职业接触二甲基甲酰胺人群尿中甲基甲酰胺水平研究

选择二甲基甲酰胺(dimethylformamide,DMF)职业接触人群99人,不接触DMF及其他有机溶剂的人员22人,测定尿中甲基甲酰胺(NMF)水平。比较DMF职业接触人群不同车间、DMF接触水平、工种、年龄、性别等因素对尿中NMF水平的影响。结果显示,随着DMF职业接触水平的增加,尿中NMF浓度明显升高(P0.01)。尿中NMF可作为反映DMF职业接触的生物监测标志物。     

二甲基甲酰胺生物接触限值的研究

目的：探讨我国二甲基甲酰胺（DMF）的生物接触限值（BEI）。方法：实验室建立“车间空气中的DMF”、“尿中甲基甲酰胺（NMF）”气相色谱的监测方法,对浙江省某腈纶厂接触DMF作业现场进行劳动卫生学调查及车间空气中DMF浓度与班末尿中NMF含量相关性研究,动态观察职业接触者尿中NMF排泄量。结果：DMF接触者尿中NMF浓度与车间空气中的DMF浓度有密切正相关（Y＝0．296X－0．241,r＝0．984,P＝0．01）,脱离接触后尿中NMF衰减方程为Y＝3．704e^-0.323t,排出速率常数平均为－0．32/h,半排期为1．29h。当尿中NMF≥10mg/g Cr时,肝生化指标异常率为50．0％;当尿中NMF＜10mg/g Cr时,与对照组比较,肝生化指标差异显著性（P＞0．05）。结论：DMF接触者BEI：班末尿中NMF为10mg/g Cr。     

甲基马尿酸作为接触二甲苯生物监测指标的研究

进入体内的二甲苯95%经代谢后生成水溶性甲基马尿酸(MethyLhippuric acids.简称MHAs)从尿中排出,5%左右以原形从呼吸道排出。二甲苯的生物监测指标有血中二甲苯,呼出气中二甲苯和尿中MHAs等。尿中MHAs具有灵敏度高特异性强的特征,加之采样方便,可能是较有用的生物监测指标。我们研究职业接触二甲苯工人和志愿者尿中MHAs的排出,提示班末或整个接触期间尿中MHAs的排出     

尿邻甲酚作为接触甲苯生物监测指标的探讨

目的探讨尿邻甲酚作为接触甲苯生物监测指标的可能性。方法建立柱前衍生高效液相色谱法测定人体尿中邻甲酚,且使用该方法测定非职业及职业接触甲苯人群尿中邻甲酚水平,并进行接触评定。结果甲苯接触者尿邻甲酚水平为(2.61±1.94)mg/L,明显高于对照组[(0.32±0.23)mg/L],差异有显著性(P<0.001),且接触甲苯工人班后尿邻甲酚水平比班前明显升高,最高可达29倍。接触甲苯者尿邻甲酚水平与个体接触甲苯浓度明显相关(r=0.6295,P<0.01)。结论尿邻甲酚可以作为接触甲苯的生物监测指标。     

尿中N-甲基甲酰胺毛细管柱气相色谱测定法

目的建立二甲基甲酰胺职业接触工人尿中N-甲基甲酰胺毛细管柱气相色谱测定方法。方法按照《职业卫生生物检测质量保证规范》的要求进行实验。结果在0～200μg／ml范围呈线性关系，最低检出限为0．02μg／ml，不同浓度的RSD为0．6％-2．3％，回收率101．9％～103．9％，样品在20℃下可保存2周，在-20℃下至少可保存2个月。甲酰胺、二甲基甲酰胺不干扰测定。结论该方法各项指标均达到《职业卫生生物检测质量保证规范》的要求，适用于二甲基甲酰胺接触工人的尿中N-甲基甲酰胺含量测定。     

气相色谱法检测尿中N—甲基甲酰胺

气相色谱法检测尿中Ｎ甲基甲酰胺山东省劳动卫生职业病防治研究所（济南市经十路，２５００６２）师以康仇保荣戴秀莲Ｎ，Ｎ二甲基甲酰胺（Ｄｉｍｅｔｈｙｌｆｏｒｍａｍｉｄｅ，ＤＭＦ）是工业生产中广泛使用的有机溶剂，可经呼吸道、皮肤进入体内。Ｎ甲基甲酰胺（...     

