非小细胞肺癌的外科及围手术期治疗研究进展

近年来,随着肺癌筛查项目的广泛开展,越来越多的以磨玻璃样阴影(ground-glass opacity, GGO)为影像学表现的早期非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer, NSCLC)被检出.GGO生长缓慢,与肺实性结节生物学行为完全不同,传统的以肺叶切除为标准的手术方式似乎不能满足GGO...     

肺多发磨玻璃结节处理策略的研究进展

随着多层螺旋CT技术的发展和肺癌筛查的广泛开展,肺多发磨玻璃结节(groundgrass opacity,GGO)检出率明显增高.肺多发GGO中以纯磨玻璃密度(pure ground-glass opacity,pGGO;无实性成分)结节为主,病理主要包括不典型腺瘤样增生(atypical adenomatous hyperplasia,AAH)、原位腺癌(adenocarcinoma in situ,AIS)及微浸润腺癌(minimally invasive adenocarcinoma,MIA).肺多发GGO的病理特点及处理策略与肺单发GGO有明显差异.多数临床医生对肺多发GGO缺乏了解,工作中对发现的肺多发GGO不能制定合理的随访策略及正确的手术治疗方案.     

胸腔镜手术联合PET/CT诊疗44例肺磨玻璃样病变临床分析

0 引言 在CT征象上以表现磨玻璃样(ground-glass opacity,GGO)病变为特征的肺结节目前在临床肺癌早期筛查上逐渐受到重视,手术后病理证实其与细支气管肺泡癌(bronchoalveolar carcinoma,BAC)密切相关[1].肺GGO病变在PET可能表现为假阴性[2-3],目前尚缺乏利用PET对表现为GGO的肺结节性病变进行详细研究的资料,因此本文对此作了初步探讨.     

胸腔镜手术联合PET/CT诊疗44例肺磨玻璃样病变临床分析北大核心CSCD

0引言在CT征象上以表现磨玻璃样（ground-glass opacity,GGO）病变为特征的肺结节目前在临床肺癌早期筛查上逐渐受到重视,手术后病理证实其与细支气管肺泡癌（bronchoalveolar carcinoma,BAC）密切相关[1]。     

肺纯磨玻璃结节CT定量分析研究进展

摘 要：随着多层螺旋CT的不断发展及临床肺癌CT筛查的逐渐普及,肺内磨玻璃密度结节的检出率显著增加,且大部分被证实与早期肺腺癌密切相关,因此肺内磨玻璃密度结节不断受到国内外学者关注。磨玻璃密度结节的浸润程度与是否手术或手术方法的选择密切相关。因此,对于术前肺内磨玻璃结节CT表现特征与不同病理分型的对照研究有重要的临床价值。全文就目前有关肺纯磨玻璃结节CT定量分析与病理对照研究情况予以综述。     

肺上皮样血管内皮瘤的影像学表现

目的 探讨肺上皮样血管内皮瘤( PEH)的影像学表现.方法 回顾性分析5例病理证实的PEH患者的影像学(多层螺旋CT和PET-CT)资料.结果 所有5例PET患者均为女性,年龄29～56岁.多层螺旋CT均表现为双肺多发结节,边界可清楚或模糊,沿支气管血管束分布,部分结节内有钙化,部分结节周边见磨玻璃密度影( GGO)....     

18F-FDGPET/CT对磨玻璃结节样肺癌的临床应用价值

目的:探讨磨玻璃结节样肺癌的18F-FDGPET/CT影像学特点及诊断价值。方法:收集17例表现为"磨玻璃结节样"肺癌患者的临床资料及18F-FDGPET/CT影像学资料,其中,肺腺癌12例,细支气管肺泡癌3例,腺癌并支气管肺泡癌2例。回顾性分析患者的性别构成、吸烟状况、病灶18F-FDG代谢情况及形态学特点。结果:女性明显多于男性,非吸烟者明显多于吸烟者。按病灶大小分为三组(<10mm组,10-15mm组及>15mm组),但本组所有病灶大小均>10mm,且>15mm组明显多于≤15mm组,两组差异有统计学意义(χ2=9.89,P<0.05)。分叶征及空泡征是肺磨玻璃结节中重要的恶性征象。根据病灶18F-FDG摄取值(SUVmax)分为两组,<0.5组(n=6)及≥0.5组(n=11),两组差异有统计学意义(χ2=8.87,P<0.05)。本组17例肺癌,PET/CT正确诊断15例,准确性为88.2%,误诊率11.8%。结论:18F-FDGPET/CT对磨玻璃结节样肺癌有一定的临床诊疗价值。     

