我国二级及以上医院急诊分诊依据现状调查

目的调查国内急诊分诊执行情况及分诊依据的现状。方法采用自制调查问卷,对国内113所医院的274名急诊科护士进行急诊分诊执行情况及分诊依据现状的调查。结果目前急诊分诊护士要求不统一,急诊分诊标准存在不足,急诊分诊护士现有培训不能满足临床需要。结论我国在急诊分诊护士培养和急诊分诊标准的建立等方面尚不完善,建立统一规范的分诊标准和专职分诊护士将成为急诊分诊发展的趋势。     

Australian triage nurses' decision-making and scope of practice.

A survey of 172 Australian triage nurses was undertaken to describe their scope of practice, educational background and to explore the self-reported influences perceived to impact on their decision-making. The survey results reveal variability in the educational requirements for nurses to triage. Indeed, over half of the nurses who participated in the study worked in emergency departments that provided no specified unit-based triage education. Additionally, substantial inter-respondent variations in nurses' self-reported participation in a range of decisions to expedite emergency care were identified. Analysis revealed significant associations between demographic characteristics of the triage service, levels of nurse' autonomy and the nurses' self-reported participation in a number of triage decisions. The findings of this study have implications for emergency nurse education and the development and evaluation of triage practice guidelines.     

Current status of emergency department triage in mainland China: A narrative review of the literature

In this review, the current status of emergency department triage in mainland China is explored, with the purpose of generating a deeper understanding of the topic. Literature was identified through electronic databases, and was included for review if published between 2002 and 2012, included significant discussion of daily emergency department triage in mainland China, was peer reviewed, and published in English or Chinese. Thematic analysis was used to identify themes which emerged from the reviewed literature. This resulted in 21 articles included for review. Four themes emerged from the review: triage process, triage training, qualification of triage nurses, and quality of triage. The review demonstrates that there is currently not a unified approach to emergency department triage in mainland China. Additionally, there are limitations in triage training for nurses and confusion around the role of triage nurses. This review highlights that emergency department triage in mainland China is still in its infancy and that more research is needed to further develop the role of triage.     

A study of triage of paediatric patients in Australia

Objectives: To describe the triage of children in a sample of mixed and paediatric emergency departments in Australia in 1999 and to measure the inter‐rater reliability of the National Triage Scale when used by triage nurses for the triage of paediatric patients. Methods: A questionnaire was sent to 11 hospitals, including one paediatric and one mixed emergency department, in each state studied. Triage nurses were asked to assess 25 paediatric patient profiles and to assign appropriate triage categories to each profile. The number of responses within the modal triage category (concurrence), the percentage of responses with a concurrence of at least 50% and the number of responses within one triage category of the modal response (spread) of responses were measured. Triage data for 1999 from the same emergency departments were collected and numbers of children seen and admitted in each triage category were described. The patterns of distribution of triage categories for specific paediatric diagnoses (triage ‘footprints’) were also described. Data from mixed emergency departments were grouped and compared with data from paediatric emergency departments and any differences were described. Results: Seventy‐eight nurses in 10 hospitals responded to the questionnaire. Sixty‐three per cent of all responses had a concurrence of greater than 50%. Ninety‐four per cent of patient profiles were triaged to within one triage category of their modal response. Nurses in paediatric emergency departments (concurrence greater than 50% for 79% of responses) were significantly more consistent in their use of the National Triage Scale compared with nurses in mixed emergency departments (concurrence greater than 50% for 50% of responses). Paediatric emergency department triage nurses were more likely to use the full range of the National Triage Scale and were fourfold as likely to allocate triage categories 4 and 5 to patient profiles. Paediatric hospitals allocated patients to triage categories 4 and 5 for an average of 71% of presentations compared with 47% for mixed emergency departments. Specific diagnoses had characteristic distributions of triage categories, with similar differences seen when comparisons were made between mixed and paediatric emergency departments. Conclusion: Use of the National Triage Scale for the triage of paediatric patients by triage staff is not consistent and there are significant differences between the triage practices of paediatric and mixed emergency departments.     

