螺旋CT三维重建在诊断气管、支气管病变的应用

目的评价螺旋CT三维重建对气管、支气管疾病诊断的价值。方法85例患气管、支气管疾病患者,由纤维支气管镜活检或手术病理证实,回顾性对病灶的MPR、MinP、SSD和CTVB图像进行分析。结果MPR对气管、支气管内外组织的结构和位置显示清晰,且能显示病灶的细节,结合横轴位有助定性和定位。MinP对连续性气管、支气管显示最佳。SSD显示支气管树及病灶立体的外表形态,测量大小有误差。CTVB类似纤维支气管镜(FB)所见,对3级及3级以下支气管病灶诊断不可靠。结论螺旋CT三维重建对气管、支气管疾病诊断有较大辅助价值,且对病灶的显示各有其优劣,诊断疾病需综合运用。     

128层螺旋CT在气道异物诊断中价值

目的探讨128层螺旋CT在气道异物诊断中的临床应用价值。方法42例气道异物患者行128层螺旋CT检查,将图像上传至工作站行气道容积再现（volumerendering,VR）、CT仿真内镜（CTvirtualendoscopy,CTVE）、最小密度投影（minimumintensityprojection,MinP）、多平面重建（multi—plannerreformation,MPR）等后处理,并与纤维支气管镜检查结果进行对照。结果经VR、CTVE、MinP等后处理后,气管、气管隆突、主支气管和段支气管结构及伴随征象显示清晰;与纤维支气管镜检查结果进行对照,128层螺旋CT诊断气道异物的符合率为97．6％。结论128层螺旋CT对气道狭窄定位准确,用于气道异物诊断无创、准确率高。     

多层螺旋CT后处理技术对气管支气管胸膜瘘的诊断价值

目的:评价多层螺旋CT(MSCT)后处理对气管支气管胸膜瘘(BPF)的诊断价值。方法:对8例经纤维支气管镜和支气管造影证实的BPF患者行MSCT扫描后进行容积再现(VR)重建及多平面重组(MPR)重建,并与横轴位图像比较,探讨不同重建方法在BPF诊断中的优势与不足。结果:MPR能清晰显示瘘口,准确测量瘘口大小,气管、支气管直径、病变至气管隆突距离;VR可立体显示残端形态及周围解剖结构。结论:MSCT横轴位结合MPR和VR不仅可明确BPF诊断,并且测量及定位准确,能为临床治疗方案的制定提供重要依据。     

MSCT冠状扫描及后处理技术诊断小儿气道异物

目的 评价多层螺旋CT冠状位扫描及MPR、CTVB后处理技术在小儿气管、支气管异物诊断中的应用.方法 对13例临床怀疑气道异物的患儿行MSCT冠状位扫描,螺距1,层厚1.25 mm,利用冠状位原始图像行CTVB和MPR重建.结果 13例均获得良好图像,11例发现异物,其中气管异物1例,气管隆突处异物1例,右侧支气管5例,左侧支气管2例,双侧支气管2例,表现为各种直接和间接征象;2例清楚显示3级支气管而无明显异物,CT仅表现为肺炎征象,经抗感染治疗后痊愈.结论 气道冠状位扫描结合CTVB、MPR等后处理技术可准确、全向诊断气管、支气管异物,同时,与轴位扫描后行三维重建相比,其射线剂量大大减少,尤其适用于小儿检查.     

多层螺旋CT三维重建在大气道病变中的临床应用

目的:回顾性研究多层螺旋CT气管、支气管树三维成像对于大气道病变的临床应用价值。材料与方法:34例有病理证实的大气道病变的病例均经多层螺旋CT(MSCT)容积扫描。扫描条件:120kV,200～250mAs,层厚1.25～2.5mm,螺距为3。轴位图像传入工作站后进行三维重建。分析表面遮盖法(SSD),最小密度重建(MinP),仿真内窥镜法(CTVB),多平面重建(MPR)等多种重建技术的影像表现。结果:MSCT气管、支气管树三维成像可以直观、完整显示段支气管以上不同大气道病变的异常形态学改变,明确大气道病变的位置、范围、程度以及病变以远侧支气管情况。32例支气管疾病中,三维图像诊断准确率为93.75%。结论:MSCT气管、支气管树三维重建对于大气道病变的诊断与鉴别诊断、术前评价以及术后复查均具有重要价值。     

