双侧同时性上尿路移行细胞癌诊治研究

目的：提高双侧上尿路移行细胞癌的诊断率并探讨双侧上尿路同时发生移行细胞癌患者的治疗策略。方法：报告5例双侧上尿路同时发生移行细胞癌患者的临床资料,均有无痛性全程肉眼血尿,有2例肾功不全,4例术前行B超、IVP、CTU及逆行造影检查,2例术前获得诊断,2例一侧仅表现异常,术中获得确诊。4例均行保肾手术。1例在外院仅诊断一侧肿瘤,并行根治性切除术,20天后又在我院确诊对侧也存在肿瘤并行保肾手术。结果：随访14～40个月,平均26个月。随访期间1例死亡,2例术后发生膀胱肿瘤。2例未见肿瘤复发。结论：双侧上尿路同时发生移行细胞癌易漏诊一侧,保肾手术是治疗的最优选择。     

双侧上尿路肿瘤的治疗方法分析与评估(附2例报告)

目的 探讨双侧上尿路同时发生恶性肿瘤的治疗方法及有效性评价.方法 报告2013年1月～2013年2月本院收治的2例双侧上尿路同时发生肿瘤患者的临床资料,2例均行一侧肾输尿管全长切除术,对侧保留肾脏的手术.其中1例为输尿管膀胱再吻合术,1例为输尿管镜下肿瘤切除术.结果 术后病理结果均提示移行细胞癌.目前2例患者均在随访中,其中1例术后6个月及8个月分别出现膀胱肿瘤复发,后于2013年10月行膀胱根治性切除术;1例未见肿瘤复发.结论 对于双侧同时存在尿路上皮肿瘤的患者,可根据实际情况选择一侧肾输尿管全长切除+对侧保留肾脏的手术方法,此种治疗方式术后花费低、患者主观生存质量较高,值得临床推荐.当然术后有效的随访必不可少.     

孤立肾上尿路移行细胞癌治疗策略

目的探讨孤立肾上尿路移行细胞癌的治疗对策。方法回顾分析5例孤立肾上尿路移行细胞癌患者的临床资料,所有患者行手术治疗。其中4例患者行保肾手术,1例行开放手术,3例行腔内技术治疗。结果5例患者手术均顺利得到随访,时间2个月～60个月,平均21个月。1例肾盂癌患者于术后2个月死于肺部疾病,1例肾盂癌术后19个月肿瘤局部并膀胱复发死于尿毒症,1例肾盂癌伴输尿管癌于术后25个月死于肿瘤转移,另2例无瘤存活。结论孤立肾上尿路移行细胞癌是施行保肾手术的适应症,采用腔内手术治疗是一种安全和可行的术式。保肾手术后应行肾盂灌注化疗预防肿瘤复发并长期随访。     

肾细胞癌并发尿路移行细胞癌的诊断与治疗

目的 探讨肾细胞癌并发尿路移行细胞癌的临床特点和诊治方法。方法 回顾性分析5例肾细胞癌并发尿路移行细胞癌患者的临床资料。男4例，女1例。年龄42～75岁，平均62岁。间歇无痛全程肉眼血尿4例，间歇全程肉眼血尿伴右侧腰痛1例。B超、IVU及CT提示肾肿瘤并发尿路肿瘤4例，肾癌不除外合并同侧肾盂占位1例。结果 5例均行根治性手术，4例同时行不同部位肿瘤根治术，1例行分次手术。病理为肾癌并发膀胱癌3例，肾癌并发同侧输尿管癌1例，肾癌并发同侧肾盂癌1例。随访6～18个月，平均11个月。1例术后10个月膀胱肿瘤局部复发，再行经尿道膀胱肿瘤切除术；4例无瘤生存。结论 肾细胞癌并发尿路移行细胞癌临床少见，对肾癌患者行泌尿系超声、IVU和术中肾脏剖开检查有助于正确诊断。根治性手术宜同时切除肾癌侧输尿管，以避免残余输尿管发生肿瘤。     

后腹腔镜肾输尿管全切并膀胱袖套状切除治疗上尿路移行细胞癌

目的:探讨后腹腔镜肾输尿管全切并膀胱袖套状切除治疗上尿路移行细胞癌的疗效.方法:对7例上尿路移行细胞癌患者行后腹腔镜下肾脏切除术,经同侧下腹斜切口切除输尿管肿瘤或下段输尿管并行膀胱袖套状切除,完整取出切除的肾输尿管标本.术后常规卡介苗膀胱灌注.结果:手术时间210～240 min;术中出血量80～200 ml;术后8 d出院,无严重并发症发生.随访0.5～1.5年,1例肿瘤局部复发伴肝脏转移,其余无复发.结论:后腹腔镜肾输尿管全切并膀胱袖套状切除治疗上尿路移行细胞癌,是一种安全有效的术式,具有痛苦小、并发症少及患者恢复快等优点.     

