非稳态噪声工作场所噪声暴露测量与评价

[目的]测量和评价非稳态噪声工作场所的8h等效连续A声级（LAeq.8h）、1min等效连续A声级（LAeq.8h）和全天等效声级估算值（LAeq.8h）。[方法]采用个人声暴露计测量LAeq.8h,用声级计测量LAeq.8h。和每个时间段的噪声值,计算出全天的等效声级（LAeq.8h）。应用LAeq.8h和LAeq.8h、LAeq.8T分别测量某输油管道加工厂和某家用电器制造厂239名工人的个体噪声（接触）和相应作业场所噪声（暴露）水平。[结果]两家工厂LAeq.8h均值分别为（89．7±3.8）dB（A）和（90．5±5．7）dB（A）,分别高于LAeqT的（88．0±2．4）dB（A）和（89．2±3．6）dB（A）（P〈O．05或P〈0．01）。与LAeq.8h相比,LAeq.1min采样时间点存在抽样误差。绝大多数工作岗位的LAeq.1min与LAeq.8h均值差大于3dB（A）,所有工作岗位的LAeq.8T均值与LAeq.8h均值差均小于3．0dB（A）。[结论]LAeq.8h能反映在非稳态噪声工作场所工人实际接触噪声暴露水平,LAeq.T比较符合作业工人实际噪声接触水平LAeq.1min。会低估或高估工人噪声暴露水平。     

某露天开采铁矿厂个体噪声暴露测量结果分析

目的了解某露天铁矿厂主要噪声暴露工人的噪声暴露水平。方法测量对象包括此铁矿厂主要噪声暴露工人,使用25台个人声暴露计对每个噪声作业工种进行至少一个班次个体噪声暴露测量;计算每名工人40 h工作时间的等效连续A声级(LAeq.40 h),用SPSS13.0软件计算各工种平均噪声水平,绘制噪声时间曲线。结果整个矿山的噪声作业工人平均接触噪声水平为88.8 dB(A),除选矿作业区为稳态噪声,其余5个作业区为非稳态噪声。选矿作业区球磨工噪声水平最高,为92.8 dB(A),破碎作业区皮带工及检修作业区维修工噪声水平次之。穿爆、采矿及运输作业区3种司机噪声暴露水平最低,未超过国家标准85 dB(A)。与环境噪声测量结果比较,个体噪声暴露测量更准确。结论此铁矿厂选矿、破碎及检修作业区噪声水平超过国家标准,这些工人应重点加强个体噪声防护。 更多还原     

青海某水泥厂生产工人个体噪声暴露水平的测量与分析

目的调查水泥生产工人个体噪声暴露水平及超标人群的分布。方法用个人声暴露计测量中班工人8小时等效声级(L_(Aeq.8h)),按GBZ 2.2—2007《工作场所有害因素职业接触限值》评价工人的噪声暴露水平是否超标。结果水泥生产工人暴露于非稳态噪声。研磨巡检工、窑巡检工、粉磨巡检工的L_(Aeq.8h)在87.9～93.7dB(A)之间;包装工、空压机工和班长的L_(Aeq.8h)在85.4～86.6 dB(A)之间;吊车工的L_(Aeq.8h)为81.4 dB(A),窑尾工80 dB(A)。在全厂980名职工中,90人(9.2%)的L_(Aeq.8h)≥90 dB(A);408人(41.6%)的L_(Aeq.8h)在85～89dB(A)之间;其余462人(47.1%)的L_(Aeq.8h)80 dB(A)。结论水泥生产工人暴露于非稳态噪声,约50%工人的个体噪声暴露水平超过职业接触限值。     

