Arrhytmogenic right ventricle--prognostic significance of exercise test

The authors summarize the present knowledge on arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy/dysplasia. Limited data are available about natural history of asymptomatic patients with arrhythmogenic right ventricle cardiomyopathy/dysplasia, who have a ventricular tachycardia during exercise test. A 25-year old female patient was treated with osteosynthesis because of ankle injury. Cardiology consultation was performed because of an abnormal ECG. Physical examination was normal. ECG showed a normal sinus rhythm, left axis deviation, negative T waves in leads II, III, aVF and V2-V6. Chest X-ray and laboratory findings were normal. Echocardiography showed normal left ventricular ejection fraction along with inferior akinesis and dilated right ventricle. Bicycle exercise test revealed a good exercise tolerability (9 MET), and after sporadic ventricular extra systoles ventricular tachycardia developed lasting for 3 minutes, which spontaneously stopped after aborting the test and performed abdominal strain. MRI was performed which has shown normal left ventricular size, wall motion and ejection fraction and depressed right ventricle function (ejection fraction 31.6%) enlarged right ventricular end-systolic and diastolic volumes, hypo-akinetic regions without aneurysm and bulging. No contrast enhancement was seen in the thin right ventricular wall. According to abnormal ECG and MRI findings arrhythmogenic right ventricle cardiomyopathy/dysplasia was diagnosed. No ICD implantation was indicated because the patient was asymptomatic, and no sudden cardiac death occurred in the family. Three month later the patient was found dead. At autopsy the right ventricular chamber was markedly enlarged, with multiple translucent areas of fatty accumulation accompanied with extended myocytes loss. There was a characteristic triangle dysplasia: the inflow, outflow tracts and apical areas. The coronaries were free of atherosclerosis. Mallory's phosphotungstic acid-hematoxilin stain demonstrated the presence of fibrosis within the scattered myocardium. Conclusion: malignant ventricular arrhythmia provoked by exercise test in an asymptomatic arrhythmogenic right ventricle cardiomyopathy/dysplasia patient with negative family history should be an indication for ICD implantation.     

急性心肌梗死合并心律失常应用心电监护仪的效果观察

目的:观察并分析心电监护仪在急性心肌梗死合并心律失常患者中的应用效果。方法:将本院自2017年11月~2019年3月收治的114例急性心肌梗死患者作为临床观察对象,采取随机数字表法将所有患者随机分为两组。观察组(57例)采用心电监护仪进行监测,对照组(57例)采取常规监测,对两组患者不同时间段内的心率失常发生情况、室早、室速或室颤、Ⅱ或Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞、窦性停搏等发生率进行观察和统计。结果:观察组患者室早、室速或室颤、Ⅱ或Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞、窦性停搏等发生率与对照组患者比较明显更低,P<0.05;观察组患者不同时间段内的心律失常发生率与对照组患者比较均更低,且总心律失常发生率明显更低,P<0.05。结论:将心电监护仪应用于急性心肌梗死患者监测中,不仅可以有效减少心律失常发生的情况,还可以降低室早、室速或室颤、Ⅱ或Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞、窦性停搏等发生率。     

Optimising direct access ECHO referral in suspected heart failure

The objective was to prospectively validate a method of increasing the sensitivity, specificity and negative predictive value of a normal ECG in the exclusion of left ventricular systolic dysfunction by the addition of clinical history. We performed a prospective three year study of all referrals to our direct access ECHO service for assessment of LV function. The ECG was reported blind of the result of the ECHO, history of MI or not was noted, and result of the ECHO predicted. Over three years 416 patients were assessed for the presence or absence of left ventricular systolic dysfunction and consequent changes in clinical management. A total of 320(77%) of patients referred with suspected left ventricular dysfunction were found to have normal left ventricular function. Of the 250(60%) patients treated prior to referral for assessment, 183(73%) were treated inappropriately. The combination of a normal ECG and a negative history of myocardial infarction had a sensitivity of 98% and a negative predictive value of 99% in the assessment of LV function. This was an improvement over a normal ECG alone. Our study shows that diagnosis and treatment of heart failure in the community remains sub-optimal. The combination of a normal ECG and no previous history of myocardial infarction is shown to be a sensitive and accurate predictor of normal left ventricular function. If adopted by general practitioners this would be a valuable method of optimising the use of echocardiography in patients with suspected left ventricular dysfunction.     

心肌梗死的心电图鉴别诊断与心电图特点的研究

目的:分析心肌梗死的心电图鉴别诊断与心电图特点.方法:挑选2018年3月~2019年3月本院收治的60例心肌梗死患者,所有患者接受心电图检查,研究心电图检测结果.结果:60例患者中,典型心肌梗死患者28例,占比46.67%,不典型心肌梗死患者30例,占比50.00%,2例患者心电图显示正常,占比3.33%.非ST段抬高患者出现室性心律失常发生率与病死率都低于S T段抬高患者(P<0.05).结论:心肌梗死患者心电图表现分为典型与不典型,运用常规心电图检查,可以鉴别与诊断早期心肌梗死,利于患者得到有效治疗.     

