阴茎原发恶性黑色素瘤诊治分析(附4例报告)

目的探讨阴茎原发恶性黑色素瘤的临床特点、病理特征及诊断治疗方法. 方法对4例阴茎原发恶性黑色素瘤的病理和临床资料进行回顾性分析.4例患者平均年龄52.5岁,均发现阴茎肿块,腹股沟淋巴结阴性1例,左腹股沟淋巴结肿大1例,双腹股沟淋巴结肿大2例. 结果 3例行阴茎部分切除,双侧腹股沟淋巴结清扫术,1例行阴茎全切尿道会阴造口,双侧腹股沟淋巴结清扫术.4例均行化疗,2例化疗联合生物学治疗.3例获得随访,时间为2～23个月,2例死亡,1例健在. 结论阴茎原发恶性黑色素瘤临床罕见,确诊依靠病理,手术为主要治疗手段,术后行化疗联合生物学治疗可提高生存期,但因其恶性程度高,预后不佳.     

食管原发性恶性黑色素瘤3例临床病理观察

目的：探讨食管原发性恶性黑色素瘤的临床病理特征、免疫表型、病程进展及诊断、治疗、预后。方法对3例食管原发性恶性黑色素瘤患者的临床表现、病理学形态、免疫组化及病程进展进行观察,并对3例患者进行了随访。结果3例患者中,男1例,女2例,年龄分别为68、57、65岁,均因吞咽不适入院,2例行食管切除,食管、胃吻合术,术后均辅以化疗,1例仅行化疗;患者术后平均生存期为19个月,从明确肿瘤转移到死亡的平均时间为9个月。结论食管原发性恶性黑色素瘤临床罕见,预后较差;食管原发性恶性黑色素瘤无特异临床症状;术前胃镜活检易误诊;手术切除可缓解症状,但无确切证据表明能延长患者生存时间。     

外阴阴道恶性黑色素瘤20例临床分析

目的:研究原发女性外阴阴道恶性黑色素瘤的临床特点、治疗和预后.方法:系统回顾本院自1976年6月-2006年3月收治的20例原发性女性外阴阴道恶性黑色素瘤的临床资料.结果:本组病例平均年龄48.5岁,绝经后妇女占55%.20例病例中手术治疗19例,1例仅行腹壁下动脉化疗.术后发现8例外阴恶性黑色素瘤患者腹股沟淋巴结转移2例,12例阴道恶性黑色素瘤中,腹股沟淋巴结转移2例,盆腔淋巴结转移2例.外阴恶性黑色素瘤的5年生存率为25%,平均生存期为40.7个月,阴道恶性黑色素瘤的5年生存率为16.7%,平均生存期为19.7个月.结论:女性外阴阴道恶性黑色素瘤是一类恶性程度高,预后差的肿瘤,手术是治疗的主要手段,临床分期,肿瘤部位,病灶大小,淋巴结转移及治疗方法是影响预后的因素;局部复发和早期转移是预后差的主要原因.     

阴茎上皮样肉瘤1例报告并文献复习

目的:探讨阴茎上皮样肉瘤的临床、病理特征、诊断、治疗方法及预后。方法:回顾性分析1例阴茎上皮样肉瘤患者的临床资料及诊治流程并结合文献复习。结果:69岁男性患者,因发现阴茎根部进行性增大包块3月入院就诊。下腹部CT示阴茎根部大小5.9 cm×5.6 cm×6.5 cm软组织肿块,倾向恶性肿瘤,肉瘤可能性大。行阴茎根部肿瘤切除术,术后病理诊断:镜下见肿瘤细胞呈圆形或卵圆形,染色深浅不一,部分呈空泡状,核仁明显。免疫组化染色结果:CK广谱（-）,vimentin（部分+）,EMA(大部分+),CD34(血管+),CD31(血管+),CD99(+),S-100(-),Bcl-2(-),HMB45(-),SMA(-),AFP(-)。术后患者恢复可出院,未行进一步治疗。术后7月患者发现左侧腹股沟出现进行性增大包块,术后10月患者复查盆腔CT示阴茎根部上份盆壁、左侧睾丸及左侧腹股沟区见多发软组织肿块,最大者位于左侧腹股沟区,大小约7.6 cm×6.8 cm,考虑局部复发并左侧睾丸、腹股沟转移,患者自行放弃行进一步治疗,最后随访日期为2018年1月。结论:阴茎上皮样肉瘤是一种罕见的阴茎间质恶性肿瘤,确诊依赖于病理学及特异性免疫组化染色结果,手术切除是其主要治疗方法,术后是否行放化疗治疗尚存争议,其易局部复发及区域淋巴结转移,总体预后较差。     