以病案为基础的教学法结合情景模拟在门诊分诊护士应急能力培训中的应用

目的探讨以病案为基础的教学法(CBS)结合情景模拟在门诊分诊护士应急能力培训中的应用效果。方法 2018年1-4月我院应用CBS结合情景模拟教学法对29名门诊分诊护士进行了应急能力培训,比较培训前后分诊护士应急理论及技能考核成绩、分诊护士自我效能感、焦虑抑郁情绪、门诊分诊工作质量。结果 CBS结合情景模拟教学法进行门诊分诊护士应急能力培训后,门诊分诊护士应急理论、实践技能考核成绩明显高于培训前,培训后GSES评分较培训前明显提高,SAS评分及SDS评分明显低于培训前,差异均有统计学意义(P <0. 05)。结论应用CBS结合情景模拟教学法对门诊分诊护士进行应急能力培训,能明显提高分诊护士的应急能力,提高了分诊护士的自我效能感,改善了分诊护士焦虑抑郁不良情绪,对提高门诊分诊护理工作质量,预防门诊突发事件发生具有重要价值。     

Implementation and Refinement of the Emergency Severity Index

OBJECTIVES: To implement a new five-level emergency department (ED) triage algorithm, the Emergency Severity Index (ESI), into nursing practice, and validate the instrument with a population-based cohort using hospitalization and ED length of stay as outcome measures. METHODS: The five-level ESI algorithm was introduced to triage nurses at two university hospital EDs, and implemented into practice with reinforcement and change management strategies. Interrater reliability was assessed by a posttest and by a series of independent paired patient triage assignments, and a staff survey was performed. A cohort validation study of all adult patients registered during a one-month period immediately following implementation was performed. RESULTS: Eight thousand two hundred fifty-one ED patients were studied. Weighted kappa for reproducibility of triage assignments was 0.80 for the posttest (n = 62 nurses), and 0.73 for patient triages (n = 219). Hospitalization was 28% overall and was strongly associated with triage level, decreasing from 58/63 (92%) of patients in triage category 1, to 12/739 (2%) in triage category 5. Median lengths of stay were two hours shorter at either triage extreme (high and low acuity) than in intermediate categories. Outcomes followed a-priori predictions. Staff nurses rated the new program easier to use, and more useful as a triage instrument than previous three-level triage. They provided feedback, which resulted in significant revisions to the algorithm and educational materials. CONCLUSIONS: Triage nurses at these two hospitals successfully implemented the ESI algorithm and provided useful feedback for further refinement of the instrument. Emergency Severity Index triage reproducibly stratifies patients into five groups with distinct clinical outcomes.     

Doctor at triage – Effect on waiting time and patient satisfaction in a Jamaican hospital

IntroductionWaiting time in the Emergency Departments is a major source of patient dissatisfaction in hospitals. Triage attempts to have the most critically ill patients seen first with an overall reduction in waiting time. Triage teams may include specially trained nurses or alternatively a specialist physician. The aim of this study was to determine if inclusion of a specialist physician on the triage team at the University Hospital of the West Indies (UHWI) in Kingston Jamaica reduced waiting time and improved patient satisfaction.MethodsA prospective, cross sectional survey of ambulatory care patients was undertaken in 2006. Triage was completed by a team consisting of a doctor and two nurses during the first week and by nurses only during the second week.ResultsThe study showed that there was no significant difference in the length of time patients spent in the emergency department based on whether or not they were triaged by a physician led team or by a team of nurses only. Type of triage team did not affect the level of patient satisfaction. Waiting time was significantly influenced by factors which came into play after triage such as the wait for X-ray and laboratory services.ConclusionsThere appears to be no reduction in waiting times experienced by patients at the UHWI emergency department as a result of inclusion of a specialist emergency physician in the triage process. This suggests that specialist emergency department nurses are adequately trained in triage, and that delays in the triage process at UHWI are due to other factors.     

