口服有机磷农药重度中毒患者开始进食时间的研究

目的探讨口服有机磷农药重度中毒患者适宜的进食时间.方法随机将119例口服有机磷农药重度中毒患者分为3组,在综合抢救治疗的基础上,A组(40例)于中毒后12～24h开始进食,B组(38例)于中毒后24～48 h开始进食,C组(41例)于中毒48 h后开始进食,观察比较不同开始进食时间对患者病情的影响.结果3组患者中间期肌无力综合征(IMS),中毒反跳发生率的差异均无显著性(P＞0.05);电解质紊乱、院内感染、多脏器功能障碍综合征(MODS)的发生率,B、C组显著高于A组(P＜0.05);平均应用呼吸机时间、平均气管插管时间、ICU平均监护日,A组显著短于B、C组(P＜0.05);患者死亡率A、B 2组差异无显著性(P＞0.05),C组显著高于A组(P＜0.05).结论口服有机磷农药重度中毒患者,在反复彻底洗胃,无胃出血、胰腺炎等并发症、足量应用阿托品和复能剂的前提下,于中毒后12～24 h进食,可减少水电质酸碱平衡紊乱、院内感染、MODS等并发症的发生,缩短气管插管时间和呼吸机应用时间,缩短监护天数,提高抢救成功率.     

血液灌流治疗重度急性有机磷农药中毒临床研究

目的：研究血液灌流治疗重度急性有机磷农药中毒的效果。方法：79倒重度急性有机磷农药中毒患者随机分为，治疗组（41例）和对照组（38例），对照组进行常规内科治疗，治疗组在常规治疗基础上加用血液灌流。结果：两组比较，治疗组患者昏迷时间、阿托品化时间、血清胆碱酯酶活力恢复时间、住院时间均缩短，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。阿托品应用总量降低（P〈0．05），治愈率提高（P〈0．05）。结论：血液灌流能迅速缓解症状，减少阿托品用量，提高重度急性有机磷农药中毒患者抢救成功率。     

有机磷农药中毒患者给药方法的临床观察

目的 探讨有机磷农药中毒患者不同给药方法与临床治疗护理效果的关系。方法将186例有机磷农药中毒患者随机分为3组A组、B组、C组。静脉推注给药（A组）113例，微量泵给药（B组）26例，先静脉推注达阿托品化后微量泵给药（C组）47例，对3组进行比较。主要评价内容为阿托品化时间、给药次数、平均住院天数。结果A组给药次数明显多于其他2组（P〈0．05）；B组阿托品化时间明显延长（P〈0．05），且平均住院天数也延长（P〈0．05），有统计学意义。结论有机磷农药中毒患者采用静脉推注达阿托品化后微量泵给药，既能快速达到阿托品化，减少给药次数，缩短平均住院天数，又能保持血药浓度稳定，生命体征渡动范围小，有利于治疗与护理效果的提高，值得临床推广。     

经皮和经口途径有机磷农药中毒后胆碱酯酶活性与中毒程度的不对等性比较

目的总结经皮和经口有机磷农药中毒的治疗经验。方法同期观察全血胆碱酯酶活性低于0．50的34例经皮途径（经皮组，中度19例，重度15例）和50例经口途径（经口组，中度22例，重度28例）有机磷农药中毒患者的临床表现，比较同等中毒程度时两组胆碱酯酶活性的变化以及阿托品用量的差异。结果同等中毒程度时，治疗前两组胆碱酯酶活性差异无显著性（P均〉0．05），但经皮组中毒症状明显轻于经口组。治疗后24、48和72h胆碱酯酶活性测定值经皮组明显高于经口组（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。经皮组阿托品化用量及阿托品总量明显少于经口组，且解毒治疗时间也明显短于经口组（P均〈0．01）。结论胆碱酯酶活性相同情况下，经皮有机磷农药中毒患者的临床症状轻于经口有机磷农药中毒者，阿托品用量明显少于经口有机磷农药中毒者，胆碱酯酶活性的恢复经皮中毒患者先于经口有机磷农药中毒患者。     

降钙素原检测在急性有机磷农药中毒患者病情早期评估中的作用

【目的】探讨降钙素原（PCT）水平与有机磷农药中毒患者病情严重程度的关系。【方法】对45例急性有机磷农药中毒患者进行APACHEⅡ评分并测定其血清PCT水平,按评分的高低不同分为A、B、C三组,比较各组患者的PCT水平和预后;根据预后分为存活组和死亡组,比较两组的APACHEⅡ评分和PCT水平及相关性。【结果】正常对照组PCT水平为（0．074±0．02）μg／L,观察组PCT水平为（4．23±1．05）μg／L,两组间比较差异有显著性（P〈0．05）;A、B、C三组间PCT水平和病死率比较均有显著性（P〈0．05）;死亡组APACHEⅡ评分与PCT水平均显著高于存活组,且差异有显著性（P〈0．05）;患者PCT水平与APACHEII评分呈显著正相关（r=0．65,P〈0．05）。【结论】PCT水平与APACHEⅡ评分有较强的相关性,可应用于急性有机磷农药中毒患者病情严重程度和预后的评估。     