CT后处理在支气管病变中的应用

目的:探讨多层螺旋CT多平面重建技术(MPR)在诊断气管、支气管病变中的应用价值.材料与方法:搜集经手术或支气管镜证实的气管癌、肺癌及支气管内膜结核38例,均行螺旋CT容积扫描,并行MPR重建,MPR能准确显示病灶与支气管的关系.结果:清楚显示病变的纵向范围及狭窄后的形态,尤其横断位CT不易发现的轻度狭窄.中央型肺癌表现支气管管壁增厚的厚度较支气管内膜结核明显,长度较支气管内膜结核短.狭窄后的形态中心型肺癌较光整,支气管内膜结核锯齿状较多.结论:MPR能够有效地评价气管、支气管病变,其有助于气管、支气管病变的诊断与鉴别诊断.     

多层螺旋CT图像后处理在诊断儿童气道透X线异物中的应用

目的探讨多层螺旋CT(MSCT)三维重建技术在诊断儿童气管、支气管(透X线)异物中的价值。方法对30例临床疑诊为气管、支气管异物患儿行MSCT检查,然后用多平面重建(MPR)、CT仿真支气管镜(CTVB)、容积再现(VR)技术进行原始图像处理并分析其影像表现。结果共检出异物30例,其中气管异物2例,左侧支气管异物13例,右侧支气管异物14例,双侧支气管异物1例,全部病例经纤维支气管镜证实。后处理图像清晰地显示了异物形状、位置及异物与支气管黏膜的关系等。结论 MSCT是一种有价值的无创性诊断气管、支气管异物且易为儿童所接受的检查方法 。     

低剂量螺旋CT扫描及后处理对小儿气管支气管异物的诊断价值

目的:探讨低剂量螺旋CT扫描及后处理技术对气管支气管异物的诊断价值。方法:对103例气道异物患儿行螺旋CT扫描,CT扫描参数为120kV,40～80mA,层厚7mm,间距7mm,螺距3,扫描后进行层厚3mm,间隔1.5mm内插式重建,对获得的数据进行图像后处理,后处理技术包括多平面重建(MPR)、最小密度投影(MinP)、表面遮盖法重建(SSD)、CT仿真支气管内窥镜(CTVB)。与支气管内窥镜进行比较。结果:103例气管支气管异物均获得满意的后处理图像,螺旋CT及后处理技术的诊断准确性为100%,异物定位与支气管镜检相符97.1%。其中MPR(包括CPR)在显示异物本身和局限性气管、支气管阻塞最好。结论:小儿气管支气管异物可用螺旋CT低剂量扫描,但不能用单一的后处理技术,应该将轴位和多种后处理技术结合起来,综合分析。本病的直接征象是显示异物本身,而局限性支气管阻塞需结合其他征象才能确诊。     

CT仿真内窥镜与纤维支气管镜对肺癌的研究

目的:研究CT仿真支气管镜(CTvitual bronchoscopy)技术在支气管肺癌诊断中的临床应用价值。方法:对58例经病理确诊的病例,回顾性研究CTVB检查与纤维支气管内窥镜(fibrobronchoscope,FBS)的检查结果。结果:CTVB在发现管内型肺癌和管外型肺癌较敏感,对中度以上管腔狭窄敏感。CTVB与FBS所见肺癌诊断符合率为91.5%。CTVB与FBS对比;中央型肺癌中的管内型、管外型符合率较高。结论:CTVB检查为支气管肺癌的诊断提供了一种新的方法。CTVB能清楚地显示中央型支气管肺癌病变、位置、大小及支气管狭窄程度。CTVB对中央型支气管肺癌中的管内型、管外型敏感性较高。CTVB可以作为肺癌术前及术后气管支气管检查的方法选择之一。     

小儿气管支气管异物64排螺旋CT的诊断价值

目的探讨多排螺旋CT重建技术在气管支气管异物诊断中的价值。方法收集临床支气管镜证实气管支气管异物共32例,所有患者均进行多排螺旋CT检查,采用多层面重建（MPR）、最小密度投影（MinP）、表面阴影显示（SDD）和仿真内窥镜（CTVB）技术。结果 32例支气管异物中,异物在气管5例,右主支气管16例,右下叶支气管3例,左主支气8例。结论多排螺旋CT三维重建技术准确、直观地显示气管、支气管异物的位置、大小、形态、密度及阻塞程度,这种无创性诊断方法具有较高的临床诊断及指导价值。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.