxidase, and lysozyme positive). To our knowledge, this is the first report of an extramedullary myeloid neoplasm of the gallbladder with disseminated disease without involvement of the bone marrow.