两类噪声作业工人个体噪声暴露特点的观察

[目的]观察和比较接触稳态噪声和非稳态噪声工人个体之间、工作日之间个体噪声暴露的特点和规律。[方法]应用噪声个体计量仪分别测量了4名细纱车间挡车工(稳态噪声)和4名机械加工车间工人(非稳态噪声)3个工作日(班次)的个体噪声暴露,用工作期间的8h等效声级(LAeq.8h)作为评价指标。[结果]两组工人个体噪声暴露的时间图显示其工作环境噪声性质分别为典型的稳态噪声和非稳态噪声。稳态噪声组12人次个体噪声暴露的LAeq.8h最大、最小值和差值分别为99.2、92.8和6.4dB(A);非稳态噪声组相应数值为89.9、83.1和6.8dB(A)。稳态噪声组每名工人3个班次个体噪声暴露均数的最大值和最小值为(98.0±1.1)、(94.3±1.5)dB(A),非稳态噪声组为(87.9±1.0)、(85.1±1.5)dB(A)。稳态噪声组4名工人每个班次个体噪声暴露均数的最大值和最小值为(96.6±1.9)、(95.8±2.0)dB(A),非稳态噪声组为(87.1±3.0)、(86.1±2.1)dB(A)。[结论]在接触稳态噪声和非稳态噪声的两组人群中,1名工人1次或多次个体噪声暴露测量结果不能准确评估该工人所在人群的噪声暴露水平,多名工人1次个体噪声暴露测量的平均值可以作为评估该组工人所在人群的噪声暴露水平的依据。     

地铁站勤务人员个体噪声暴露的监测与分析

目的 采用个体噪声暴露测量方法,了解地铁站勤务人员噪声暴露的水平和特点,为地铁站勤务人员的噪声职业危害控制提供依据。方法 以城市地铁某线路6个站点的4类岗位勤务人员为对象,用记录式噪声个体计量仪对地铁运行时间段内各岗位勤务人员进行个体噪声暴露测量。结果 城市地铁站的现场复杂,噪声源数量多、不稳定。在受检的48名勤务人员中,车站机房岗位的工作班内加权平均等效A声级（LAeq）水平最高为（81．8±2．5）dB（A）,车站控制岗位班内加权平均LAeq最低为（68．7±1．8）dB（A）;车站厅巡岗位班内加权平均LAeq水平极差最大为8．1dB（A）,车站控制岗位班内加权平均IAeq水平极差最小为4．0dB（A）。结论 地铁站勤务人员个体噪声暴露极不均一,用个体噪声暴露测量方法能较灵敏、完整地反映地铁站勤务人员的复杂噪声暴露状况。     

轧钢作业噪声个体采样与定点采样结果对比

为准确评估轧钢作业噪声暴露水平,采用个体采样和定点采样两种测试方法对轧钢作业某些接触非稳态噪声的工种进行测量,并对结果进行对比。采用NoiseproDLX个体噪声剂量计和HS5671A积分声级计对白班(8:00~16:00)工人进行个体和定点分时段采样,并计算8 h等效A声级。结果显示,轧钢作业噪声主要是非稳态噪声,5个观察对象定点采样计算8 h等效A声级>85 dB(A),而个体噪声暴露水平<85 dB(A)。提示,对于轧钢作业非稳态噪声的测量,采用个体噪声剂量计测量更真实、可靠,特别是测量结果接近国家职业接触限值或工人作业地点轮换频繁时,更能准确评估轧钢作业噪声暴露水平。     

噪声测量时点数量对8h等效声级估算误差影响的模拟研究

目的探讨噪声测量时点数量与工作日噪声暴露(LAeq. 8 h)评估准确性的关系。方法采用SH126型记录式声级计,在某纺织厂测量59个8 h工作班次的噪声水平,其中挡车班次25个、机修班次34个。对每一班次的测量均按10 min间隔顺序记录48个10 min等效连续A声级(LAeq.10 min)。为模拟日常工作中根据特定时点短时噪声测量结果估算LAeq.8 h的方法,应用区组随机抽样程序进行8轮抽样,分别从59组数据中抽取1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8个LAeq.10 min,根据抽样结果估算8个LAeq. 8 h。用估算LAeq.8 h与真实LAeq.8 h(根据全部48个LAeq.10 min计算得出)之差的绝对值反映LAeq.8 h估算误差,评价增加测量时点对LAeq估算误差的影响。结果挡车工、机修工噪声暴露方式明显不同,前者为典型稳态噪声暴露,而后者表现为非稳态噪声暴露。当测量时点为1时,挡车工暴露估算误差为(1.00±1.33)dB,而机修工为(8.62±11.90)dB。两类暴露LAeq.8 h估算误差均随测量时点增加而下降,在测量时点数达3~4个时,下降曲线逐渐平坦。测量时点数目相等时,机修工暴露估算误差均大于挡车工。结论按单一时点的测量结果估算非稳态噪声LAeq.8 h可能会导致较大误差,增加测量时点可减少估算误差。就稳态噪声暴露而言,增加测量时点去除LAeq.8 h估算误差的意义较小。     