改良澳大利亚拣伤评分系统在急诊科拣伤救治中的应用及效果评价

目的评价改良澳大利亚拣伤评分系统在急诊批量创伤患者评估分类中的应用效果。方法按时间先后顺序将178例批量创伤患者分为对照组87例和观察组91例。对照组按照传统方法拣伤分类,观察组应用改良澳大利亚拣伤评分系统评估分类。比较两组拣伤分类时间、分拣准确率、抢救成功率、护士对分类方法满意度和患者/家属对抢救工作满意度。结果观察组评估分类时间低于对照组(P0.01);分拣准确率、抢救成功率(P0.05)、护士对分类方法满意度和患者/家属对抢救工作满意度均高于对照组(P0.01)。结论改良澳大利亚拣伤评分系统能快速准确评估伤情,指导急诊抢救治疗工作,提高抢救效率和成功率,值得在急诊科推广应用。     

Deliberate self-harm: emergency department nurses' attitudes, triage and care intentions

Aim and objectives. This exploratory study investigates emergency department nurses’ attitudes towards patients who engage in deliberate self‐harm. It examines their attitudes towards, and triage and care decisions with, patients who self‐harm. Background. Emergency department nurses sometimes show unsympathetic attitudes towards patients who present with self‐harm and these can contribute to difficulties in assessing and providing appropriate care. Design. A modified version of the Suicide Opinion Questionnaire was used. A non‐probability sample of 43 emergency department nurses from a large Australian hospital participated in the study. Data were analysed using SPSS. Results. Most nurses had received no educational preparation to care for patients with self‐harm; over 20% claimed that the department either had no practice guidelines for deliberate self‐harm or they did not know of their existence and one‐third who knew of them had not read them. Overall, nurses had sympathetic attitudes towards patients who self‐harm, including both professional and lay conceptualizations of deliberate self‐harm. They did not discriminate against this group of patients in their triage and care decisions. Conclusions. The findings of this exploratory study are important because attitudes can affect care decisions. Recommendations are made for improving the educational preparation of emergency department nurses, for improving awareness and implementation of practice guidelines, and for improving attitudes towards patients with deliberate self‐harm. Further research is needed to confirm these results.     

Education to improve the triage of mental health patients in general hospital emergency departments

General hospital emergency departments (EDs) are obvious places for individuals in distress or in a mental health crisis to seek assistance. However, triage nurses admit to a lack of expertise and confidence in psychiatric assessment which can result in less accurate assessments than for medical or trauma presentations. The objectives of a collaborative project between an Adult Mental Health Program and an Adult Emergency Program in a Canadian regional health authority were to: provide education and training to triage nurses regarding mental health and illness; monitor the transit of mental health patients through the ED; monitor wait times; and determine the adequacy of the Canadian Triage Acuity and Assessment Scale in the triage of psychiatric presentations. Although the percentages of patients triaged as "emergent" did not change as a result of the education, the percentage of patients who were triaged as "not urgent" but required hospitalization was significantly reduced. Although average lengths of stay in the ED were also reduced after the education, this may or may not have been related to the educational sessions. The project was successful in increasing collaboration between the two departments and has resulted in enhanced, on-going mental health education for ED nurses.     

Passing the audition - the appraisal of client credibility and assessment by nurses at triage

Aim. This paper presents the findings of one aspect of a larger study aiming to build a substantive grounded theory of the process of initial assessment at triage. Background. Prioritisation at triage within emergency departments centres primarily on assessing the threat to physiological function of people presenting with health‐care problems. This approach presumes that clinical reasoning strategies reside exclusively within the health‐care practitioner, with the patient playing no active part in the process. Design. A grounded theory/symbolic interactionist methodology. Methods. Thirty‐eight recordings were made of live triage encounters involving 14 emergency nurses from two demographically distinct emergency departments. At the end of the relevant shift, those encounters in which the nurses were involved were replayed to them. The recording was stopped after each question or comment by the nurse who was then asked to say what they were thinking at the time. The nurses’ thoughts were recorded, transcribed and analysed using the constant comparative method, in which hypotheses are generated and continually modified in the light of incoming data until a conceptual story line, or theory, is produced. Results. The findings suggest that the outward clinical signs of problems presenting to the emergency department were not viewed by nurses as neutral manifestations of the pathology itself but as a conscious or unconscious portrayal of patients’ physical discomfort and their perception of the nature of the problem. The way in which patients and carers depict their problems is used by triage nurses to determine the credibility of the clinical information they provide. Conclusion. Triage can be regarded as a process in which nurses act as an adjudicating panel, judging the clinical data before them through the appraisal of the way patients act out their problems and narrate their stories. Relevance to clinical practice. Nursing practice and research need to account for the patient's contribution to the decision‐making process at triage.     