后腹腔镜联合应用膀胱电切镜行肾输尿管全切及膀胱袖套状切除术

目的:评价后腹腔镜联合膀胱电切镜行肾输尿管全切及膀胱袖套状切除术治疗上尿路移行细胞癌的有效性及安全性。方法:对10例上尿路移行细胞癌患者行后腹腔镜联合膀胱电切镜行肾输尿管全切术,完整取出切除的肾输尿管标本。术后常规化疗药物膀胱灌注。结果:手术时间180~230m in;术中出血量80~200m l;术后8d出院,无严重并发症发生。随访2~24个月,无复发。结论:后腹腔镜联合膀胱电切镜行肾输尿管全切术治疗上尿路移行细胞癌,是一种安全有效的术式,具有痛苦小、并发症少及患者恢复快等优点。     

上尿路移行细胞癌的腔内治疗

目的 探讨上尿路移行细胞癌的腔内保守治疗疗效以及远期随访结果.方法 对6例上尿路移行细胞癌患者进行腔内治疗,5例逆行输尿管镜下电切配合钬激光烧灼,1例顺行经皮肾电切处理.结果 随访1～4年,1例肾盂移行细胞癌患者术后5个月复发,合并严重出血,行患侧肾输尿管切除.1例肾盂移行细胞癌以及1例输尿管移行细胞癌患者复发,每3～6个月复诊行输尿管镜下钬激光烧灼,另外3例患者未见肿瘤复发.结论 对于解剖或者功能性孤立肾、双侧上尿路肿瘤、肾功能不全、合并严重疾病不能耐受开放手术者以及对侧肾正常但患侧肿瘤直径小于1.5cm且级别较低患者,腔内治疗是理想的一种治疗选择.但所有患者术后都需要进行严格的随访.     

早期输尿管癌保肾手术的临床疗效分析（附15例报告）

目的：探讨早期输尿管癌保留肾脏手术的可行性及疗效。方法：回顾性分析2004年6月～2010年8月15例早期输尿管癌保肾手术患者的临床资料,9例行输尿管节段切除端端吻合术;6例行输尿管末端及膀胱袖口状切除,输尿管膀胱再植术。术后均行膀胱灌注化疗。结果：本组15例患者术后病理均为移行细胞癌。14例获得随访6个月～5年,所有患者同侧输尿管及肾盂均未见复发,2例术后分别于9个月及3年出现膀胱移行细胞癌,术后膀胱癌发生率为14．3％（2／14）。结论：输尿管癌为少见尿路上皮肿瘤,保肾手术有复发的风险。但对早期、低级别输尿管癌,保肾手术效果良好。     

慢性马兜铃酸肾病伴发尿路上皮恶性肿瘤16例报告

目的提高对慢性马兜铃酸肾病伴发尿路上皮恶性肿瘤的认识。方法回顾性分析16例慢性马兜铃酸肾病伴发尿路上皮恶性肿瘤患者的临床资料。16例均有长期间断小剂量服用含马兜铃酸成分药物病史,根据病史及相关检查均可诊断为慢性马兜铃酸肾病、慢性肾功能不全。患者临床表现均为间歇性无痛肉眼血尿,术前经B超、逆行造影、CT或MRU、输尿管镜等检查明确诊断。膀胱肿瘤6例;上尿路肿瘤10例,其中双侧同时发生肿瘤者6例、伴膀胱肿瘤1例。结果6例膀胱肿瘤行经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术(TURBt);10例上尿路肿瘤者中6例8侧行保肾手术;4例5侧行根治性切除术,其中1例双侧肾盂肿瘤者另一侧术中探查发现肾周肿瘤明显外浸,粘连明显,手术困难,仅行活检术;1例双侧肾盂及双侧输尿管肿瘤者仅行活检术。术后病理均为移行细胞癌,WHO标准病理分级:Ⅰ级1例、Ⅰ～Ⅱ级4例、Ⅱ级6例、Ⅲ级5例。14例获随访3～37个月,平均14个月。死亡4例,其中1例为未手术的双侧肾盂及双侧输尿管肿瘤患者,术后5个月因瘤死亡;输尿管肿瘤、膀胱肿瘤及双肾盂肿瘤者各1例分别于术后17、19、26个月死于多发转移。4例膀胱肿瘤术后4～9个月复发6次,其中2例为2次复发者;上尿路肿瘤2例术后9～10个月膀胱肿瘤3次复发;3例输尿管肿瘤术后3～32个月复发,其中1例原位复发,2例异位复发;5例未见肿瘤复发。结论慢性马兜铃酸肾病伴发的尿路上皮恶性肿瘤以上尿路肿瘤为主,双侧发病率较高,肿瘤具有多发、易复发及恶性程度高等特点。     