原发心脏弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤一例并文献复习

目的:探讨原发心脏弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤（DLBCL）的临床特征、诊疗及预后。方法:回顾性分析安徽医科大学第一附属医院2018年11月收治的1例原发心脏DLBCL伴房室传导阻滞患者的诊疗经过,并复习相关文献。结果:患者,女性,48岁,初期临床表现为反复活动后胸闷、气喘,后突发晕厥,行心脏肿瘤切除术+双腔起搏器植入术,术后病理提示DLBCL,予以R-CHOP方案化疗8次。随访至截稿前,患者病情处于稳定状态。结论:原发心脏DLBCL恶性程度高,病情进展迅速,临床表现缺乏特异性,多通过尸检或术后病理发现;治疗上以化疗联合放疗为主,手术辅助治疗;总体预后不佳。     

睾丸内胚窦瘤1例报告并文献复习

目的:探讨睾丸内胚窦瘤的生物学行为、临床病理特点、诊断治疗方法及其预后。方法:报告1例睾丸内胚窦瘤的诊断治疗及随访情况,并结合国内外文献进行分析。结果:本例患者肿瘤分期为Ⅰ期,行患侧睾丸肿瘤根治性切除术,术后给予PVB方案化疗3个疗程,效果良好,随访24个月,直至最后一次复查,患者AFP、HCG处于正常水平,相关影像学检查未见复发及远处转移。结论:睾丸内胚窦瘤临床罕见,恶性程度高,总体预后差,其确诊依靠病理,外科手术为主要治疗手段,运用手术加放、化疗的综合治疗措施可显著延长生存期。     

尿道、阴茎

阴茎原发恶性黑色素瘤4例;阴茎梭形细胞血管内皮瘸（1例报告并文献复习）;局部类固醇治疗小儿包茎临床疗效分析;静脉阻塞性阴茎异常勃起17例诊治分析;吻合口腹侧成形术修复尿道下裂术后狭窄     

阴茎癌32例诊治体会

目的:探讨阴茎癌有效合理的诊断及治疗方法。方法:回顾性分析32例阴茎癌患者的临床资料,其中鳞状细胞癌29例,鳞状上皮乳头状瘤恶变2例,疣状癌1例。31例行手术治疗,首次治疗行单纯肿瘤切除+包皮环切术+放疗3例,阴茎部分切除术27例,阴茎全切+尿道会阴部造口术1例,其中行双侧腹股沟淋巴结清扫术4例。结果:28例获得随访,行单纯肿瘤切除+包皮环切术中1例于手术后3年复发和2例于手术后3月复发而行阴茎部分切除术,行阴茎部分切除术者2年和5年及10年生存率分别为92%、82%和45%,行阴茎全切除术者随访6年至今仍健在。结论:阴茎部分切除术是治疗阴茎癌合理有效的方法,且应尽早治疗。证实有淋巴结转移者应积极行腹股沟淋巴结清扫术。     

罕见类型宫颈癌临床诊治及预后分析

目的 探讨10种罕见类型宫颈癌的临床病理特征和预后情况。方法 收集2005年1月至2011年12月宫颈绒毛管状腺癌、印戒细胞癌、黏液腺癌、透明细胞癌、腺样囊性癌、宫颈恶性黑色素瘤、宫颈湿疣性癌、宫颈癌肉瘤、宫颈小细胞神经内分泌癌及非典型类癌这10种罕见类型的宫颈癌患者各1例,进行回顾性分析并随访,结合文献分析临床病理特征和预后特点。结果10例罕见类型宫颈癌的主要临床表现为接触性或不规则阴道流血、宫颈赘生物或糜烂样改变; 诊断主要依靠病理学检查,某些类型宫颈癌需结合免疫组化协助诊断;手术是治疗的主要方式,必要时辅以术前或术后放、化疗。随访截止于2012年6月,6例存活,3例死亡,1例失访。结论 10种罕见宫颈癌的临床特点与常见类型宫颈癌无异,但恶性程度及预后有所不同,应根据不同类型宫颈癌临床预后特点制定合适的治疗方案。     