肺局限性磨玻璃样病灶的外科处理

早期发现、早期诊断、早期治疗是提高肺癌长期生存率的关键。近年来,应用低剂量螺旋CT检查,筛查出表现为磨玻璃样病灶(ground-glass opacity,GGO)的早期肺癌。如何恰当评估、何时以及如何处理GGO是胸外科医生面临的重要课题。本组收集了北京协和医院胸外     

肺结节和磨玻璃样变--是肺癌吗

健康体检增加了一个项目--低剂量螺旋CT胸部扫描,无疑给受检人群带来了好处。同时,在体检报告上也可能有新的检查结果,如“肺部发现小结节影像”或“肺出现磨玻璃样阴影”。这个结论令人心生疑虑,是否是肺癌呢?肺部出现小结节或磨玻璃样影像时,需要具体问题具体分析,甚至要细致检查,不能因为这样的检查结果,就匆忙下结论。     

永久性肺毛玻璃样结节的CT与组织病理学比较

为了结合组织病理学回顾性分析薄层CT下肺毛玻璃样结节(GGO)的特征,分析49例(53个结节)永久性肺毛玻璃样结节(GGO)患者的临床资料。CT扫描包括结节大小、形状、外形和内部特征。采用Kruskal-Wallis检验和Fisher检验分析结果。49例患者中32例共40个GGO(75.47%)为细支气管肺泡细胞癌(BAC)或以BAC为主要成分的腺癌,3个GGO(5.67%)为非典型腺瘤性增生,10个(18.87%)为非特异性肺纤维化。这3种疾病的薄层CT表现差异无统计学意义,P>0.05。大约75.47%的GGO为细支气管肺泡细胞癌(BAC)或以BAC为主要成分的腺癌,在薄层CT上的表现与其他类型的GGO没有明显形态学差异。     

肺磨玻璃结节的影像学、病理学特点及临床管理

随着CT应用于肺癌的筛查,检出了越来越多的肺癌玻璃结节（GGO）,不过这其中良恶性混杂,让人难以辨识。而本文总结了现今最新的GGO影像学及病理学特点,发现这两者之间并非绝无联系。同时我们还回顾了多个学会的最新指南,讨论了GGO的管理及随访。此外有创的活检和GGO标记后手术切除是亟待发展的领域。早期肺癌的标准治疗仍是微创的肺叶切除及淋巴结清扫术,不过近来有研究表明亚肺叶切除也有一定的可行性,这或许会引领未来肺癌的治疗方向。     

CT影像组学在肺结节诊断中的研究进展

随着肺部CT检查的普遍应用,偶然发现了大量的肺结节,这为其诊断和治疗带来了很大挑战。肺结节的诊断方法主要依赖于传统的CT特征,如结节大小、边缘特征、形态特征及周围特征等。然而这些传统CT特征数量较少,且判断结果易受医师主观判断的影响。影像组学可以定量提取更多的结节特征,具有更好的重复性,因此可以更有效的预测肺结节的良恶性。本文阐述了影像组学的基本过程,并概述了影像组学特征分析用于肺结节诊断方面的优势及其在肺结节管理方面的临床应用价值,包括其在预测恶性肿瘤及区分其组织学亚型等方面的应用前景。影像组学作为一种低成本、无创的方法有潜力为肺结节的早期诊断和个性化治疗提供可参考依据。     

低剂量螺旋CT在早期肺癌筛查中的应用价值

目的:探讨低剂量螺旋CT在早期肺癌筛查中的应用价值。方法:选择2016年5月至2017年10月在南充市中心医院接受低剂量螺旋CT肺癌筛查的吸烟人群2 100例作为研究对象,记录所有人群的影像学特征资料与一般人口学资料。结果:CT筛查出345例为阳性结节,占比16.4%,实性结节245例,非实性结节60例,部分实性结节40例。CT筛查出肺癌30例,占阳性结节的8.7%;经病理证实有27例肺癌患者,非实 性结节、部分实性结节中肺癌的比例高于实性结节,对比差异显著(P＜0.05);不同结节患者的直径对比无显著差异(P＞0.05)。在27例肺癌患者中,CT表现为边缘毛糙20例,光整7例;形态不规则22例,规则5例;胸膜凹陷12例,支气管充气征6例,空泡1例;临床分型:周围型23例,中央型4例。结论:低剂量螺旋CT在早期肺癌筛查中的应用有很好的价值,有利于肺结节的检出,有利于预防早期肺癌的进展。     

Evaluation of F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET scanning for pulmonary nodules less than 3 cm in diameter, with special reference to the CT images

