线粒体基因5个位点与2型糖尿病早发的关联研究

用PCR-RFLP及DNA测序方法对湖北省汉族人群无血缘关系的102例发病年龄≤45岁2型糖尿病患者及104例正常对照个体的线粒体DNA tRNA Leu（UUR）基因及ND-1基因5个位点进行突变分析。实验组检出3714（A→G）突变2例,两组间仅nt3316（G→A）突变的发生率有统计学差异。推测该位点变异可能与某些核基因或环境因素协同与汉族人群中的线粒体糖尿病的早发及发展有关。     

浙江地区汉族人线粒体DNA ND1基因T3394C突变与老年2型糖尿病

目的 探讨线粒体DNA ND1基因T3394C突变与老年2型糖尿病的关系. 方法 采用聚合酶链反应(PCR)产物直接测序法对340例无血缘关系的2型糖尿病患者(其中老年糖尿病组90例,非老年糖尿病组250例)和265例健康对照者(老年健康对照组130例,非老年健康对照组135例)的血细胞线粒体DNA进行突变位点检测,并用DNASTAR和Antheprot 5.0软件分析突变位点. 结果 老年糖尿病组、老年健康对照组和非老年糖尿病组分别检出5例、1例和2例T3394C突变.T3394C突变在老年糖尿病组和老年健康对照组之间分布差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),在老年糖尿病组和非老年糖尿病组之间分布差异也有统计学意义(P＜0.05).蛋白质结构预测显示T3394C突变引起ND1蛋白二级结构改变. 结论 线粒体DNA ND1基因T3394C突变可能与老年2型糖尿病的发生有关.     

线粒体基因突变糖尿病一家系分析

目的 探讨糖尿病(DM)家系中的线粒体基因突变位点.方法 采用PCR、DNA直接测序技术,对9例临床疑似线粒体基因突变DM家系进行线粒体基因突变高发区域tRNALeu(UUR)基因检测.结果 该家系发现与DM发病有关的突变位点均位于nt3243A→G,且家系中大部分患者伴有消瘦、耳聋、β细胞功能低下、发病年龄低的特点.结论 线粒体tRNALeu(UUR)基因3243位点A→G突变可导致DM和耳聋.     

线粒体tRNALeu（UUR）基因A3243G突变糖尿病患者的临床特征

目的探讨线粒体tRNALeu(UUR)基因A3243G突变糖尿病患者的临床特征。方法选取临床症状疑似线粒体基因突变糖尿病患者12例,采外周血提取DNA,检测mtDNA 3243A→G点突变情况。结果共4例携带mtDNA 3243A→G点突变,均存在线粒体基因突变糖尿病的典型临床表现,即起病年龄早、体型消瘦、伴严重双耳听力损害、胰岛β细胞分泌功能降低及无明显母系遗传史。在测定骨密度的3例患者中,2例骨质疏松,1例骨密度降低。结论线粒体基因突变糖尿病患者存在一定的隐匿性,对消瘦、耳聋的年轻患者进行线粒体基因突变筛查及骨代谢评估,有利于及时诊治线粒体基因突变糖尿病患者,防止并发症发生。     

母系遗传糖尿病线粒体基因突变的观察

采用PCR-RFLP、DNA直接测序技术对14个有明确母系遗传史的糖尿病家系进行线粒体基因筛查。结果14例先证者及对照组均未检出A3243G等3个线粒体基因突变位点。家系成员发现携带G3316A突变，T3394C突变，三例均为健康携带者。结论G3316A突变、T3394C突变不是糖尿病的独立致病因素。     

线粒体tRNA~(Leu(UUR))基因A3243G突变糖尿病患者的临床特征

目的探讨线粒体tRNALeu(UUR)基因A3243G突变糖尿病患者的临床特征。方法选取临床症状疑似线粒体基因突变糖尿病患者12例,采外周血提取DNA,检测mtDNA 3243A→G点突变情况。结果共4例携带mtDNA 3243A→G点突变,均存在线粒体基因突变糖尿病的典型临床表现,即起病年龄早、体型消瘦、伴严重双耳听力损害、胰岛β细胞分泌功能降低及无明显母系遗传史。在测定骨密度的3例患者中,2例骨质疏松,1例骨密度降低。结论线粒体基因突变糖尿病患者存在一定的隐匿性,对消瘦、耳聋的年轻患者进行线粒体基因突变筛查及骨代谢评估,有利于及时诊治线粒体基因突变糖尿病患者,防止并发症发生。     

线粒体基因突变与妊娠糖尿病

妊娠糖尿病(gestational diabetes mellitus,GDM)常伴随着妊娠不良结局的发生,对孕妇和胎儿均有严重影响。线粒体是真核细胞的重要细胞器之一,具有独立遗传物质及遗传体系。线粒体DNA突变主要影响线粒体能量代谢,导致ATP的合成减少,活性氧产生增加,从而导致一系列疾病,包括糖尿病或可能导致妊娠糖尿病。该文就线粒体DNA基因的相关突变位点与妊娠糖尿病关系进行综述。     

线粒体糖尿病的研究进展

线粒体基因突变糖尿病是糖尿病单基因致病类型。在最新的糖尿病分型中把其列为特殊类型糖尿病 ,属于 β细胞遗传缺陷疾病。线粒体糖尿病也是一大类异质性疾病。为加深对此病的认识 ,除介绍线粒体DNA 3 2 4 3点突变常见的临床表现外 ,重点探讨此突变的胰外表现、发病机制、诊断治疗情况及近年来新发现的与糖尿病有关的其它线粒体突变位点。     

糖尿病与线粒体ND1点突变的关系

目的探讨湖北省线粒体基因的热点突变区域ND1点突变(3243,3316,3394,3593)与老年2型糖尿病的关系。方法采用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性法对无血缘关系的134例老年糖尿病患者及152例正常对照个体的血细胞线粒体DNA进行突变分析。结果病例组中3316G→A点突变率为3·7%,3394T→C点突变发生率为3·0%,而对照组3316和3394的突变率分别为0·66%和0,3394组间差异比较均有显著性(P<0·05)。病例组中3593点突变发生率为0·75%,对照组未见该突变,两组间差异无显著性。未发现3243的突变。结论线粒体DNA3394T→C突变与老年线粒体糖尿病的发生与发展有关,并起着重要作用。     

线粒体DNA ND1基因nt3394 T→C突变与老年人2型糖尿病

目的：了解线粒体烟酰胺腺嘌呤脱氧核苷酸（NADH）脱氢酶第一亚单位（ND1）基因中339位点T→C突变与我国老年人2型糖尿病的关系。方法：收集无血缘关系的208例老年2型糖尿病患者，同时以180例无糖尿病家族史的老年糖耐量正常者作为对照，用聚合酶链反应扩增。限糖尿病患者，同时以180例无糖尿病家族史的老年糖耐量正常者作为对照，用聚合酶链反应扩增、限制性内切酶HaeⅢ消化进行点突变筛选。结果：发现9例患者存在线粒体DNA ND1基因3394位点T→C突变（4．3％），非糖尿病者中仅有1例突变（0．6％），两组比较差异有显著性（P＜0．05）。结论：线粒体DNA ND1基因中3394位点T→C突变可能与我国老年人2型糖尿病的发病有关。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.