小儿噬血细胞综合征的临床分析

噬血细胞综合征（hemophagocyticsyndrome,HPS）又称噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增生症（he--mophagocyticLympho—histiocytosls,HLH）,是一组单核巨噬细胞系统反应增生性疾病。噬血细胞综合征是一类少见的、病死率很高的疾病,于1979年首先由Risdall等报道,是以发热、肝脾大和全血细胞减少为特征的综合征。     

儿童嗜血细胞综合征2例

嗜血细胞综合征（hemophagocytic syndrome,HPS）,又称噬血细胞淋巴组织细胞增生症（hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis,HLH）,是单核/巨噬系统反应性疾病,以组织细胞良性、大量增生,伴有明显的吞噬血细胞现象为特征。     

重视和加强我国小儿噬血细胞综合征的研究

噬血细胞综合征（hemophagocytic syndrome，HPS）亦称噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增生症（hemophagocytic lymphohistocytosis，HLH），又称噬血细胞性网状细胞增生症，于1979年首先由Risdall等报告。其特征是发热、肝脾肿大、黄疸、全血细胞减少，在骨髓和其他组织中可找到噬血细胞，这些症状均由功能缺陷的免疫效应细胞过度分泌细胞因子所致。根据笔者多年来的临床实践，首先认为此种综合征现象逐年增多，然而目前儿科医师尤其是非血液科的医师认识尚不足，导致误诊误治；其次，急重症HLH如果未得到及时合理治疗死亡率极高；第三，根据国际组织细胞协会94方案旧0疗效总结给予及时、合理的治疗可改善预后。因此广大儿科医师应重视和加强我国小儿噬血细胞综合征的研究。     

儿童噬血细胞综合征研究进展

儿童噬血细胞综合征（hemophagocytic syndrome，HPS）又名噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增生征（hemophagocytic lyphohistiocytosis，HLH）：是一组以淋巴细胞、巨噬细胞非恶性增生伴噬血细胞增多引起多脏器浸润及全血细胞减少为特征的疾病。自1952年由Farqu—har和Claireaux作为一种家族性疾病首次报道以来，相关的报道逐渐增多，并且越来越受到国内外重视。现复习HLH的相关文献，将其流行病学、临床表现、发病机制及诊治和预后作一综述。     

基于芦可替尼反应的儿童噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增多症分层治疗的研究

噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增多症(HLH)又称噬血细胞综合征, 是一种以病理性免疫激活和过度炎症为特征的致死性疾病。以依托泊苷为基础的HLH-94和HLH-04方案仍然被广泛接受为标准治疗, 虽然这大大提高了HLH患者的存活率, 但仍有相当多的患者治疗无效或无法耐受强化疗。由于HLH与大量细胞因子的过度产生有关, 阻断致病细胞因子能够显著提高疗效、改善预后。芦可替尼是JAK1和JAK2的抑制剂, 可以通过抑制JAK1/2-STAT1通路, 抑制干扰素-γ和其他关键的促炎细胞因子的信号转导, 是治疗HLH的一种有前途的选择。使用芦可替尼治疗难治/复发HLH的疗效也已在一系列HLH病例中得到报道, 相关研究表明, 芦可替尼治疗HLH是安全、有效的。但目前关于芦可替尼单药作为一线药物的疗效, 仍然缺乏可靠的数据。为了探讨芦可替尼单药作为一线药物的疗效, 以及基于芦可替尼反应的分层治疗是否会使患者获得更有益的结果。     

噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增生症相关病因研究进展

噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增生症(HLH)是一种血液病的急危重症,其具有起病急、进展快、预后较差等临床特点。导致HLH的原因众多,遗传因素、感染性疾病、肿瘤、自身免疫相关性疾病等均可为本病的致病因素。感染相关性HLH和自身免疫疾病相关性HLH以基础疾病治疗最为关键,预后相对较好,而原发性HLH和肿瘤相关性HLH最有效的治疗方法是造血干细胞移植,但预后欠佳。     