BACKGROUND: While pulmonary nodules can be substantially divided into solid and ground-glass opacity (GGO) ones on CT image, they have different biological natures which could cause false positive or false negative to diagnose malignancy on positron emission tomography with fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG-PET). To determine the effectiveness of PET for small pulmonary nodules, the nodules were classified into solid and GGO ones, of which results were compared with the data of PET scans. The lower limit size of nodules for PET imaging was also evaluated. METHODS: Prospective FDG-PET scans were undertaken for 136 non-calcified nodules less than 3 cm in diameter. CT density histograms were made for each nodule to classify into solid and GGO ones. RESULTS: Eighty-one nodules were malignant and 55 were benign. All of the 20 nodules less than 1 cm in diameter (n = 8 in malignant, n = 12 in benign), were negative on PET regardless of the histology. In the 116 nodules 1-3 cm in diameter (n = 73 in malignant, n = 43 in benign), there were 15 false negative and 15 false positive nodules, with a sensitivity of 79% and specificity of 65%. CT density histograms showed 101 solid nodules (n = 63 in malignant, n = 38 in benign) and 15 GGO nodules ( n = 10 in malignant, n = 5 in benign). All of the 10 malignant nodules with GGO images were histologically well-differentiated adenocarcinoma and 9 of them (90%) were false negative on PET. Four of the 5 (80%) benign nodules with GGO images were focal pneumonia with well-preserved air spaces, causing false positive on PET. Sensitivity and specificity for nodules with GGO images were 10 and 20%, respectively, which were significantly lower than 90 and 71% for nodules with solid images (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Pulmonary nodules which are less than 1cm in size or show GGO images on CT cannot be evaluated accurately by PET.     

Ground-glass opacity lesions on computed tomography during postoperative surveillance for primary non-small cell lung cancer

Improvement in chest high-resolution computed tomography (CT) has increased the detection of ground-glass opacity (GGO) lesions. However, there is no clear therapeutic consensus about concurrent GGO lesions detected during postoperative follow-up chest CT after treatment for primary lung cancer. This study retrospectively and prospectively investigated 21 patients in whom 53 GGO lesions were detected during postoperative follow-up CT of non-small cell lung cancer at Kyushu University Hospital from April 2009 to February 2010. We investigated clinicopathological factors, such as age, gender, lesion number, size, laterality, time of identification, and enlargement or emergence of the inner solid component. The malignancy rate of the concurrent GGO lesions was assessed by log-rank test in the Kaplan-Meier curves. Twenty percent of the 53 GGO lesions had malignant radiological findings during the 5-year follow-up after they were first identified by CT. The newly emerging GGO lesions at postoperative CT had significantly more malignant radiological findings (39.5%) than other GGO lesions (9.5%). Three potentially malignant GGO lesions were treated by surgical resection and three were treated by stereotactic radiotherapy. These six treated GGO lesions showed a good clinical course without recurrence after treatment. Special attention should be paid to newly emerging GGO lesions after resection of primary non-small cell lung cancer. It is necessary to select an appropriate treatment, taking account of various factors such as the laterality and number of GGO lesions or the pathological stage of the postoperative lung cancer.     

Multidetector-row CT analysis of time-dependent changes in lung fields after chest irradiation: usefulness of precision scans

Time-dependent changes in lung fields after chest irradiation were analyzed using multidetector-row CT. Routine scans at 3-mm raw thickness and 8-mm recon thickness and precision scans at 0.5-mm raw thickness and 0.5-mm recon thickness were compared with respect to the number of each finding and the time-dependent changes in the rate of each finding. Among the findings visualized by these scans, ground-glass opacity (GGO) showed the highest overall appearance rate. Precision scans exceeded routine scans in the rates of all findings except GGO and confluent shadows, and the two types of scans showed the greatest difference in the rate of GGO. Since we found that GGO tended to be overestimated on routine scans, we confirmed it by a phantom experiment. Precision scans were similar or superior to routine scans in the rates of findings except 3 months after irradiation. We consider that the concomitant use of precision scans is useful in that it allows more accurate evaluation of various post-irradiation changes in lung fields including GGO, in which the lesion is in a reversible stage.     

Correlation between computed tomography findings and epidermal growth factor receptor and KRAS gene mutations in patients with pulmonary adenocarcinoma

We examined the correlation between computed tomography (CT) findings and the incidence of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and KRAS mutations in lung adenocarcinoma. We analyzed the tumors of 136 patients with surgically resected primary lung adenocarcinoma. CT scans were evaluated for the presence of ground grass opacity (GGO), spiculation and the maximum diameter of the tumor was measured. SMart Amplification Process (ver. 2) was used to detect the presence of EGFR and KRAS mutations. EGFR and KRAS mutations were found in 56 (41.1%) and 25 (18.4%) of the 136 cases, respectively. Although no significant association was found between GGO and EGFR mutations (p=0.07), the EGFR mutation occurred more frequently in male patients with GGO than in those without GGO (p=0.04). The KRAS mutation occurred more frequently in patients whose tumor diameter was ≥ 31 mm than in those whose tumor diameter was <30 mm (p=0.003). Evaluation of CT findings may be helpful for determining the presence of EGFR and KRAS mutations, particularly when it is not possible to obtain a tumor specimen.     

