脑卒中患者的生活质量与应对方式以及社会支持的相关性研究

目的：探讨脑卒中患者的生活质量、应对方式及其社会支持状况。方法：采用生活质量综合评定问卷（GQOLI）、医学应对问卷（MCMQ）及社会支持评定量表（SSAS）对60例脑卒中患者（观察组）及60名健康自愿者（对照组）进行测评。结果：①观察组生活质量总分及躯体功能、心理功能、社会功能3个维度评分均显著低于对照组（P〈0．01）；②观察组面对分量表评分显著低于对照组，而屈服分量表评分则显著高于对照组（P〈0．01）；③观察组社会支持总分及客观支持、主观支持、支持利用度评分均显著低于对照组（P〈0．01）；④脑卒中患者的生活质量总分及躯体功能、心理功能、社会功能3个维度评分与面对分量表评分及社会支持总分、客观支持、主观支持、支持利用度3个维度评分均呈显著性正相关，而与屈服分量表评分则呈显著性负相关（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。结论：脑卒中患者的生活质量偏低，与应对方式及社会支持有关。     

服刑中期男性服刑人员心理状况及相关因素

目的了解服刑中期男性服刑人员的心理卫生状况及其影响因素,为监狱服刑人员的心理健康教育及心理辅导提供参考依据。方法采用症状自评量表（SCL-90）、艾森克个性问卷（EPQ）、社会支持评定量表和自编基本情况条目对289名服刑人员进行问卷调查。结果男性服刑人员的心身症状评定量表总体上与全国常模相比具有较高的心身症状水平（t=7．764,P〈0．001）,其主要问题是强迫。SCL-90总均分、各因子分均与神经质（N）存在密切正相关（β=0．029～0．580,P〈0．001）;精神质（P）仅与偏执（口=0．204,P〈0．01）和敌对（β=0．131,P〈0．05）密切正相关,内外向（E）仅与抑郁（卢=-0．135,P〈0．01）和敌对（β=-0．124,P〈0．01）密切负相关,社会支持总分与SCL-90总均分（β=-0．005,P〈0．05）和人际敏感（β=-0．156,P〈0、．01）、偏执（β=-0．130,P〈0．05）、精神病性（β=-0．170,P〈0．01）呈密切负相关,已服刑期的长短与躯体化（β=0．106,P〈0．05）和敌对（β=0．138,P〈0．01）密切正相关。结论服刑人员存在一定程度的心身症状,其主要影响因素为高神经质的人格和低社会支持水平,人格的内倾性、高精神质以及服刑时间长短也具有一定的影响作用。     

医学硕士生社会支持和防御方式的研究

目的了解医学硕士生社会支持和防御方式在不同年级、性别之间的差别,探讨二者之间的相关性。方法使用社会支持量表和防御方式问卷对哈尔滨市某医科院校附属医院3个年级848名临床硕士生进行问卷调查研究。结果①女生客观支持分和成熟因子分高于男生（t=-2．393,-2．105;尸〈0;05）,②女生支持利用度显著高于男生（t=-3．596,P〈0．01）;男生不成熟因子分和中间因子分显著高于女生（t=4．522,3．088;JP〈0．01）;③二年级学生在社会支持总分和各因子分均低于其他年级（P〈0．01）;④二年级学生不成熟因子分高于其他年级（F=24．976,P〈0．01）;社会支持总分和不成熟因子分及中间因子分呈负相关（r=-0．293,一0．103;P〈0．01）,和成熟因子分呈正相关（r=0．192,P〈0．叭）。结论女生社会支持和防御方式优于男生,二年级学生社会支持较低,使用不成熟的防御方式较多。社会支持越少,使用不成熟防御和中间型防御方式越多。     

