跟骨解剖支持板重建SandersⅢ型跟骨骨折后距下关节稳定性的临床应用

[目的]探讨跟骨解剖支持板恢复SandersⅢ型跟骨骨折后距下关节稳定性的疗效.[方法]采用跟骨解剖支持板治疗28例(36足)SandersⅢ型跟骨骨折.[结果]跟骨骨折术后B(o)hler's角,Gissane's角、丘部总高、轴长和体宽明显恢复,功能恢复优良率97.2%.[结论]跟骨解剖支持板是治疗SandersⅢ型跟骨骨折的一种有效方法,能够恢复距下关节的稳定性.     

解剖型跟骨钛板治疗跟骨骨折疗效观察

目的评价解剖型跟骨钛板治疗新鲜跟骨骨折的临床疗效。方法采用解剖型跟骨钛板治疗31例新鲜跟骨骨折患者(38足)。术后根据AOFAS踝-足评分标准和Maryland足部功能评分系统评定功能恢复情况。结果术后3足出现浅表感染,1足出现创伤性关节炎,无皮肤坏死、内固定失效发生。患者均获得随访,时间13~26个月。术后10~19周骨折均达到临床愈合,Bhler角和Gissane角、跟骨外形基本恢复正常。末次随访时,按AOFAS踝-足评分标准评定:优21足,良12足,可5足,优良率86.8%。根据Maryland足部功能评分系统评定:优20足,良14足,可4足,优良率89.5%。结论解剖型跟骨钛板治疗新鲜关节内跟骨骨折,符合生物力学固定,能够最大限度恢复患足功能。手术时机恰当、术中操作仔细,可以降低并发症的发生率。     

可塑性钛板内固定治疗跟骨关节内骨折临床研究

目的 探讨可塑性钛板在跟骨关节内骨折中的应用价值.方法 采用关节内骨折切开复位可塑性钛板内固定治疗42例(49足)跟骨关节内骨折,其中Sanders Ⅱ型11足,Ⅲ型23足,Ⅳ型15足.术后进行3～36个月随访,观察患足功能恢复情况及评定临床疗效.结果 出现切口皮缘部分坏死4例,足外缘皮肤感觉麻木2例,骨折复位不佳者2例.与术前相比,术后跟骨侧轴位X线片显示跟骨Bohler角、Gissane角及距下后关节面均得到了良好的恢复(P<0.001).按照Kerr评定标准,临床疗效平均优良率为81.63%,Sanders Ⅱ型、Ⅲ型和Ⅳ型优良率分别为90.91%、86.96%和66.67%,三种类型优良率呈下降趋势,但组间差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 切开复位可塑性钛板内固定是治疗跟骨关节内骨折的可靠方法.恢复跟骨解剖形态、掌握好手术指征和手术时机、选择合适的可塑性钛板固定能最大限度地减少骨折后并发症.     

经“八”字切口微创固定治疗跟骨关节内骨折

目的探讨经跟骨外侧"八"字切口、Y型解剖板微创固定治疗跟骨关节内骨折的疗效。方法对46例闭合跟骨关节内骨折采用跟骨外侧"八"字切口、Y型解剖板微创固定治疗。结果 46例均获得随访,时间12~30个月。患者骨折均愈合,无一例发生切口深部感染、皮肤坏死及骨髓炎等严重并发症。按AOFAS评分标准评价:优30足,良14足,可3足,差2足,优良率为89.8%。结论经跟骨外侧"八"字切口、Y型解剖板微创固定治疗跟骨关节内骨折,术中直视下复位跟骨后关节面,固定可靠,可早期活动。     

跟骨钛板内固定治疗粉碎性跟骨骨折

[目的]探讨切开复位解剖型钛板治疗粉碎跟骨骨折的疗效。[方法]46例56足SandersⅢ、Ⅳ型跟骨骨折均采用外侧大切口跟骨钛板固定,保护腓肠神经,钢板外侧固定,术后测量Bhler角和Gissane角,评价骨折复位效果。[结果]全部病例无感染,2足切口皮肤坏死,骨折全部愈合,根据美国足踝外科协会AOFAS评分,优26足,良22足,可6足,差2足,优良率86%。[结论]切开复位钛板内固定治疗粉碎跟骨骨折,方法简单,疗效满意。     