多层螺旋CT增强扫描与高分辨率CT诊断周围型肺癌的应用价值

目的:探讨多层螺旋CT增强扫描与高分辨率CT(HRCT)诊断周围型肺癌的应用价值。方法:选择2016年1月至2018年3月在我院就诊的孤立性肺结节患者作为研究对象,所有患者均经多层螺旋CT增强扫描和HRCT检查,并经针吸组织病理学或(和)手术切除后病理得到最终诊断。观察患者的病理诊断结果,以病理检查结果为金标准,观察多层螺旋CT和HRCT对周围型肺癌的诊断价值;观察周围型肺癌患者的多层螺旋CT和HRCT检查的CT征象检出率。结果:243例患者检出周围型肺癌197例,炎性假瘤19例,炎性肉芽肿15例,结核球12例,肺癌的病理类型包括:腺癌114例,鳞癌47例,小细胞肺癌23例,其他类型13例。多层螺旋CT诊断肺癌178例,漏诊34例,误诊15例;HRCT诊断肺癌186例,漏诊19例,误诊8例;多层螺旋CT和HRCT阳性诊断肺癌157例,漏诊43例,误诊3例;多层螺旋CT或HRCT阳性诊断肺癌209例,漏诊6例,误诊18例。多层螺旋CT、HRCT、多层螺旋CT和HRCT、多层螺旋CT或HRCT诊断周围型肺癌的灵敏度分别为82.74%、90.36%、78.17%和96.95%,多层螺旋CT、HRCT、多层螺旋CT和HRCT、多层螺旋CT或HRCT诊断周围型肺癌的特异性分别为67.39%、82.61%、93.48%、60.87%。HRCT胸膜凹陷征、血管集束征、空泡征、棘突征、细支气管气相、短毛刺征、分叶征等检出率均显著高于多层螺旋CT扫描(P<0.05)。197例肺癌患者CT值增加幅度18~84 HU,平均(35.82±13.74)HU,CT值增加幅度>20 HU的为189例(95.94%),增加幅度超过30 HU的为132例(67.01%),强化均匀的患者153例(77.66%),有21例处于静脉期的时候在边缘点或结节中间出现高密度条状影。结论:多层螺旋CT增强扫描和HRCT均是周围型肺癌有效诊断方法,HRCT影像学征象的检出率具有优势,依据影像学征象诊断的灵敏度、特异性、AUC均高于多层螺旋CT增强扫描,但螺旋CT增强扫描后肺癌CT值增幅明显,对肺癌的确诊具有参考价值,临床可根据实际情况选用。     

A simple inflation method for frozen section diagnosis of minute precancerous lesions of the lung

BACKGROUND: Recently, the demand for intraoperative pathology consultation for small pulmonary nodules including ground-glass opacity (GGO) has been increasing. Evaluation of minute precancerous lesions of the lung by frozen section is very difficult for the pathologist as uninflated lung tissue usually shows severe atelectasis and frozen artifact. We tried to inflate lung tissue with the embedding medium used for frozen section and to determine the appropriate dilution ratio of the embedding medium for optimization of frozen section morphology. METHODS: The lung specimens were derived from 10 patients who underwent video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) due to pneumothorax (four patients) and GGO (six patients) detected on high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) at Seoul National University Bundang Hospital. The pneumothorax specimens were divided into six groups-uninflated, inflated with saline, and inflated with embedding medium (not diluted, 1:1, 2:1 and 2:3). The qualities of the frozen sections were compared with corresponding permanent paraffin sections. Lung specimens obtained from the six people with GGO detected on HRCT were submitted for intraoperative pathology consultation. Frozen sections were made after inflation with optimally diluted embedding medium determined by the above experiment with pneumothorax specimens, and the frozen section diagnoses (FSD) were compared with the final pathologic diagnoses of corresponding permanent paraffin sections. RESULTS: The frozen section quality of lung tissue was excellent after simple inflation with diluted embedding medium (2:3). Minute precancerous foci such as atypical adenomatous hyperplasia (AAH) and bronchioloalveolar carcinoma (BAC) could be readily identified in frozen sections using this method. Of the six patients with solitary GGO, four were diagnosed as BAC, nonmucinous type and two were as AAH on the frozen sections. Intraoperative FSD corresponded well with final diagnoses obtained with paraffin sections. CONCLUSIONS: An inflation procedure using diluted embedding medium can make lung tissue expand well during frozen section. Minute and even nonpalpable GGO lesions could be detected more easily by this technique in frozen sections, which would be helpful in determining how extensive a surgical procedure needs to be. Application of this procedure appears to improve the accuracy of FSD of minute precancerous pulmonary nodules.