原发中枢神经系统组织细胞肉瘤一例并文献复习

目的：探讨中枢神经系统组织细胞肉瘤（HS）的临床病理特征、诊断、治疗及预后相关因素。方法报道1例原发于大脑中枢神经系统的HS患者,结合文献进行分析。结果肿瘤位于额叶,术前影像检查（包括磁共振波谱分析）考虑胶质瘤,手术全切,术后病理组织学HE染色和免疫组织化学染色确诊为HS。患者接受了调强放疗联合替莫唑胺化疗,至随访期结束未复发。结论 HS是少见的淋巴造血系统肿瘤,原发于中枢神经系统者罕见,诊断与鉴别诊断还依赖于组织形态与免疫组织化学结果。目前治疗方法为手术、放疗和化疗的综合治疗,预后多很差。术后同步放化疗可能改善患者预后。     

Primary malignant melanoma of the penis: a case report

We present the case of a patient with malignant melanoma of the glans penis and urethral meatus, which was found in a 60-year-old man with non-healing ulcerative penile lesion and bilateral clinically palpable inguinal lymphadenopathies at diagnosis. A diagnostic biopsy showed the characteristics of a malignant melanoma. Incisional biopsies from the cutaneous lesions on his glans penis and urethra were performed. Histopathological examination of both specimens showed generally ulceronecrotic surface and numerous atypical melanocytic cells. The diagnosis of giant cell melanoma was made. Two months later, bilateral inguinal lymph nodes dissection was performed. Histopathological examination of both specimens demonstrated malignant melanoma metastasis. Three months after the diagnosis, the patient underwent partial penectomy. High-dose interferon-alpha-2b treatment was started. Early diagnosis is of paramount importance, as the prognosis becomes very poor with an advanced tumor stage.     

原发性精索硬化性脂肪肉瘤1例报道并文献复习

目的:探讨精索脂肪肉瘤的特点、诊断、治疗及预后。方法:报告1例精索硬化性脂肪肉瘤,行左侧阴囊探查+左侧睾丸根治性切除术,术后病理诊断左侧精索硬化性脂肪肉瘤。结果:随访16个月,患者左侧阴囊内未见异常,右侧睾丸正常,无复发表现。结论:原发性精索硬化性脂肪肉瘤为一种恶性肿瘤,且临床罕见,术前诊断困难,治疗应以手术切除为主的综合治疗并密切随访,故提高临床医师对该病的认识,对治疗该病具有重要意义。     

Malignant melanoma of the penis and male urethra. Report of nine cases and review of the literature

Nine cases of primary malignant melanoma of the penis and male urethra are presented. The age range of the patients was 57-77 years. Five patients had intermittent bleeding, one had pain, and three were asymptomatic. Six patients had the melanoma on the glans or prepuce and three in the urethra; two presented with inguinal lymph node metastases. Penile amputation was performed in six patients, local excision in three, groin dissection in four, and one was given radiotherapy. Postoperative metastases were seen in eight patients, four of whom were treated with surgery, alone or in combination with radiotherapy, and one with chemotherapy. Two patients are still living, at 2 and 14 years after diagnosis, respectively. Seven patients have died of their tumors, five of them within 2 years. This confirms the consensus of available reports that, irrespective of what type of therapy is used, prognosis is poor in patients with malignant melanoma of the penis and urethra.     

Cancer of the penis. Prognosis and treatment plans

Sixty-one patients with clinical low-stage (Jackson Stage I) and 22 patients with clinical high-stage (Jackson Stage II or III or T3-4N0-1M0) carcinoma of the penis who were seen between 1952 and 1979 and followed for at least 3 years or until death were reviewed. The majority of patients with Stage I cancer were treated with partial penectomy, either with or without ilioinguinal lymphadenectomy. The remainder of patients with these early small lesions were treated with local excision or circumcision. Forty-one of the patients with this early penile cancer (Jackson Stage I or Tcis, T1N0M0 or T2N0M0) survived at least 3 years and were considered cured. The other 20 patients died of cancer (12 cases) or unrelated disease (8 cases). If the patients who died of other diseases are excluded, the corrected 5-year survival rate was 77%. Treatment failure was primarily due to metachronous inguinal metastases after initial treatment of the primary tumor and failure of response of metastatic disease to salvage treatment. Four factors probably were associated with a poor prognosis: large primary tumor, moderately to poorly differentiated cancer, younger age at onset, and inadequate initial treatment. In advanced (Jackson Stages II and III) disease, treatment by partial or total penectomy alone or in combination with radiation to inguinal nodes after penectomy produced 3-year or longer survival in only 2 of 9 patients, whereas treatment by early extended excision of both the primary lesion and the ilioinguinal lymph nodes produced 3-year or longer survival in 11 of 13 patients. The results suggest that local excision is appropriate only for carcinoma in situ. Partial penectomy and monthly follow-up for at least 1 year is appropriate for patients with small, well-differentiated primary tumors. Patients who have large or moderately to poorly differentiated primary tumors probably should undergo partial or total penectomy and immediate ilioinguinal lymphadenectomy.     