复发肺结核患者心理健康及社会支持状况调查

目的分析复发肺结核患者心理健康及社会支持状况特点，为进一步改善复发肺结核患者的治疗，针对性地进行心理干预提供依据。方法采用症状自评量表（SCL-90）、社会支持评定量表（SSRS）对98例复治涂阳患者进行问卷调查研究，记录不同性别、年龄、文化程度及婚姻状态患者的SCL-90、SSRS评分情况。并选择同期初治涂阳患者140例和健康志愿者120例作为对照。采用t检验和方差分析对各项指标均数进行统计分析。结果女性复治涂阳肺结核患者SCL-90阳性项目数高于男性患者（P〈0．01）。不同年龄复发涂阳患者．在强迫症状、人际关系、恐怖3个因子上（P〈0．05）以及客观支持上（P〈0．01）存在差异。不同文化程度复发涂阳患者，在强迫症状、人际关系、抑郁、恐怖、偏执5个因子上以及客观支持上（P〈0．05）存在差异。未婚、离异患者社会支持低于已婚患者（P〈0．01）。复治涂阳肺结核患者SCL-90阳性项目数高于健康对照组（P〈0．01），而客观、主观支持及支持总分低于健康对照组（P〈0．01）。结论复治涂阳患者心理健康水平较差，社会支持低。在严格执行全程督导管理过程中，要注重配合心理干预和治疗。     

服刑犯自我接纳与应对方式、心理健康的相关研究

目的：探讨服刑犯的自我接纳与应对付方式特点及其与心理健康的相关性。方法：采用自我接纳问卷、应付方式问卷及SCL-90问卷对410名服刑犯进行调查研究。结果：①自我接纳与解决问题、求助应对方式呈显著的正相关（r分别是0．20、0．17），与自责、幻想、回避和合理化应对方式、SCL-90各因子及心理健康总分呈显著的负相关（P〈0．01）;自我接纳感水平不同的服刑犯在除幻想和合理化应对方式外的其余4种应对方式及各心理健康指标上均存在显著性差异（P〈0．01）。②以心身健康总分为因变量的逐步回归分析结果发现：依次进入方程的变量是自我接纳、自责、解决问题和合理化，它们总共对方程的预测力是20％，其中自我接纳对方程的预测力是11％。结论：服刑犯的自我接纳和应对方式、心理健康水平均存在一定的关系。     

就业心理指导对军医大学地方生心理健康的影响

目的研究就业心理指导对军医大学地方生心理健康的影响．方法按职业认知、就业心态调整、自荐书和面试技巧4个专题,采用讲座、讨论、角色扮演、现场模拟等形式对192名军医大学地方生进行为期1个月的就业心理指导。采用症状自评量表（SCL-90）、应付方式问卷（CSQ）和社会支持评定量表（SSRS）于训练前后对地方生进行团体心理测评,进行训练前后总体和分层配对t检验。结果①就业心理指导后,地方生SCL-90躯体化、敌对性得分显著下降（P〈0．05）,强迫、人际关系、抑郁、焦虑、总均分和阳性项目数得分非常显著地下降（P〈0．01）。分层分析显示,专科生心理指导后SCL-90恐怖、偏执和精神病性因子得分显著下降（P〈0．05）,其余因子得分非常显著地下降（P〈0．01）;本科生心理指导前后SCL-90各因子得分均无显著差异（P〉0．05）。②地方生心理指导前后CSQ各因子得分无显著差异（P〉0．05）。分层分析显示,专科生心理指导前后CSQ各因子得分均无显著差异（P〉0．05）;本科生心理指导后解决问题因子得分显著提高（P〈0．05）,自责因子得分显著下降（P〈0．05）;③就业心理指导后,地方生SSRS支持总分非常显著地升高（P〈0．01）,主观支持和支持利用得分显著提高（P〈0．05）。分层分析显示,专科掌心理指导后SSRS支持总分和支持利用得分非常显著地升高（P〈0．01）,主观支持得分显著提高（P〈0．05）;本科生心理指导前后SSRS各因子得分均无显著差并（P〉0．05）。结论就业心理指导提高军医大学地方生的心理健康水平,改善其社会支持和应对方式。就业心理指导对本科生和专科生作用不同。     