二甲基甲酰胺生物接触限值的研究

目的研究我国职业接触二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)的生物限值。方法气相色谱法检测工作场所空气中二甲基甲酰胺浓度和作业工人班末尿中甲基甲酰胺(NMF)浓度,同时研究两者的相关性。结果 DMF接触者班末尿中NMF浓度与工作场所空气中DMF浓度有密切正相关(Y=0.3389X+3.0297,r=0.9986,P0.01)。根据作业场所空气中DMF的国家职业卫生标准,按回归方程推导出职业接触DMF的生物限值。结论 DMF接触者生物接触限值推荐值:班末尿中NMF为12.0 mg/gCr。     

尿铅作为铅接触工人生物监测指标探讨

在工业生产中,铅的广泛用途,接触铅而引起的人体危害比较多见。对一些非铅矿山开采、冶炼和加工、矿石中含或多或少的铅,因铅引起的中毒或机体损伤在国民生产中显得较突出,故有必要对铅接触工人的临床生化指标进行探讨。本次研究选取尿铅为主要观察指标,讨论其在铅接...     

尿TTCA作为二硫化碳作业工人生物监测指标的探讨

本文研究了作业工人CS_2接触与尿中2-硫代噻唑烷-4-羧酸(TTCA)浓度的关系。选取某化纤厂长丝车间(CS_2 10.5mg/m~3)、短丝车间(18.3mg/m~3)工人分别35和30名为接触组,厂外不接触CS_2者50人为对照组,结果,接触组较对照组,高浓度接触纽较低浓度组、以及接触组班末较班前尿TTCA浓度均显著增高(P<0.05或P<0.01)。工人脱离CS_2接触12～24小时后尿TTCA增高已无显著意义。提示,尿TTCA与CS_2的接触密切相关,尿TTCA可作为反映工人近期接触CS_2良好的生物监测指标。     

GC/MS法同时检测尿中N,N-二甲基甲酰胺及其代谢产物N-甲基甲酰胺

尿样中的N,N-二甲基甲酰胺（DMF）及其代谢产物N-甲基甲酰胺（NMF）用醋酸乙酯萃取、浓缩后,用气相色谱-质谱联用仪分析,全扫描模式（scan）进行定性分析,确定组分出峰时间和特征质量离子,然后选取30.0、59.0、440、73.0m/z进行选择离子扫描（SIM）,作定量分析。DMF和NMF的线性范围分别为0.2～48.0mg/L和0.5～50.0mg/L;相关系数分别为0.998和0.999;最低检出限分别为0.05mg/L和0.15mg/L;相对标准偏差分别为4.0％～6.4％和5.1％～8.4％;样品加标回收率分别为91.1％～97.0％和88.8％～96.3％;样品在4℃的冰箱内至少可保存2周。方法准确性好。灵敏度高、干扰少。是检测尿样中DMF和NMF的较好方法。     

Urinary cyclophosphamide assay as a method for biological monitoring of occupational exposure to cyclophosphamide

Summary Urine of twenty hospital workers was monitored for the excretion of the cytostatic drug cyclophosphamide using GC-MSD. The drug was found to be present above the detection limit of 0.5 g/24 h urine in five cases. A clear relationship between cyclophosphamide handling and the detectability of excretion existed. This method developed can be of use for biological monitoring studies directed toward the finding of exposure hazards.     

尿叠氮碘试验在二硫化碳生物监测中应用价值再评估

在二硫化碳（ＣＳ２）接触工人健康监护工作中进行了叠氮碘试验（ＩＡＴ）应用价值的验证结果证实在ＣＳ２浓度＜５０ｍｇ／ｍ３（ＴＷＡ）时ＩＡＴ能反映工人近期ＣＳ２接触与吸收水平，呈一定剂量一效应关系。该法操作简便，试剂价廉易得，适用于基层防疫站及企业的经常性生物监测工作。     

Biological monitoring of exposure to pyrethrins and pyrethroids in a metropolitan population of the Province of Quebec, Canada

Pyrethroid and pyrethrins are neurotoxic insecticides widely used to control agricultural and domestic insect pests. The general population is potentially chronically exposed through food consumption, but the actual exposure is poorly documented in Canada. This study aimed at obtaining an indication of the absorption of those insecticides in residents of Montreal Island, the largest metropolitan area of the Province of Quebec, Canada. We randomly recruited 120 adults and 120 children aged 18–64 and 6–12 years old, of which 81 adults and 89 children completed the study. The absorption of pyrethroids and pyrethrins was assessed through measurements of six urinary metabolites: chrysanthemum dicarboxylic acid (CDCA), cis- and trans-2,2-(dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane carboxylic acids (cDCCA and tDCCA), cis-2,2-(dibromovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane carboxylic acid (DBCA), 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (PBA) and 4-fluoro-3-phenoxybenzoic acid (FPBA). Metabolites were determined in 12-h urine collections for children and 2-consecutive 12-h collections for adults, and were analyzed by gas-chromatography/mass spectrometry. In both adults and children, the relative distribution of the various metabolites was as follows: tDCCA>PBA>cDCCA>CDCA>DBCA>FPBA. In adults, median (95th percentiles) cumulative amounts of these metabolites were 12.0 (231.1), 8.2 (177.9), 5.0 (110.1), 0.3 (8.2), 0.1 (4.7) and 0.1 (0.5) pmol/kg bw, respectively, in nighttime 12-h urine collections. Corresponding values in children were 12.6 (207.7), 10.2 (73.2), 5.1 (59.6), 2.1 (14.2), 0.1 (4.9) and 0.1 (0.8) pmol/kg bw. The main metabolites observed are indicative of exposure mainly to permethrin and cypermethrin and amounts absorbed are in the same range in adults and children. The distribution levels of the main metabolites in our sample also appeared similar to those reported in the US population.     