床旁血液灌流抢救重度有机磷农药中毒的疗效观察及护理

目的观察血液灌流抢救重度有机磷农药中毒的疗效及治疗中的护理。方法将2003年12月～2005年12月收治的57例重度有机磷农药中毒患者随机分为对照组和治疗组，治疗组在常规内科治疗的基础上加用血液灌流（HP）并采取相应护理措施，对照组单纯行常规内科治疗护理。观察对照两组病例的治愈率、阿托品总用量、昏迷至清醒时间、住院天数。结果治疗组阿托品总用量减少（t=4．092，P〈0．01），患者昏迷时间缩短（t=3．24，P〈0．01），住院天数缩短（t=4．505，P〈0．01），治愈率提高（x^2=4．073，P〈0．05）。结论对于重度有机磷农药中毒患者，除内科常规治疗外加用血液灌流，予以适当的护理能明显提高这类危重患者的治愈率。     

血液灌流对重度有机磷中毒患者炎性细胞因子的影响

目的探讨血液灌流治疗对于急性重度有机磷中毒的临床应用价值。方法选取急性重度有机磷农药中毒患者40例，分为灌流组（HP组）和非灌流组（对照组）。对照组按常规予洗胃、导泻，并予阿托品、复能剂、呼吸支持、抗休克等综合治疗。HP组在上述治疗基础上进行血液灌流治疗。观察全部病例的阿托品用量、中间综合征发生率、胆碱酯酶活力恢复时间、住院时间及治疗后肿瘤坏死因子仅（TNF—Ot）、白细胞介素6（IL一6）、超敏c反应蛋白（hs—CRP）水平。结果HP组阿托品用量、中间综合征发生率、胆碱酯酶活力恢复时间、住院时间低于对照组（P〈0．05或P〈0．01），治疗后HP组TNF—d、IL一6、hs—CRP水平较对照组降低更明显（P〈0．05）。结论血液灌流可以清除急性重度有机磷农药中毒的部分炎性细胞因子，对重度有机磷农药中毒患者脏器损害有保护作用。     

有机磷中毒以体温和出汗作为阿托品减量指征的应用价值

目的：探讨以体温和出汗作为阿托品治疗急性有机磷中毒调整用药指征的安全性和可行性。方法：将急性有机磷中毒患者（中毒前无严重的心肺肝肾疾病）128例随机分为两组，A组以体温和出汗作为阿托品停药与减量的指征。B组以“阿托品化”作为阿托品用药过程中停药与减量指征。评价治愈率、阿托品中毒率和住院时间。结果：治愈率A组高于B组（P〈0．05），阿托品中毒A组明显少于B组（P〈0．01），住院时间A组少于B组（P〈0．01），农药中毒反跳A组出现机会少于B组。结论：以体温和出汗作为有机磷中毒中阿托品减量指征，具有明显的安全性和可行性，可以作为治疗急性有机磷中毒的可行性方案。     

低分子肝素钙在血液灌流抢救有机磷中毒的应用

目的观察低分子肝素钙在床旁血液灌流抢救重度有机磷农药中毒的疗效及出凝血情况。方法将2004年1月～2007年1月收治的60例重度有机磷农药中毒患者随机分为对照组和治疗组，各30例，在血液灌流（HP）中治疗组应用低分子肝素钙，对照组应用普通肝素。观察比较2组患者的治愈率、灌流器及血管通路凝血情况、有无出血现象、血液灌流前后APT，TT的变化。结果2组患者治愈率无差异（P〉0．05），2组患者血灌结束后治疗组比对照组患者皮下出血、消化道出血、肉眼血尿显著减少（p〈0．05），2组患者血灌前后对比APTT、TT有显著差异（P〈0．05），有统计学意义。结论应用低分子肝素钙抗凝进行血液灌流抢救重度有机磷农药中毒患者疗效好，出血倾向明显降低。     

长托宁联合大黄治疗重度有机磷农药中毒临床分析

目的探讨长托宁联合大黄治疗重度有机磷农药中毒的临床效果。方法急性重度有机磷农药中毒患者40例随机分为长托宁联合大黄组（A组）和长托宁联合甘露醇组（B组）,每组20例。观察两组治疗后胆碱酯酶恢复时间、住院天数、症状消失时间、反跳率、中间综合征、治愈率。结果与B组比较,A组胆碱酯酶恢复时间、住院天数、中间综合征、反跳率明显降低,P〈0.05,治愈率明显升高,P〈0.05。结论长托宁联合大黄是治疗重度有机磷农药中毒的理想药物组合。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.