医学生心理健康、应对方式与创伤后应激反应的相关研究

目的：探讨医学生创伤后应激反应的发生与其心理健康、应对方式的相关性。方法：采用创伤后应激障碍症状自评量表，90项症状自评量表（SCL-90），应付方式问卷，对405例医学本科生进行评定。结果：创伤后应激反应组SCL-90中各因子的得分要高于对照组，且存在显著性差异（P〈0.001）。与对照组相比，应激反应症状组在成熟型应对方式上的得分要低于前者（P〈0．05，P〈O．001），而在不成熟型和混合型应对方式上的得分要高于前者（P〈0.001）。应激反应症状总分与SCL-90总均分及各因子分呈正相关（P〈0．01），与解决问题、求助呈负相关（P〈0．01），而与幻想、退避、自责呈正相关（P〈0．01）。结论：创伤后应激反应者心理健康状况普遍较差，可能与其不适当的应对方式有关。     

仫佬族地区医务人员心理健康及其相关因素分析

目的探讨仫佬族地区医务人员心理健康与应对方式、人格特点、父母养育方式的相关性。方法整群抽样仫佬族地区403例医务人员,采用症状自评量表（SCL-90）、艾森克个性测验（EPQ）、简易应对方式问卷（SCSQ）、父母养育方式评价量表（EMBU）4个量表进行问卷调查。结果仫佬族地区医务人员SCL-90评分较一般人群高（P均〈0．01）;其心理健康状况与消极的应对方式、精神质人格特征或父母亲采用负面酊教育方式呈正相关（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）;仫佬族医务人员SCL-90评分与积极应对呈负相关（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）,而其他民族无相关性（P〉0．05）;除汉族外,所有民族医务人员SCL-90与神经质呈正相关（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）;父母亲的情感温暖、理解等积极的养育方式未见与子女的心理健康有相关性（P〉0．05）;工龄也是影响仫佬族医务人员心理健康的因素（P〈0．01）。结论仫佬族地区医务人员心理健康受多因素影响,应进行综合干预。     

士兵认知评价特征、应对方式与心理健康的关系

目的：探讨士兵关于生活事件、种会支持以及自我效能的认知评价特征及其应对方式与心理健康的关系。方法：选择某部队陆军370名，应用陆军义务兵生活事件问卷、社会支持评定量表、一般自我效能感量表、简易应对方式问卷以及SCL-90量表进行调查。结果：新兵和老兵都具有较高的心理健康水平．新兵比老兵的心理健康状况好，且其主观应激、客观社会支持都与老兵有显著性差异。主观应激和消极应对与心理健康水平负相关（r=-0．543，r＝-0．382，P〈0．01），而自我效能感、主观支持和积极应对与心理健康水平正相关（r=0．116，r=-0．175，r=0．137，P〈0．05）。结论：士兵的认知评价特征及应对方式与其心理健康密切相关。     

军医大学护理专业学生心理健康状况调查及影响因素分析

目的：了解军医大学护理专业学生心理健康状况及其影响因素。方法：采用症状自评量表（SCL-90）、艾森克个性问卷（EPQ）、领悟社会支持量表（PSSS）、简单应对方式量表、自尊量表、自我态度量表，对469名某军医大学护理专业学生进行测评。结果：（1）军校护生SCL-90各因子得分均高于国内女性得分；除强迫、恐怖因子外，均低于国内普通大学生和军校学员得分。（2）军校护生SCL-90总均分与人格维度中的内外向、掩饰度呈显著负相关，与神经质、精神质呈显著正相关，其中与神经质维度相关最为密切（r=0．655）。（3）军校护生SCL-90总均分及各因子分与社会支持总分均呈显著负相关。（4）军校护生SCL-90总均分及各因子得分与应对方式中的消极应对呈显著正相关，与应对方式中的积极应对、自尊程度、自我态度呈显著负相关。结论：对军校护生开展有针对性的心理健康教育，不断塑造其良好人格，加强社会支持，培养积极应对方式，提高自我悦纳水平，以达到促进其心理健康的目的。     