腹腔镜肾输尿管全长切除术及膀胱袖状切除术治疗上尿路移行细胞癌

目的:评价腹腔镜经腹腔径路行肾输尿管全长切除术及膀胱袖状切除术治疗上尿路移行细胞癌的有效性及安全性。方法:对6例上尿路移行细胞癌患者行腹腔镜经腹腔径路肾切除术,经同侧下腹斜切口、袖状切除输尿管并完整取出标本。结果:6例手术均获成功,无中转开放手术,手术时间200～320min,平均250min,术中出血100～300ml,均未输血,住院8～12d,平均9d,术后常规膀胱灌注丝裂霉素,随访2～14个月,均无复发或转移。结论:腹腔镜肾输尿管全长切除术是治疗上尿路移行细胞癌安全有效的微创手术,具有痛苦小、康复快等优点。     

Systematic review of anorectal leiomyosarcoma: Current challenges and recent advances

BACKGROUND The anorectal leiomyosarcoma(LMS) is an aggressive malignant neoplasm.Owing to the rarity of LMSs, an optimal treatment modality has yet to be determined.AIM To collect all published data on anorectal LMS characteristics, explore current treatment options, and review recent cases of postradiation LMS.METHODS A literature search of the Pub Med electronic database was conducted using the Me SH terms "rectal neoplasms", "anus neoplasms" and "gastrointestinal neoplasms" combined with "leiomyosarcoma". The search was limited to English language and human studies. All available case reports and case series of anal or rectal LMSs that were published from the beginning of January 1996 to May 2017 were included if the diagnosis of LMS had been confirmed by histopathologic examination. Data were analyzed using simple statistics(mean, median, and standard deviation). Independent sample t-test was used to compare means for continuous variables.RESULTS A total of 27 articles reporting on 51 cases of anorectal LMS were identified.Among these cases, 11.7% had undergone previous pelvic radiotherapy(developing LMS at 13-35 years afterwards). Anorectal LMS affected the rectum in 92.2% of the cases, and no sex-based predominance was observed. Surgical resection with negative margins remains the mainstay of treatment, which can be accomplished with wide local excision or radical resection. The local recurrence rate was higher among cases who received wide local excision(30%), as compared to radical resection(20%); however, the overall rate of metastasis was 51.61% regardless of the treatment approach. The use of neoadjuvant radiation lowers the risk of local recurrence compared to adjuvant radiotherapy, and facilitates R0 resection of the tumor. Cases treated with adjuvant chemotherapy showed better rates of distant recurrence and overall survival. Nonetheless,multidisciplinary team discussion is necessary to determine the optimal management plan whilst considering patient-and disease-related factors.CONCLUSION A multidisciplinary team approach, considering the underlying patient-and disease-related factors, is necessary for optimal management of these complex tumors.     

原发性肝癌合并胰腺癌一例

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腹腔镜下根治性手术切除直肠神经内分泌肿瘤（附7例报告）

目的总结直肠神经内分泌肿瘤的临床诊断和治疗策略。方法2007年1月～2011年12月对7例直肠神经内分泌肿瘤行腹腔镜下根治性切除。游离肠管周围间隙后,肿瘤下缘2em以远断直肠,距肿瘤近侧端10cm处断结肠,端端吻合器腹腔内吻合乙状结肠及直肠断端。结果腹腔镜下切除6例,中转开腹1例。2例内镜下切除者行腹腔镜下根治术后病理标本内均未见癌灶残留;余5例中,4例病理诊断为类癌,1例病理诊断为神经内分泌肿瘤Ⅱ级。3例直肠周围淋巴结转移,其中2例伴有肝转移。7例随访12～58个月,平均25．3月,1例术后半年出现直肠腺癌肝转移,再次行腹腔镜下肝转移灶切除术;1例射频消融肝转移灶后11个月复查发现直肠神经内分泌肿瘤肝转移,再次行射频消融术;余5例无复发、转移。结论直肠神经内分泌肿瘤具有恶性潜能,对于存在高危因素的肿瘤应行根治性手术治疗或密切随诊。     