Reliability and Validity of the Emergency Severity Index for Pediatric Triage

Objectives: The Emergency Severity Index (ESI) triage algorithm is a five‐level triage acuity tool used by emergency department (ED) triage nurses to rate patients from Level 1 (most acute) to Level 5 (least acute). ESI has established reliability and validity in an all‐age population, but has not been well studied for pediatric triage. This study assessed the reliability and validity of the ESI for pediatric triage at five sites. Methods: Interrater reliability was measured with weighted kappa for 40 written pediatric case scenarios and 100 actual patient triages at each of five research sites (independently rated by both a triage nurse and a research nurse). Validity was evaluated with a sample of 200 patients per site. The ESI ratings were compared with outcomes, including hospital admission, resource consumption, and ED length of stay. Results: Interrater reliability was 0.77 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.76 to 0.78) for the scenarios (n = 155 nurses) and 0.57 (95% CI = 0.52 to 0.62) for actual patients (n = 498 patients). Inconsistencies in triage were noted for the most acute and least acute patients, as well as those less than 1 year of age and those with medical (rather than trauma) chief complaints. For the validity cohort (n = 1,173 patients), outcomes differed by ESI level, including hospital admission, which went from 83% for Level 1 patients to 0% for Level 5 (chi‐square, p < 0.0001). Nurses from dedicated pediatric EDs were 31% less likely to undertriage patients than nurses in general EDs (odds ratio [OR] = 0.31, 95% CI = 0.14 to 0.67). Conclusions: Reliability of the ESI for pediatric triage is moderate. The ESI provides a valid stratification of pediatric patients into five distinct groups. We found several areas in which nurses have difficulty triaging pediatric patients consistently. The study results are being used to develop pediatric‐specific ESI educational materials to strengthen reliability and validity for pediatric triage.     

急诊分诊护士培训需求的调查分析

目的:了解目前急诊分诊护士对培训内容及培训方式的需求,制定有针对性的培训计划,提高培训效果。方法:采用问卷调查法,对北京市3家三级甲等医院的122名急诊分诊护士进行调查。结果:所有被调查的护士均认为培训有必要。分诊护士对"急救技能"和"异常心电图识别"知识的需求最强烈,其次为"分诊技巧""临床暴力防御知识",对"护士礼仪知识"和"医院规章制度"相关知识的需求最弱。护士最需要的培训方式依次是"案例分析""理论授课"和"情景模拟"。结论:医院应对分诊护士按需进行分层培训,充分体现优质护理服务,同时提供多渠道、多方位的培训方式,切实提高培训效果和护理质量。     

"SOAP"分诊法在腹型心肌梗死急诊分诊中的应用与效果

目的 探讨"SOAP"分诊法在腹型心肌梗死急诊分诊中的应用与效果.方法 对护士进行"SOAP"分诊法培训;通过收集患者的主诉资料、观察病情、评估、制订计划实施护理措施的方法进行分诊,比较实施前后的分诊效果.结果 提高了护士分诊准确率、应急处理率、医护判断病情危重一致率及患者的满意度,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.01或...     