快速生物监测法对高压蒸汽灭菌效果监测的评价

目的评价一种通过快速检测荧光的生物监测法监测高压蒸汽灭菌效果的应用价值，以解决传统生物监测法报告时间太长问题。方法分别将快速及传统生物监测指示芽胞在121．3℃高压蒸汽灭菌5min和20min进行热损伤和杀灭试验，比较两种指示菌培养结果，并分析其统计学差异。结果快速监测法3h检测荧光的结果与其培养7d结果完全相符；在芽胞杀灭试验中，两种监测方法的结果也高度一致，差异无显著性（X^2=0，P〉0.05）。结论快速生物监测法3h快速检测结果可靠，极大地缩短了报告时间，具有很高的实用价值。     

Exposure to glycol ethers in a population of French men evaluated by measurement of urinary alkoxycarboxylic acids

Objectives Glycol ethers are solvents that are present in a large number of products used commercially and domestically. During recent years, ethylene glycol ether derivatives, in particular ethylene glycol methyl ether and ethylene glycol ethyl ether, have been progressively replaced by propylene glycol ether derivatives, which are less toxic. The aim of this study was to estimate the level of exposure to glycol ethers in a sample population of French men employed by the Paris Municipality by measuring the amount of alkoxycarboxylic acid metabolites in their urine.Methods Urine samples were collected at the end of two different working weeks from 109 men, 54 of whom were judged to be occupationally exposed to glycol ether-containing products. Five alkoxyacetic acids (methoxyacetic, ethoxyacetic, n-propoxyacetic, phenoxyacetic, butoxyacetic acids) from ethylene glycol derivatives, and one alkoxypropionic acid (2-methoxypropionic) from a propylene glycol derivative, were simultaneously analysed by gas chromatography coupled to electron-capture detection.Results 2-Methoxypropionic was the most frequently found alkoxycarboxylic acid. The concentration of this metabolite reached 5.6 mmol/mol creatinine. The second most common alkoxycarboxylic acid was phenoxyacetic (up to 2.3 mmol/mol creatinine). The concentrations of the other alkoxycarboxylic acids were less than 1 mmol/mol creatinine. Although the concentration of alkoxycarboxylic acids was higher among men occupationally exposed to glycol ether-containing products than among unexposed men, the difference was significant only for butoxyacetic acid.Conclusions Our data suggest that the use and exposure levels of glycol ethers have qualitatively and quantitatively changed dramatically over recent years. Particular attention should be paid in the future to alkoxypropionic acids derived from minor isomers of propylene glycol ether derivatives.     

Determination of urinary alkoxyacetic acids by a rapid and simple method for biological monitoring of workers exposed to glycol ethers and their acetates

Summary In control subjects and workers exposed to glycol ethers and their acetates, we determined the urinary metabolites (three alkoxyacetic acids) by a simple and rapid method. Levels of urinary metabolites were significantly higher in the solvent workers than in the nonexposed subjects. The exposure levels measured by personal monitoring of breathing zone air were far below the threshold limit value. The present results indicate that determination of urinary alkoxyacetic acids by the practical method used here is useful for evaluating excessive exposure to solvents.     

蓄电池厂铅作业工人的生物监测结果分析

目的 对某蓄电池厂铅作业工人的尿铅、血红蛋白（Hb）和血锌原卟啉（ZPP）进行生物监测分析.方法 检测电池厂工作场所空气中铅浓度,对接触铅作业的工人进行职业健康检查,包括尿铅、血红蛋白和血锌原卟啉测定.结果 部分工作场所空气中铅浓度超过国家职业卫生标准,铅作业工人中具有不同程度的神经衰弱症状和消化系统症状.162名铅作业工人中15人尿铅含量超过职业接触限值（≥0.34 μmol/L）,7人ZPP≥2.91 μmol/L,15人Hb下降,与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）.接触组浓度＞0.05 mg/m^3及接铅工龄在2 a～者,生物监测指标明显异常.结论 蓄电池厂的铅作业工人存在明显的职业危害,定期进行尿铅、血红蛋白和血锌原卟啉生物监测十分必要,可以早期发现职业健康损害,预防铅中毒的发生.     

