全国环境与健康工作研讨会暨2015年全国疾控系统环境与健康工作会议在宁波召开

<正>2015年9月21—22日,全国环境与健康工作研讨会暨2015年全国疾控系统环境与健康工作会议在宁波召开。国家卫生计生委副主任、国家中医药管理局局长王国强出席会议并作重要讲话,充分肯定了我国环境与健康工作取得的积极进展,同时强调,各地要推动环境与健康工作在重点领域和关键环节取得突破。一是加强环境与健康综合监测与风险评估,依托现有的环境健康危害因素监测网络,强化人体生物监测和健康效应监测;二是开展典型地区环境与健康问题调查,为环境污染防治与人群健康     

我国环境与健康工作主要进展及建议

我国环境污染问题日益突出,环境污染所致人群健康危害已广泛显现并进入高发期。20世纪80年代以来,我国政府开展了大量环境与健康（又称环境卫生）工作,本文对20世纪80年代~2015年间我国环境与健康工作进行了回顾,并对今后一段时期的工作提出了建议。     

环境健康风险评估方法 第一讲 环境健康风险评估概述及其在我国应用的展望(待续)

<正>世界范围内工业化进程的不断发展,造成各类环境污染问题层出不穷,对人群造成的健康影响也日益显现。美国及欧洲等发达国家近50年在环境健康风险评估及管理方面的经验显示,应用环境健康风险评估的方法可有效地促进政策的制定及实施工作,并能最大程度地保护公众健康,有效地降低环境污染对人群造成的健康风险。但是在我国,环境健康风险评估才刚刚起步,尚未得到有效地推广与应用。笔者将在明确环境健康风险评估的基本概念的基础上就环境     

重金属环境健康风险评估

我国重金属污染范围广,危害重,对重金属进行详细全面的环境健康风险评估十分必要。作者在分析我国重金属污染的现状及其危害的同时,介绍了环境健康风险评估的概念、国内外环境健康风险评估发展及评估程序,讨论了重金属环境健康风险评估研究中存在的不足,以为重金属污染的健康风险管理提供理论和技术支撑。     

大规模数据清理的相关问题与探讨

正随着工业化进程的推进,我国的环境污染问题日益显现,环境污染对居民健康造成了一定程度的影响[1-3],因此环境与健康工作有待广泛和深入地开展,然而伴随着信息化时代的到来,环境与健康工作面临着新的挑战,当前的环境与健康工作已不再是简单地基于几个或者几十个实验室数据的分析结果,而是需要大规模监测和调查数据作为支撑,许多大规模监测网络和调查研究不断涌现,如全国城市空气质量实时发布平台[4]、全国空气污染(雾霾)人群健康影响监测     

生物监测在化学危害物风险评估中的应用

风险评估,是目前国际上推崇的评估暴露于环境化学危害物导致不良人体健康效应概率的科学方法,已在世界各国广泛使用。然而,在大部分的风险评估中,因缺乏人群暴露和剂量的数据而增加了评估的不确定性。生物监测能提高风险评估的准确性和真实性,直接提供人体内暴露和早期效应的信息。目前,许多国际组织和发达国家已建立生物监测项目,并鼓励将生物监测数据应用于风险评估之中。本文将阐述生物监测的定义和发展,详细描述化学危害物风险评估和暴露评估中生物监测的作用,举例说明风险评估中生物监测数据的解释,以及整合生物监测的局限性。总之,随着各类数据的积累,生物监测有能力使化学危害物风险评估更完善。     

全面推进环境健康风险评估制度建设

<正>随着我国经济社会的迅速发展与居民健康意识的逐步提高,环境健康问题日益凸显。尽管通过治理我国的环境污染问题已经初见改善,但现阶段我国环境污染形势依然不容乐观,定量评估环境污染的人群健康风险,进而采取行之有效的干预防护措施,已成为我国公共卫生领域亟待解决的重要问题。20世纪70年代,美国环境保护局、世界卫生组织等机构率先开展了环境健康风险评估相关工作,逐渐形成了较为完整的评估体系,为相关政策法规的制定提供了重要     

健康风险评估研究进展

金属元素广泛存在于环境中且对人体健康有较大危害,有害元素健康风险评估是当今卫生学领域十分关注的重要课题,现对健康风险评估的概念、卫生学意义和发展经历进行了阐述,详细介绍了风险评价的4个步骤,即数据收集与评估、毒性评估、暴露评估、健康风险评估表征,介绍了我国健康风险评估的相关应用,综合目前国内外健康风险评估的研究成果提出健康风险评估研究存在的问题与不足。     