Asymmetry of the internal connections of the striate cortex of the cat in the projection zone of the center of the field of vision

Studies were carried out on the organization of the internal connections of the striate cortex in cats in the projection zone of the center (0–5°) of the field of vision by microintophoretic application of horseradish peroxidase to electrophysiologically identified orientational columns. The area containing neurons showing retrograde labeling in most cases extended in the mediolateral direction. Labeled cells were located in the upper (II, III) and lower (V, VI) layers of the cortex, and the shapes and orientations of the areas containing labeled neurons in these layers coincided. Spatial asymmetry was detected in the distribution of labeled neurons relative to the orientational column studied. Labeled cells were located predominantly medial to the columns, regardless of the distance from the projection of the area centralis. Considering the visuotopical map of field 17, the asymmetry detected here provides evidence that neurons in orientational columns have more extensive connections with neurons of the peripheral part of the cortex. An asymmetrical distribution of “silent” zones around the receptive fields of neurons in orientational columns is suggested, and that these appear to receive influences from the periphery of the visual field. Laboratory of Visual Physiology and Laboratory of Central Nervous System Morphology, I. P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 6 Makarov Bank, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia. Translated from Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal imeni I. M. Sechenova, Vol. 82, No. 12, pp. 23–29, December, 1996.     

Effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on the behavior of the rat.

The effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on behavior of the rat has been studied. Results may be summarized as follows. An increase in the exploratory behavior in the open field which decreases rapidly; a decrease in the number of defecations in this test and a decrease in time leaving a dark environment for exploration. In the shuttle box test, no facilitation of the acquisition, but a permanent and quite significant increase in the intertrial activity has been found. We conclude that the lesions tend to decrease the emotivity of the subjects. An interpretation on the basis of the species -- specific defensive reactions explains the transitory and permanent effects of the lesions on the spontaneous activity.     

The development of the ligament of the head of the femur

The hip joints of 30 human male and female fetuses and stillborns between 20 mm and 350 mm crown-rump length were studied by light microscopy. The ligament of the head of the femur developed in situ as a condensation of mesenchyme at the end of the second month of intra-uterine life (IUL), and was vascularized by branches of acetabular vessels early in the fourth month. In the majority of fetuses older than 5.5 months IUL, vessels in the ligament passed a short way into the femoral head within cartilage canals, to supply a small region around the fovea capitis. The remainder of the head was supplied by vessels in canals from around the upper part of the neck. The ligament changed from predominantly cellular to fibrous during the last 4 months of IUL. This increase in strength suggested significant mechanical functions in utero: limitation of adduction-flexion and opposition to postero-superior dislocation were the most likely.     

Counterpointing the functional role of the forebrain and of the brainstem in the control of the sleep-waking system