某大型石化企业职业人群混苯暴露水平监测

「目的」通过测定某大型石化企业车间环境中混苯（苯、甲苯、二甲苯）及工人尿液中混苯的代谢产物,评价工人的接触水平。「方法」选择该公司有混苯暴露的芳烃等六个厂以无混苯暴露的职工医院,用气相色谱法（ＧＣ）测定空气中混苯,并用高效液相色谱法（ＨＰＬＣ）法测定工人尿液中反,反－粘糠酸（ｔ,ｔ－ＭＡ）以及马尿酸（ＨＡ）。「结果」车间空气中苯的平均浓度波动在０．７３～２６．９１ｍｇ／ｍ＾３之间,阳大超标率为７．４１％,最大超标倍数为２０．９１;混苯暴露厂工人尿液中ｔ,ｔ－ＭＡ,工后明显高于工前,差值波动在１．１４～３．７８μｇ／ｍｇ．Ｃｒ,明显高于对照单位的０．３３μｇ／ｍｇ．Ｃｒ,且暴露工人尿液的变化值与空气苯浓度呈等级相关性（Ｒｓ＝０．６４,Ｐ＝０．０３）;甲苯、二甲苯检出率较低,ＨＡ工后、工前无明显差异。「结论」该公司     

Monitoring of chromium and nickel in biological fluids of stainless steel welders using the flux-cored-wire (FCW) welding method

Objective: This study was undertaken to investigate the exposure to chromium (Cr) and nickel (Ni) in flux-cored wire (FCW) welders welding on stainless steel (SS). Method/design: Seven FCW welders were monitored for 3 days to 1 workweek, measuring Cr and Ni in air, blood, and urine. The welders were questioned about exposure to Cr and Ni during their whole working careers, with emphasis on the week of monitoring, about the use of personal protective equipment and their smoking habits. Results: The air concentrations were mean 200 g/m³ (range 2.4–2,744) for total Cr, 11.3 g/m³ (<0.2–151.3) for Cr^VI, and 50.4 g/m³ (<2.0–416.7) for Ni during the workdays for the five welders who were monitored with air measurements. The levels of Cr and Ni in biological fluids varied between different workplaces. For Cr in whole blood, plasma, and erythrocytes, the mean levels after work were 1.25 (<0.4–8.3) and 1.68 (<0.2–8.0) and 0.9 (<0.4–7.2) g/l, respectively. For Ni most of the measurements in whole blood and plasma were below the detection limits, the mean levels after work being 0.84 (<0.8–3.3) and 0.57 g/l (<0.4–1.7), respectively. Mean levels for Cr and Ni in the urine after work were 3.96 (0.34–40.7) and 2.50 (0.56–5.0) g/g creatinine, respectively. Conclusion: Correlations between the Cr^VI levels measured in air and the levels of total Cr in the measured biological fluids were found. The results seem to support the view that monitoring of Cr in the urine may be versatile for indirect monitoring of the Cr^VI air level in FCW welders. The results seem to suggest that external and internal exposure to Cr and Ni in FCW welders welding SS is low in general.     

Monitoring of occupational exposure to tetrachloroethene by analysis for unmetabolized tetrachloroethene in blood and urine in comparison with urinalysis for trichloroacetic acid

Objective: The present study was initiated to examine a quantitative relationship between tetrachloroethene (TETRA) in blood and urine with TETRA in air, and to compare TETRA in blood or urine with trichloroacetic acid (TCA) in urine as exposure markers. Methods: In total, 44 workers (exposed to TETRA during automated, continuous cloth-degreasing operations), and ten non-exposed subjects volunteered to participate in the study. The exposure to vapor was monitored by diffusive sampling. The amounts of TETRA and TCA in end-of-shift blood and urine samples were measured by either head-space gas chromatography (HS-GC) or automated methylation followed by HS-GC. The correlation was examined by regression analysis. Results: The maximum time-weighted average (TWA) concentration for TETRA-exposure was 46 ppm. Regression analysis for correlation of TETRA in blood, TETRA in urine and TCA in urine, with TETRA in air, showed that the coefficient was largest for the correlation between TETRA in air and TETRA in blood. The TETRA in blood, in urine and in air correlated mutually, whereas TCA in urine correlated more closely with TETRA in blood than with TETRA in urine. The TCA values determined by colorimetry and by the GC method were very similar. The biological marker levels at a hypothetical exposure of 25 ppm TETRA were substantially higher in the present study than were the levels reported in the literature. Possible reasons are discussed. Conclusions: Blood TETRA is the best marker of occupational exposure to TETRA, being superior to the traditional marker, urinary TCA. Received: 11 October 1999 / Accepted: 3 December 1999