Penile carcinoma: a challenge for the developing world

Although rare in developed countries, carcinoma of the penis is an important problem in the developing world. Circumcision done in childhood offers the greatest protection against this disease. Poor penile hygiene and phimosis are strong risk factors for development of penile carcinoma. Early disease can be treated by conventional resection of the penis, or in selected patients by organ preserving techniques including Mohs micrographic surgery, and laser and radiation therapy. For more advanced primary disease, partial or total penectomy is needed. Elective or therapeutic lymph-node dissection is recommended for inguinal metastatic disease, and depending on the disease status, unilateral or bilateral inguinal or ilioinguinal lymphadenectomy might be needed. The role of chemotherapy, as adjuvant or primary treatment in metastatic disease, needs to be defined in prospective clinical trials, which can be done in developing countries.     

耳鼻颌面部恶性黑色素瘤(附11例分析)

目的：探讨发生于耳鼻颌面部恶性黑色素瘤(恶黑)的诊疗方法。方法：对1986～2001年收治的11例恶黑患的临床资料进行临床病理分析。结果：男性6例、女性5例，年龄6个月～83岁；原发部位：牙龈粘膜2例，外耳道l例，耳廓2例，鼻腔筛蝶窦l例，鼻中隔l例，中耳l例，下睑腮腺l例，上唇2例；手术切除9例，术后化疗2例，术后放疗3例，未治疗2例。0．5～10年随访，死亡6例，生存期6个月～3年；健在5例，生存期1．0—15年。结论：恶黑在皮肤粘膜交界处的色素层或粘膜黑色素斑的基础上发生，肿块多呈黑褐色且常伴溃疡，诊断较易，而对于不含黑色素的恶黑容易误漏诊，须待病理确诊。瘤细胞内含大量黑色素颗粒为其病理特点，免疫组化显示VIM—HMB45和S-100蛋白及Vs38阳性反应均有助于不含色素的恶黑的确诊。本病恶性度极高，可采用手术、放化疗或免疫治疗，但预后差。     

阿帕替尼治疗肺巨细胞癌1例并文献复习

目的:探讨肺巨细胞癌的临床特征、诊断和治疗方法。方法:报道1例肺巨细胞癌患者的临床资料并对相关文献进行复习。对肺巨细胞癌的临床特征、影像学表现、病理学特征和治疗方法进行分析。结果:1例肺巨细胞癌患者因刺激性呛咳、左侧胸部闷痛3个月入院。胸部CT检查及病理穿刺活检明确诊断为肺巨细胞癌。采取多西他赛联合顺铂3周方案化疗,化疗2个周期后临床症状轻微好转且疗效评价稳定（SD）,化疗4个周期后疗效评价进展（PD）,口服阿帕替尼抗肿瘤血管生成治疗后疗效评价亦是PD。结论:肺巨细胞癌临床罕见,生存期短,预后差,目前无标准的治疗方法,化疗可能短暂延缓肿瘤进展,阿帕替尼抗肿瘤血管生成治疗效果可能欠佳。     

合并宫颈癌的多原发恶性肿瘤临床分析并文献复习（附7例）

目的:探讨合并宫颈癌的多原发恶性肿瘤（multiple primary malignant neoplasms,MPMN）的临床特点、诊治及预后。方法:对2014年8月至2016年12月于我院肿瘤科就诊的7例合并宫颈癌的MPMN患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析，并进行文献复习。结果:合并宫颈癌的MPMN患者占同期收治宫颈癌患者的1.08%。宫颈癌-肺癌、宫颈癌-结直肠癌常见，宫颈癌-非霍奇金淋巴瘤、宫颈癌-胆囊腺癌少见。2例患者行宫颈癌根治术，术后辅以放化综合治疗；5例患者行宫颈癌根治性放疗联合全身化疗。7例患者的其他原发癌均行根治性治疗。患者第一原发癌确诊后中位生存时间33个月，第二原发癌确诊后中位生存时间23个月。结论:合并宫颈癌的MPMN应早期诊断，行宫颈癌根治术联合放疗、化疗，对于其他原发恶性肿瘤也应根治性治疗，可取得较好预后。