Urological tumours in Germany. Basic data on 56,013 cases from hospital cancer registries

Summary Since 1985 a special work group involved in the coordination of hospital cancer registries in Germany (AKKK) has been collecting, storing and analysing data on tumour patients, received from cancer centres, oncological departments and specialised practices. The documentation of tumour patients is based, among other things, on information concerning localisation, histological findings and tumour spread. The data are stored in a central database administered by the work group. At present it contains data on approximately 500,000 oncological patients. In the period from 1987 to 1992, 56,013 initial entries were made concerning patients with urological tumours. Of these cases, tumours of the kidney (n = 11,424) constituted 20.4 %. In 94.6 % of the cases, histological investigation revealed a renal cell carcinoma – pT1: 5.8 %; pT2: 53.6 %, pT3: 37.2 % and pT4: 3.4 %. Tumours of the urinary bladder (n = 16,246) constituted 29.0 % of all urological tumours. In 93.8 % of the cases a transitional cell carcinoma was detected – pTis: 1.0 %; pTa: 36.9 %; pT1: 29.6 %; pT2: 16.9 %; pT3: 11.4 %; pT4: 4.4 %. Transitional cell carcinomas of the ureter or of the collecting system (n = 1,846) constituted 3.3 % of the cases. The proportion of testicular tumours (n = 6,594) amounted to 11.8 %; 53.6 % of these germ-cell tumours (n = 6,281) were seminomas and 46.6 % were non-seminomas. In all, 66.3 % of the cases were lymph-node negative. Tumours of the prostate (n = 19,903) constituted 35.5 % of the cases. In the period from 1987 to 1992, the proportion of lymph-node-positive prostate carcinomas decreased from 39.8 % to 16.2 %. The detailed analysis of these data shows how the hospital cancer registries can support the discussion regarding diagnosis and therapy of urological tumours.      

胰外来源肿瘤的复杂胰十二指肠切除术

部分局部晚期肿瘤常累及腹部多个器官,伴有消化道梗阻,而无远处转移.部分此类患者可通过实施Ro切除,理论上有获得长期生存的可能.部分患者可通过R1切除,配合术后综合治疗,可达到解除消化道梗阻、减轻疼痛、延长生存时间的目的.将联合器官切除的复杂胰十二指肠切除术应用于胰外来源肿瘤（如局部晚期胃远端癌、结肠肝曲癌、胆囊癌及胆管癌）的手术治疗,能使部分患者获得Ro切除和术后的长期生存,部分患者术后生命质量明显改善,生存时间显著延长.     

膀胱移行细胞癌伴前列腺癌的诊断与治疗

目的　提高膀胱移行细胞癌伴前列腺癌的诊治水平。　方法　对 8例膀胱移行细胞癌伴前列腺癌患者的临床资料进行分析。　结果　 8例术前均经膀胱镜检查及活检病理证实为膀胱移行细胞癌。 7例经直肠前列腺穿刺活检确诊前列腺癌 ,1例为前列腺增生症 ,行膀胱前列腺全切术后病理证实为前列腺癌。 4例行经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切及双侧睾丸切除术 ,术后使用丝裂霉素或BCG等膀胱灌注及氟他胺内分泌治疗。 1例行膀胱前列腺全切加回肠膀胱术。 8例中 2例失访 ,3例因多发性转移 ,术后存活 <1年 ,3例行根治性膀胱前列腺全切术 ,术后随访 1.5～ 4.0年 ,经胸片、CT、同位素和PSA等检查未见肿瘤复发或转移。　结论　血清PSA测定、前列腺直肠指诊、经直肠前列腺B超检查、活检及膀胱镜检查是诊断膀胱移行细胞癌伴前列腺腺癌的主要方法 ,根治性膀胱前列腺切除是影响预后的重要因素