情景模拟与案例分析在急诊分诊护士培训中的应用

目的：探讨急诊分诊护士培训的内容与方法。方法：该院于2008年1月至2009年1月,采用情景模拟与案例分析的培训方法对34名急诊护士进行培训。结果：培训前后,护士的综合专业能力差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）,分诊护士认为经过培训在分诊技巧、分析解决问题等方面进步显著;急诊医生对护士分诊工作持肯定态度,分诊准确率提高。结论：将情景模拟与案例分析应用于急诊分诊护士的培训中,不仅有利于巩固专科理论知识,提高护士的综合能力,而且利于提高分诊准确率,值得推广。     

An educational framework for triage nursing based on gatekeeping, timekeeping and decision-making processes

INTRODUCTION: The role of the triage nurse has emerged in response to growing community demand for a more accessible and efficient emergency department (ED) service. The focus of triage research has been on measuring outcomes and improving the delivery of emergency care. This has meant that the context of care, and triage processes and practices have remained concealed. Thus, little evidence about the role and ways to prepare nurses for this role is available. The aim of this study was to provide insight and understanding needed to educate and support the triage nursing role in Australian EDs. METHODS: A 12-month ethnographic study of triage nursing practice was conducted in Sydney metropolitan EDs. Data were then collected from participant observation in four EDs and interviews with 10 triage nurses. Analysis used standard content and thematic analysis techniques. FINDINGS: Findings reveal that notions of timeliness, efficiency and equity are embedded in a culture of ED care. This sustains a particular cadence of care to which triage nurses are culturally oriented. Triage nurses maintain, negotiate and restore this cadence of emergency care by using gatekeeping, timekeeping and decision-making processes. CONCLUSION: The comprehensive study of triage nursing has led to the development of an educational framework based on the processes of gatekeeping, timekeeping and decision-making.     

快速分诊评估系统在急诊患者中的应用

目的 研究针对急诊患者的快速分诊评估系统,建立评估模式及方法,筛选评估指标和内容,帮助分诊护士准确快速辨识急危重患者,使其得到及时救治,优化使用急救医疗资源.方法 筛选目标人群,采集相关资料研究分析,设计建立研究模型,采集涵盖急诊患者危急重症主要表现和特征的评估指标及内容,选择确定急诊分诊评估指引系统的表达形式.结果 将研究选定的评估指标、评估内容采用表格化形式表达,建立急诊护士快速分诊指引评估表,指导护士分诊工作.结论 本研究设计的急诊护士快速分诊指引评估表,简洁直观、使用方便,能有效地提高护士分诊工作质量,具有一定实用性、科学性和创新性.兼顾到以有限的急救医疗资源取得优质的急诊医疗服务的结果,具有一定的社会效益和经济效益.

Abstract：

Objective To study the quick triage assessment system for emergency nurse, establish evaluation model and method, select indicators and contents, guide triage nurses to be accurate, fast, convenient and practical, and also to optimize the use of emergency medical resources. Methods Screening the target population to conduct the research, collecting main indicators and features covered with main symptom and characteristics of severe critical emergency patients, selecting manifestation form of triage assessment system. Results The selected indicators and contents were demonstrated by a table-based form, and the quick triage assessment form for emergency nurse was established to instruct triage work. Conclusions This established quick triage assessment form is simple, intuitive and can improve the quality of emergency triage work. It possesses feasibility, practicality and achieves the optimal medical services with the limited emergency medical resources, which shows both social and economic effect.     

Measuring the effectiveness of the national Mental Health Triage Scale in an emergency department

ABSTRACT:   The mainstreaming process has significantly altered the means of access to mental health services in Australia. Increasingly people seeking mental health care present at general hospital emergency departments. The triage system, which has proven effective for prioritizing physical illness and injury, has proven problematic when applied to mental health-related problems. This paper presents the results of a study undertaken in the emergency department of a Victorian public hospital. The Mental Health Triage Scale was introduced and used independently by triage nurses and the psychiatric nurse consultants employed in the department. Following a 3-month period, the two sets of triage scores for psychiatric presentations ( n =  137) were compared. The findings suggest that triage nurses are rating clients experiencing mental health problems as in more urgent need of care than their psychiatric nursing counterparts. This suggests that the introduction of the guidelines alone is insufficient, and that education is required for more effective use of the tool.