解剖型接骨板内固定治疗跟骨关节内骨折

目的探讨应用解剖型接骨板内固定治疗跟骨关节内骨折的方法和优势。方法采用切开复位解剖型接骨板内固定治疗跟骨关节内骨折33例36足,术后足趾早期活动,无需石膏固定,12周内避免负重,12周后X线检查,骨折愈合后方可逐渐负重行走。结果所有患者术后随访3~24个月,平均随访10.6个月,复查X线片示,跟骨解剖结构恢复满意,Gissane角恢复至平均126°,Bhler角恢复至38°,按Maryland足部评分系统评定术后功能,优26足,良7足,可3足,优良率91.7%。结论跟骨骨折是临床常见的复杂骨折之一,过去采用手法复位、克氏针撬拔复位、石膏外固定,治疗效果较差。应用解剖型接骨板内固定治疗跟骨关节内骨折,只要把握好手术时机,术前充分准备,术后规范处理,是治疗跟骨关节内骨折的良好方法,适合在基层医院开展。     

跟骨关节内骨折内固定手术临床报告

目的通过对跟骨关节内骨折内固定手术和并发症研究,探讨跟骨关节内骨折内固定手术方法和治疗效果,防治并发症。方法 2004年2月至2010年10月我科采用外侧＂L＂型切口、可塑形跟骨解剖钢板进行开放复位内固定,手术治疗Sanders分型～型跟骨骨折42例45足,必要时行植骨。根据Sanders分型,型3足,型20足,型17足,型5足。术中侧位X线片透视观察Bhler角和Gissane角,Broden位透视观察后关节面的恢复情况。结果术后切口坏死感染3例,腓肠神经损伤1足。采用X轴、侧位摄片和病例随访,Maryland足部评分标准评价手术效果。随访时间2～36个月,平均18个月。本组优27足,良12足,可4足,差2足,优良率86.7%。结论经跟骨外侧＂L＂型切口切开复位内固定治疗跟骨关节内粉碎性骨折,能够获得满意的解剖皮肤复位和临床效果,固定可靠,是治疗跟骨关节内粉碎性骨折的有效方法。术中必须仔细保护切口皮瓣,防治术后切口皮肤坏死、感染等并发症。     

外侧L形切口植骨锁定钛板内固定治疗跟骨骨折

目的 探讨外侧L形切口植骨锁定钛板内固定治疗PaleyⅢ型跟骨骨折的临床疗效.方法 采用外侧L形切口植骨锁定钛板内固定治疗59例PaleyⅢ型跟骨骨折患者(73足).记录术后并发症和骨折愈合情况,测量B?hler角、Gissane角,根据AOFAS踝-后足评分系统评价疗效.结果 患者均获得随访,时间13～16个月.1例...     

解剖型跟骨钛板治疗SandersⅡ～Ⅳ型跟骨骨折

目的 探讨应用解剖型跟骨钛板治疗SandersⅡ～Ⅳ型跟骨骨折的临床疗效.方法 自2003年7月至2008年7月采用解剖型钢板内固定治疗34例41足SandersⅡ～Ⅳ型跟骨骨折患者,男21例(26足),女13例(15足),年龄21～61岁,平均37.5岁;单足27例,双足7例.采用Maryland足部评分系统(MFS)评分标准对术后效果进行评估.结果 所有患者术后获24～60个月(平均36.5个月)随访,骨折均获骨性愈合,骨折愈合时间为4.7～11.2个月,平均6.3个月,无骨不连及畸形愈合.按MFS评分标准评定疗效:优25足,良11足,一般4足,差1足,优良率为87.8%.结论 解剖型跟骨钛板治疗SandersⅡ-Ⅳ型跟骨骨折可获得满意的临床效果.     

保留距下关节的切开复位内固定手术治疗陈旧性跟骨骨折

目的 探讨陈旧性跟骨骨折行切开复位内固定手术的临床效果.方法 对17例(17足)陈旧性跟骨骨折采用切除骨痂,再次骨折后重新复位、对合关节面,矫正跟骨力线,恢复Bohler角和Gissane角的关系,植骨充填缺损,钢板内固定手术治疗.结果 随访5～20个月,平均10个月,骨折全部愈合.Maryland足部评分:优9足,良5足,可2足,差1足.术后跟骨长度、宽度、Boller角、Gissane角和轴位角与手术前比较差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论 对陈旧性跟骨骨折患者有选择性的采用切复内固定术的治疗,可以取得较好效果.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.