我国城镇化相关环境健康问题分析及对策研究

目的探索我国城镇化进程中存在的环境健康问题及应对对策。方法通过资料收集、调研、数据统计分析,进行综合分析和对比研究。结果我国城镇化在为居民带来福利的同时,一些环境与健康问题日益凸显。水资源不足、交通拥堵等影响面逐渐扩大;室外环境污染依然严重,室内环境污染和不良生活方式带来的健康危害不容忽视,城镇化对我国环境健康危害的防控体系带来新的挑战。结论我国城镇化过程应坚持寓健康于万策的理念,通过大力推进健康城市建设,加强城市环境与健康新问题的监测评价及科研创新,探索多元化健康传播模式,来推进城市人群环境健康危害预防与控制,以此促进和改善城市居民的环境、生理、精神等层面的健康发展。     

我国口岸输入性蜚蠊现状与应对措施

本文通过分析蜚蠊的耐饥性、化性变化、单性繁殖,以及超强繁殖能力和环境的适应能力等生物学特性,阐述了蜚蠊对经济、物种多样性、生态安全、人类健康等方面的危害,分析了当前蜚蠊借助入境交通工具、集装箱及货物入侵对我国口岸带来的压力及风险,结合口岸的实际工作,提出了完善蜚蠊监测标准、风险评估、防控技术和建立联防联控机制等对策及建...     

Road-traffic pollution and asthma - using modelled exposure assessment for routine public health surveillance

Asthma is a common disease and appears to be increasing in prevalence. There is evidence linking air pollution, including that from road-traffic, with asthma. Road traffic is also on the increase. Routine surveillance of the impact of road-traffic pollution on asthma, and other diseases, would be useful in informing local and national government policy in terms of managing the environmental health risk.Several methods for exposure assessment have been used in studies examining the association between asthma and road traffic pollution. These include comparing asthma prevalence in areas designated as high and low pollution areas, using distance from main roads as a proxy for exposure to road traffic pollution, using traffic counts to estimate exposure, using vehicular miles travelled and using modelling techniques. Although there are limitations to all these methods, the modelling approach has the advantage of incorporating several variables and may be used for prospective health impact assessment.The modelling approach is already in routine use in the United Kingdom in support of the government's strategy for air quality management. Combining information from such models with routinely collected health data would form the basis of a routine public health surveillance system. Such a system would facilitate prospective health impact assessment, enabling policy decisions concerned with road-traffic to be made with knowledge of the potential implications. It would also allow systematic monitoring of the health impacts when the policy decisions and plans have been implemented.     

Apheis: public health impact of PM10 in 19 European cities

STUDY OBJECTIVE: Apheis is a public health surveillance system that aims to provide European, national, regional, and local decision makers, environmental health professionals, and the general public with up to date and easy to use information on air pollution and public health. This study presents the health impact assessment done in 19 cities of Western and Eastern European countries. DESIGN: Apheis developed guidelines for gathering and analysing data on air pollution and the impact on public health. Apheis has analysed the acute and chronic effects of fine particles on premature mortality using the estimates developed by Aphea2 study and two American cohort studies. This health impact assessment was performed for different scenarios on the health benefits of reducing levels of particles less than 10 microm in size (PM(10)). MAIN RESULTS: PM(10) concentrations were measured in 19 cities (range: 14-73 microg/m(3)). The population covered in this health impact assessment includes nearly 32 million inhabitants. The age standardised mortality rates (per 100 000 people) range from 456 in Toulouse to 1127 in Bucharest. Reducing long term exposure to PM(10) concentrations by 5 microg/m(3) would have "prevented" between 3300 and 7700 early deaths annually, 500 to 1000 of which are associated with short term exposure. CONCLUSIONS: Apheis shows that current levels of air pollution in urban Europe have a non-negligible impact on public health, and that preventive measures could reduce this impact, even in cities with low levels of air pollution.     

Incorporating concepts of inequality and inequity into health benefits analysis

Background  

Although environmental policy decisions are often based in part on both risk assessment information and environmental justice concerns, formalized approaches for addressing inequality or inequity when estimating the health benefits of pollution control have been lacking. Inequality indicators that fulfill basic axioms and agree with relevant definitions and concepts in health benefits analysis and environmental justice analysis can allow for quantitative examination of efficiency-equality tradeoffs in pollution control policies.     