噬血细胞综合征的诊治进展

噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增生症(HLH),又称嗜血细胞综合征(HPS),是一种病理性免疫激活引起过度炎症反应的临床综合征,目前可分为原发性和继发性两大类。原发性HLH已证实是以基因型突变作为基础,HLH的继发性因素包括感染、肿瘤、自身免疫系统疾病等。基于大样本研究结果,HLH的分子诊断学虽取得了一定的进展,儿童和成人HLH表现仍有一定的差异性,有时截然划分原发性与继发性HLH仍较为困难。最近几年,研究发现由嵌合抗原受体T细胞免疫疗法(CAR-T)治疗引发细胞因子风暴综合征,其临床特点和HLH相关,被命名为合成性噬血细胞综合征(Synthetic HLH);同时NK/T细胞相关HLH的关注度也逐渐增加。针对HLH的治疗除了HLH-94,HLH-2004经典的治疗方案以及异基因造血干细胞移植(HSCT),免疫球蛋白治疗HLH也取得了一定进展。本文结合第57届美国血液协会(ASH)年会和近两年国内外研究,对噬血细胞综合征的病理生理机制特点,儿童及成人HLH特有表现,尤其是HLH治疗进展进行综述     

中国噬血细胞综合征诊断与治疗指南(2022年版)

噬血细胞综合征(HPS)又称为噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增多症(HLH), 是一种遗传性或获得性免疫调节功能异常导致的严重炎症反应综合征。近年来HLH的诊治策略不断更新, 为更好地指导我国医师的临床实践, 基于当前的循证医学证据, 经多领域医学专家共同商讨, 对2018年版的《噬血细胞综合征诊治中国专家共识》进行修订, 制定《中国噬血细胞综合征诊断与治疗指南(2022年版)》。本指南制定了HLH临床诊断和治疗路径, 旨在进一步规范我国HLH的诊断和治疗。     

噬血细胞综合征研究进展

噬血细胞综合征(HPS)又称噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增生症(HLH),分为原发性HLH和继发性HLH两大类。HLH临床表现多样,其诊断需符合HLH诊断标准。治疗首选依托泊苷、地塞米松和环孢素A。本文总结近年来HLH病因、发病机制、诊断及治疗等方面的研究进展。     

以细胞因子谱指导噬血细胞综合征的精准诊治

噬血细胞综合征(HPS)或噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增生症(HLH)是一组由各种原因导致T淋巴细胞和单核巨噬细胞过度增殖活化引起全身高炎症反应的临床综合征。细胞因子风暴是该病的关键环节。由于病因复杂、疾病严重程度差异大、临床表现非特异性等原因, 该病的早期诊断和规范化治疗较为困难。细胞因子在HLH的早期快速诊断、与其他细胞因子风暴相关疾病的鉴别、亚型判别、分层治疗、疗效和预后判断等方面均具有重要意义。本文就HLH相关细胞因子谱类型及其在与各类发热性疾病的鉴别诊断、HLH的分层治疗和治疗过程监测中的应用等方面进行阐述, 以进一步提高HLH的精准诊治水平。     

Pregnancy-Induced Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis: A Case Report and Literature Review

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a rare but devastating disease characterized by dysregulated immune response and hyperinflammation. To our knowledge, pregnancy-induced HLH has been rarely reported in the literature. A 30-year-old pregnant woman presented persistent fever for 21 days since 17 weeks of pregnancy. The possible etiologies such as infection, autoimmune disorder, and malignancy had been ruled out based on a series of exhaustive examinations. The disease progressed despite the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics and dexamethasone. The patient was diagnosed as pregnancy-induced HLH, and finally recovered completely after termination of pregnancy by caesarean and the continuous use of glucocorticoid which played a crucial part in controlling hyperinflammation. Pregnancy-induced HLH could be fatal if effective treatment was not initiated timely. Further studies are needed to improve early diagnosis and etiology identification of HLH.     