2种方法测量火力发电厂巡检工个体噪声接触水平的初步观察

目的 观察声级计估算巡检工个体噪声接触水平与个人声暴露计测量结果的一致性.方法 使用积分式声级计跟踪测量7名巡检工巡捡路线中每个停留位置的等效A声级(LAeq),同时记录该位置的停留时间,估算巡检工8 h等效A声级(LAeq.8h),将估算结果与同步进行的个人声暴露计测量结果进行比较.结果 声级计估算的7名巡检工LAeq.8 h与个人声暴露计测量结果经配对t检验显示差异无统计学意义(P>0.5),2种测量方法结果一致.结论 正确使用声级计能准确评价稳态噪声环境中流动工作岗位工人个体噪声接触水平.     

同一车间中冲压工和下料工个体噪声暴露的测量与评价

目的　测量和评价同一车间中冲压工和下料工的环境噪声水平和个体噪声暴露水平。方法　用声级计在工人工作位耳高度测量 1min等效声级 (LAeq·1min) ,用个体计量仪测量工人 8h个体噪声暴露的等效声级 (LAeq·8h)。结果　冲压机和剪板机分别安装在车间的不同区域 ,各设备间无隔声装置。冲压工和下料工的个体噪声暴露水平随时间而不断变化 ,有代表性的采样时间难以确定 ,而用个体计量仪收集LAeq·8h的噪声暴露数据稳定性较好。冲压工和下料工工作位的LAeq·1min均为 (92 5± 2 1)dB(A) ,个体噪声暴露水平LAeq·8h分别为 (95 3± 2 5)dB(A)和 (95 2± 3 5)dB(A) ,LAeq·8h的测定数值高于LAeq·1min2 7～ 2 8dB(A) ,P <0 0 1。结论　在同一车间工作的冲压工和下料工的工作环境噪声水平相似、个体噪声暴露水平相似 ,个体噪声暴露水平明显高于环境噪声的测量数值。个体噪声暴露的测量更适合于类似复杂噪声环境中工作人员的噪声暴露评价     

郑州市巡警个体噪声暴露的测量与分析

[目的]了解郑州市巡警个体噪声暴露水平和暴露特点。[方法]以辖区为单位 ,采用个体噪声计量仪测量工作日早班 (8:00～12:00)、中班 (12:00～18:00)和晚班 (18:00～22:00)巡警的个体噪声暴露水平。[结果]郑州市巡警共分5个辖区 ,噪声暴露水平依次为(82.7±6.1)dB(A)、(89.6±6.3)dB(A)、(93.6±9.3)dB(A)、(96.6±5.2)dB(A)和(88.7±7.4)dB(A) ,范围为77.2～106dB(A)。个体噪声暴露存在突然升高的现象 ,这由处理突发事件造成。巡警的主要噪声暴露水平集中在80～100dB(A)。1至4辖区执勤点均设于商业区 ,5辖区位于城乡结合部 ,大型机动车的流量较大。其中1、2辖区的噪声水平在三班之间无明显差别 ,3、4辖区的噪声水平早班高、晚班低 ,5辖区的噪声水平早班和晚班较高 ,而中班低。[结论]郑州市巡警接触较高水平的环境噪声 ,机动车鸣笛是主要原因之一。建议今后对禁止机动车鸣笛后巡警的个体噪声暴露进行再评价 ,并建议巡警在执勤过程中尽量避免鸣警笛     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.