This paper reviews the lifetime contributions of the author to the field of sleep-wakefulness (S-W), reinterprets results of the early studies, and suggests new conclusions and perspectives. Long-term cats with mesencephalic transection show behavioral/polygraphic rapid eye movement sleep (REMS), including the typical oculo-pupillary behavior, even when the section is performed in kittens prior to S-W maturation. REMS can be induced as a reflex. Typical non-rapid eye movement S (NREMS) is absent and full W/arousal is present only after a precollicular section. The isolated forebrain (IF) rostral to the transection exhibits all features of W/arousal and NREMS [with electroencephalographic (EEG) spindles and delta waves], arousal to olfactory stimuli, and including the appropriate oculo-pupillary behaviors. These features also mature normally after neonatal transection. REMS is absent from the IF. After deprivation there is NREMS pressure and rebound in the IF, but the decerebrate cat only shows pressure for REMS. Most IF reactions to pharmacologic agents are within expectations, except for the tolerance/withdrawal effects of long-term morphine use which are absent. In contrast, these effects are supported by the brainstem (i.e. seen in the decerebrate cat). In cats with ablation of the telencephalon, or diencephalic cats, delta waves are absent in the thalamus. EEG thalamic spindle waves are seen triggering S for only 4-5 days after ablation. Therefore, true NREMS is absent in chronic diencephalic cats although pre- and postsomniac behaviors persist. These animals are hyperactive and show a pronounced, permanent insomnia; however, a low dose of barbiturate triggers a dramatic REMS/atypical NREMS rebound. Cats without the thalamus (athalamic cats), initially show a dissociation between behavioral hyperactivity/insomnia and the neocortical EEG, which for 15-20 days exhibits only delta and slower oscillations. Fast, low-voltage W rhythms appear later on, first during REMS, but spindle waves and S postures are absent from the start, such that these cats also display only atypical NREMS. Athalamic cats also show barbiturate-sensitive insomnia. Cats with ablation of the frontal cortices or the caudate nuclei remain permanently hyperactive. They also show a mild, but significant hyposomnia, which is permanent in afrontal cats, but lasts for about a month in acaudates. The polygraphic/behavioral features of their S-W states remain normal. We conclude and propose that: (a) the control of the S-W system is highly complex and distributed, but is organized hierarchically in a well-defined rostro-caudal manner; the rostral-most or highest level (telencephalon), is the most functionally complex/adaptative and regulates the lower levels; the diencephalic/basal forebrain, or middle level, has a pivotal role in inducing switching between S and W and in coordinating the lowest (brainstem) and highest levels; (b) W can occur independently in both the forebrain and brainstem, but true NREMS- and REMS-generating mechanisms exist exclusively in the forebrain and brainstem, respectively; (c) forebrain and brainstem S-W processes can operate independently from each other and are preprogrammed at birth; this helps understanding normal and abnormal polygraphic/behavioral dissociations in humans and normal dissociations/splitting in aquatic mammals; (d) NREMS homeostasis is present in the IF, but only REMS pressure after deprivation persists in the decerebrate cat; (e) the thalamus engages in both NREMS and W; (f) insomnia in diencephalic cats is the result of an imbalance between antagonistic W- and S-promoting cellular groups in the ventral brain (normally modulated by the telencephalon); (g) the EEG waves, which are signature for each S-W state, appear to truly drive the concomitant behaviors, e.g. a hypothetical human IF could alternate between behavioral NREMS and W/arousal/awareness; (h) a role for REMS is to keep the individual sleeping at the end of the self-limiting NREMS periods. The need for accelerating research on telencephaling NREMS periods. The need for accelerating research on telencephalic S-W processes and downstream control of the lower S-W system levels is emphasized.     

Topical organization of the projections of neurons of the substantia nigra and the ventral field of the tegmentum of the midbrain to the head of the caudate nucleus of the cat

Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology -     

Involvement of the striatum in the central regulation of the hormonal functions of the gonads

Studies reported here show that intrastriatal administration of corticoliberin to rats decreases the blood testosterone level. However, in conditions of chemical deficiency of dopaminergic transmission in the dorsal striatum induced by injection of 6-hydroxydopamine, the effect of this neurohormone did not appear. It is concluded that extrahypothalamic corticoliberin is involved in regulating the hormonal reproductive system acting via dopaminergic mechanisms. Translated from Rossiiskii Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal imeni I. M. Sechenova, Vol. 85, No. 4, pp. 594–597, April, 1999.     

Ultrastructure of the endothelium of the drainage system of the eye

The endothelium of the ocular drainage system (Schlemm’s canal, collector tubules, and aqueous veins) in primary juvenile glaucoma undergoes degenerative dystrophic changes with compensatory hypertrophy and proliferation at the initial stages of the glaucomatous process and atrophy and desquamation at advanced and terminal stages. Progressive decrease in the pinocytous function of endotheliocytes, reduction of the protein-synthesizing and mitochondrial compartments of the cytoplasm, and formation of autophagosomes reflect the process of endotheliocyte degeneration in general. __________ Translated from Byulleten’ Eksperimental’noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 145, No. 5, pp. 574–577, May, 2008