血源播散性肺结核继发噬血细胞综合征1例

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) was a life-threatening syndrome due to the uncontrolled immune activation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, and macrophages. HLH is characterized by primary and secondary causes, the early diagnosis and treatment of patients are closely related to the prognosis and clinical outcome of patients. The clinical presentation is variable but mostly includes prolonged fever, splenomegaly, coagulopathy, hypertriglyceridemia, and hemophagocytosis, none of them is specific and particular for HLH. Tuberculosis (TB) infection is one of the causes of HLH. HLH caused by TB is very rare clinically, but it has a high mortality. For patients with fever of unknown origin, HLH-related clinical manifestations sometimes present before the final diagnosis of TB, and HLH is associated with the most significant mortality rate. This article is mainly about a 28-year-old patient with HLH who suffered from severe TB infection. The patient attended a hospital with a history of 2 months of prolonged fever, 10 days booger and subcutaneous hemorrhage in lower limbs. Before this, he was in good health and denied any history of tuberculosis exposure. Combined with relevant laboratory test results (such as splenomegaly, hemoglobin, platelet count, and hypertriglyceridemia) and clinical manifestations (e.g. fever), the patient was diagnosed with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, but the etiology of HLH remained to be determined. To confirm the etiology, the patient was asked about the relevant medical history (intermittent low back pain) and was performed chest CT scan, bone marrow biopsy, and fundus photography. Finally, he was diagnosed with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis caused by hematogenous disseminated pulmonary tuberculosis. In response to this, intravenous methylprednisolone and anti-tuberculosis treatment (isoniazid, pyrazinamide, moxifloxacin, and amikacin) were administered to the patient. After more than a month of treatment, the patient recovered from HLH caused by severe TB infection. Therefore, this case suggests that we should be vigilant to the patient who admitted to the hospital with fever for unknown reasons, to diagnose HLH as early as possible and clarify its cause, then perform interventions and treatment, especially HLH secondary to tuberculosis. Also, cases of atypical TB and severe TB should be carefully monitored to achieve early diagnosis and early intervention.     

血源播散性肺结核继发噬血细胞综合征1例

<正>1病例资料患者男性,28岁,主因“发热2个月,鼻衄及双下肢出血性皮疹10天”入院。2个月前,患者无明显诱因出现发热,体温39℃,弛张热型,伴乏力,不伴咳嗽、咳痰、腹痛、腹泻、尿急、尿频、尿痛等不适。自行口服退热药(具体不详)后可短暂退热,但效果不佳,遂于当地医院就诊,予“头孢菌素”及“地塞米松”静脉输液(具体剂量不详) 6 d,体温恢复正常,但停药后再次出现发热,体温波动于38.5～40℃,未再诊治。1个月余前就诊于外院,查血常规未见异常,胸片示“双肺纹理增多”,予莫西沙星口服2 d(具体剂量不详),患者体温波动于38.5～40℃。     

Secondary haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: Experience from the Uppsala University Hospital

Background. Haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a rare clinical syndrome characterized by fever, hepatosplenomegaly, cytopenia, and progressive multiple-organ failure. HLH in adults is often secondary to autoimmune diseases, cancer, or infections in contrast to familial HLH. Treatment of secondary HLH is directed against the triggering disease in addition to immunosuppressive therapy, the latter commonly according to the HLH-2004 protocol.Methods. We conducted a retrospective study to identify triggering diseases, disease-specific and immunosuppressive therapy administered, and prognosis in adult patients with secondary HLH. Patient data were collected from October 2010 to January 2015.Results. Ten adult patients with secondary HLH were identified. Seven were men, and the median age at diagnosis was 62 years. Five cases were triggered by malignant disease and five by infection. The median patient fulfilled five of the eight HLH-2004 diagnostic criteria. All patients fulfilled the criteria fever, cytopenia, and ferritin >500 µg/L. Median time from hospital admission to HLH diagnosis was 20 days. Four patients received immunosuppressive therapy according to the HLH-2004 protocol. The prognosis was dismal, especially for the patients with malignancy-associated HLH, of whom all died.Conclusion. HLH should be suspected in patients who present with fever, cytopenia, and ferritin >500 µg/L. Secondary HLH has a dismal prognosis. None of the patients with HLH triggered by malignancy survived. Achieving remission of the triggering disease seems to be important for a favourable outcome as, in all surviving patients, the haemophagocytic syndrome resolved after remission of the underlying infection.     

Secondary haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: Experience from the Uppsala University Hospital

Abstract

Background. Haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a rare clinical syndrome characterized by fever, hepatosplenomegaly, cytopenia, and progressive multiple-organ failure. HLH in adults is often secondary to autoimmune diseases, cancer, or infections in contrast to familial HLH. Treatment of secondary HLH is directed against the triggering disease in addition to immunosuppressive therapy, the latter commonly according to the HLH-2004 protocol.

Methods. We conducted a retrospective study to identify triggering diseases, disease-specific and immunosuppressive therapy administered, and prognosis in adult patients with secondary HLH. Patient data were collected from October 2010 to January 2015.

Results. Ten adult patients with secondary HLH were identified. Seven were men, and the median age at diagnosis was 62 years. Five cases were triggered by malignant disease and five by infection. The median patient fulfilled five of the eight HLH-2004 diagnostic criteria. All patients fulfilled the criteria fever, cytopenia, and ferritin >500 µg/L. Median time from hospital admission to HLH diagnosis was 20 days. Four patients received immunosuppressive therapy according to the HLH-2004 protocol. The prognosis was dismal, especially for the patients with malignancy-associated HLH, of whom all died.