Environmental health in Egypt

Egypt shares most of the environmental problems of developing countries. One of the most important health and environmental problems is air pollution resulting from using fuel, burning operations, and the increase of automobile exhaust in cities. Moreover, the deficiency of efficient sanitation services and water pollution caused by the breaking down of old and consumed water networks, as well as the various problems in construction, designing and maintenance of sewage system resulted in the appearance and prevalence of communicable and non-communicable diseases. There are several examples of exposure to chemical genotoxicants, and lifestyle exposures in the population, which create unique combinations of environmental risk factors for diseases such as cancer. Environmental factors may interact with infection and lead to enhancement of carcinogenicity processes. Currently, there is a growing interest in environmental mutagenicity and carcinogenicity research. The use of different biomarkers and genetic susceptibility testing can contribute effectively to risk assessment. The Government of Egypt recognizes and deals seriously with these problems. The State Ministry of Environment has initiated new policies that include risk minimization, law enforcement, treatment of pollution at source, mitigation procedures and inter-sectorial collaboration. The Ministry of Health and Population recognized the link between economic development, environment and health. It elaborated a national environment health strategy in accordance with the format of the regional and global environmental health policy. This strategy identified priority areas, which requires further action to be taken and to be implemented. Environmental health was included as one of the four main objectives of the strategic Healthy Egyptians 2010 Initiative. Specific objectives and plans for the initiative are presented.     

Road-traffic pollution and asthma – using modelled exposure assessment for routine public health surveillance

Asthma is a common disease and appears to be increasing in prevalence. There is evidence linking air pollution, including that from road-traffic, with asthma. Road traffic is also on the increase. Routine surveillance of the impact of road-traffic pollution on asthma, and other diseases, would be useful in informing local and national government policy in terms of managing the environmental health risk.     

城镇化过程的交通噪声污染与健康问题

交通噪声污染对人群健康的影响是城镇化过程中应关注的重要环境与健康问题。目前,研究结果显示交通噪声暴露可对神经系统、心理健康和心血管系统等方面产生影响,已经成为影响公众身心健康的重要环境危险因素之一。在将来的研究中,亟待对不同类型交通噪声的健康影响差异开展进一步分析,并探索交通噪声与空气污染、绿地等其它相关环境因素的综合效应,为城镇化过程中交通噪声污染控制和人群健康防护提供科学依据。     

环境镉污染应急处置所依据的相关健康原则

对环境镉污染突发事件的发生特点、应急处置决策所依据的原则进行了概括;从环境镉污染对人群健康风险的角度,分析了水和土壤环境镉污染的主要特点,分别提出了水环境镉污染和土壤镉污染的应急处置工作所依据的原则和主要工作任务内容;结合实际工作情况,对应急处置的后续主要工作进行了概括,提出了有关的工作任务内容和健康风险监测方法;同时简要介绍了我国环境镉污染人群健康危害的研究结果。     

碳达峰碳中和背景下推进空气污染和气候变化与人群健康研究

空气污染和气候变化是威胁全世界人类健康的重要环境健康问题,中国面临的挑战更加凸显。本期重点展示大气污染控制、大气污染健康风险和气温预警阈值方面的研究成果,为中国空气污染、气候变化与健康领域研究提供最新研究证据。同时提出碳达峰碳中和背景下推进空气污染和气候变化与人群健康研究建议。     

Health risk assessment for inhalation exposure to arsenic

Health risk assessment was used as the formal process to estimate the likelihood and magnitude of the health effects occurring in humans as a result of environmental and occupational exposure to polluting agents. This study was focused at estimating the human health risk of the general and working population living in the region polluted by arsenic for more than 40 years, from combustion of coal with high arsenic content in the power plant. The exposure to arsenic from inhalation was under investigation. A study period of 40 years (1973-1993) was chosen. The study period was defined taking into account, besides the availability of data, the temporal patterns of the technological processes and the trends over time of environmental concentrations. The results from the arsenic risk assessment study were used for the evaluation of the health risk for different population groups in the polluted areas and for different professions of workers exposed to As in a power plant. The results are applicable for the evaluation of risk in real conditions, for health surveillance and for remedial changes and a potential suggestion on technological improvement.     

大型活动的公共卫生安全保障措施

近年来随着我国经济高速发展,国内外各类交流活动也日益频繁,继2008年北京奥运会成功举办之后,2010年上海世博会又将预计吸引7000万国内外游客。本文从风险评估、症状监测、食品安全管理、环境卫生监测、医疗服务等方面总结了以往大型活动的经验,并参考了其他国家相关文件,为今后我国举办大型活动时开展公共卫生安全保障提供借鉴。