Conclusion.HLH should be suspected in patients who present with fever, cytopenia, and ferritin >500 µg/L. Secondary HLH has a dismal prognosis. None of the patients with HLH triggered by malignancy survived. Achieving remission of the triggering disease seems to be important for a favourable outcome as, in all surviving patients, the haemophagocytic syndrome resolved after remission of the underlying infection.     

Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) Associated with Plasmodium vivax Infection: Case Report and Review of the Literature

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is an unusual syndrome characterized by fever, hepatosplenomegaly, cytopenias, hypertriglyceridemia, hypofibrinogenemia, and pathologic findings of hemophagocytosis in the bone marrow and other tissues. HLH may be familial or associated with different types of infections, autoimmune disorders, or malignancies. Infection-associated HLH has been reported in various viral, bacterial, fungal, and parasitic infections, and case reports of parasitic infections implicated in HLH include rare cases from Plasmodium vivax infection, which occasionally affects both military personnel and civilians in Korea. We describe an unusual case of HLH resulting from Plasmodium vivax infection and review the literature. This case suggests that clinical suspicion of HLH is important when P. vivax infection is accompanied by cytopenias. Administration of antimalarial drugs may prevent irreversible end organ damage resulting from P. vivax-associated HLH.     

Fulminant hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis secondary to a reactivated EBV infection: A case report

Abstract

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is an aggressive inflammatory syndrome that results from inappropriate activation of the immune system. HLH has a high mortality if not treated. We describe a case of a fulminant HLH, associated with a reactivation of an EBV infection. The patient responded well to steroid treatment.     

骨髓细胞形态学诊断中噬血细胞增多的价值分析

目的 探讨骨髓细胞形态学诊断中噬血细胞增多的临床价值.方法 选取2017年6月至2019年6月本院收治的噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增多症(HLH)患者110例作为研究对象,对其进行骨髓细胞形态学检验,分析凝血功能和血液细胞功能.结果 110例患者骨髓涂片检验显示,骨髓内的核细胞增生活跃,巨核细胞、红细胞、粒细胞明显升高;巨...     

成人噬血细胞淋巴组织增生症30例临床分析

目的：探讨噬血细胞淋巴组织增生症（HLH）的病因及临床特点，提高对HLH的认识。方法：回顾性分析30例噬血细胞淋巴组织增生症患者的临床资料。结果：符合Imashuku继发性HLH修订标准的27例患者中，病因不明HLH8例，占30％，其中6例病情危重。肿瘤相关HLH10例，占37％，其中5例T／NK细胞淋巴瘤4例死亡。各种感染（包括曲霉菌、伤寒杆菌、EB病毒等）相关HLH5例，占19％，1例EB病毒感染者死亡。自身免疫性疾病相关HLH4例，占14％，免疫抑制治疗效果佳。噬血细胞占骨髓有核细胞〈2％组与≥2％组在病因构成、血小板数量等方面无显著差异。结论：成人HLH多为继发性，应尽可能明确病因，采取针对性治疗。危重患者宜尽早采用免疫化疗或尝试异基因造血干细胞移植。噬血细胞占骨髓有核细胞比例的高低不影响HLH的诊断。     

32例成人继发性噬血细胞综合征临床特点和预后分析

目的 探讨成人继发性噬血细胞综合征(HLH)临床特征和预后因素。 方法 收集32例成人继发性HLH患者临床资料,其中男17例(53%),女15 例(47%),19~88岁,中位年龄57岁。回顾性分析HLH患者的临床特点、病因及复发,采用单因素和Cox多因素分析预后因素。 结果 32例发热和血清铁蛋白升高,26例肝脾肿大,25例血细胞减少。病因分析中恶性肿瘤相关14例(43.75%),感染相关10例(31.25%),其他8例(25%)。32例最终死亡24例(75%),中位生存期27 d,复发率11.10%。单因素方差分析示,年龄、皮疹、血红蛋白、甘油三酯、凝血时间、活化部分凝血酶原时间与死亡相关(P<0.05),Cox多因素分析显示,年龄、甘油三酯水平是预后的独立危险因素。 结论 成人继发性HLH病因和临床特点多样,高龄和高甘油三酯是其死亡相关的独立预后因子。