无休止性心动过速的临床研究

目的通过8例无休止性心动过速合并心律失常性心肌病患者的临床、心电图及超声心动图的特点及射频消融术后的观察,提高对无休止性心动过速合并心律失常性心肌病的再认识。方法全组8例患者,男3例,女5例,年龄12～32岁。24h动态心电图记录中心动过速所占比例可达50%～90%。超声心动图检查左室舒张末径56～74mm,EF值28%～45%。心律失常类型(1)无休止性房性心动过速2例;(2)持续性反复性交界区心动过速(PJRT)5例;(3)无休止性室性心动过速1例。结果7例患者经射频消融术得以根治。随访6个月～2年半,心动过速均未复发,射频消融术后3个月超声心动图报告心脏各腔大小正常或接近正常,EF值明显提高。心功能恢复正常。     

恶性快速性室性心律失常致心源性晕厥的临床观察

目的探讨恶性快速性室性心律失常致心源性晕厥的病因与高危心电图表现。方法分析48例在入院时或入院后至少发生1次心源性晕厥患者的病因及其发作时与发作前后的常规12导联心电图或持续心电监护心电图形。结果48例恶性快速性心律失常致心源性晕厥最常见的基本病因为急性冠心病或陈旧性心肌梗死,其次为扩张型和肥厚型心肌病及其他病因;低钾血症是最常见的诱因;最常见的恶性快速性室性心律失常类型是尖端扭转型室性心动过速。其高危心电图表现:继发性长QT间期综合征;Brugada综合征;异常J波;复杂性室性早搏;急性心肌梗死伴ST-T电交替,或广泛前壁心肌梗死伴墓碑样ST段抬高;扩张型心肌病伴进展性QRS波群低电压。上述各种病因心源性晕厥者有各自不同的临床及心电学特征。结论恶性快速性室性心律失常所致心源性晕厥存在多种病因及高危心电图表现。     

急性心肌梗死碎裂ORS波与室性心律失常发生的关系

目的研究急性心肌梗死心电图碎裂QRS（fQRS）波与室性心律失常发生的关系。方法回顾性分析200例急性心肌梗死患者,根据其入院5天内心电图有无fQRS波分为fQRS组和非fQRS组,统计分析两组于住院期间室性早搏,室性心动过速和心室颤动的发生率。结果fQRS组室性早搏、室性心动过速的发生率明显高于非fQRS组（P〈O．05）。结论急性心肌梗死后心电图出现fQRS的患者,其室性心律失常的发生率明显高于无fQRS者,fQRS可以作为急性心肌梗死患者室性心律失常发生的预警指标。     

老年人群12导联动态心电图应用的研究

目的探讨老年心律失常给予动态心电图(Holter)诊断的临床价值。方法选取2018年3月-2019年3月天津东丽医院收治的152例老年心律失常患者为研究对象,均行常规心电图与12导联Holter检查,比较两种检查方法对冠心病的检出率。结果 Holter的心肌缺血检出率为78.95%,高于常规心电图的31.58%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。Holter对房、室性早搏成对,间歇左、右束支阻滞,短阵房、室速,房室阻滞等的检出率高于常规心电图,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);两种方法对房、室性早搏单发,持续性心房扑动,房颤的检出率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论Holter是心电信息学的重要组成部分,对冠心病心律失常的诊断实用、高效、准确、重复性强,是重要的无创性心电检测技术。     

梗死部位对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗患者预后的影响

目的 探讨急性心肌梗死(AMI)行急诊经皮冠状动脉介入(PCI)治疗后梗死部位与预后的关系.方法 入选121例行急诊PCI治疗的ST段抬高心肌梗死患者,根据梗死部位分为前壁组(46例)、下壁组(53例)和下壁合并右室组(22例),分析各组临床表现、ECG、心脏彩色多普勒超声及冠状动脉造影的特点,并进行随访.结果 与下壁组、下壁合并右室组相比,前壁组患者CPK同工酶-MB(CPK-MB)、心肌肌钙蛋白T升高[(387.2±45.7)U/L和(1.9±0.4)ng/L],侧支循环形成少(4.3%),3支病变血管少(13.0%),但ST段回落差,住院期间及出院1年时病死率高;下壁合并右室组患者休克及房室传导阻滞/室性心律失常发生率高(36.4%和50.0%),3支病变血管多(45.5%),血栓形成多(86.4%),因主要心脏不良事件再住院率高.结论 前壁及下壁合并右室心肌梗死是PCI治疗后患者预后差的强烈预测因子.     

远程心电监测高危心律失常在社区心脏病猝死预警中的应用

目的探讨远程心电图检测对高危心律失常的临床应用。方法对2010年1月至2011年3月上海市长宁区虹桥街道社区卫生服务中心就诊的937例心脏病患者应用远程心电监测进行12导联心电图检查。结果937例患者中709例伴有心律失常（75．8％）,心律失常以房性早搏最多（154例）,其次为室性早搏（150例）、房扑房颤（149例）、束支传导阻滞（183例）、房室传导阻滞（55例）、房性心动过速（18例）。结论在社区应用远程心电监护,利于提高心律失常诊断符合率,降低心律失常发生心脏性猝死的危险。     

Electroanatomical mapping and radiofrequency ablation of tachycardia originating in pulmonary vein in an adult patient

A 29-year-old male was admitted to our outpatient clinic because of palpitation and documented narrow QRS arrhythmia. Based on the ECG, supraventricular tachycardia was diagnosed, electrophysiological examination was indicated and ablation therapy was recommended. During positioning of the catheter the patient developed arrhythmia. On the coronary sinus catheter the activation spread from distal to proximal electrodes, suggesting left atrial origin. During atrial entrainment pacing long return cycle was observed and distal coronary sinus pacing resulted in a 15 ms longer cycle length than the arrhythmia. Therefore, the left atrial origin of the arrhythmia was confirmed and double transseptal puncture was performed. Lasso and irrigated tip catheter were introduced into the left atrium and electroanatomical mapping was performed with CARTO3 system. After electroanatomical mapping the origin of tachycardia was located proximally in the left superior pulmonary vein. Ablation was started at the earliest activation point, where acceleration was observed and the arrhythmia stopped after the first ablation. Pulmonary vein isolation was completed, and bidirectional block could be confirmed. After 30 minutes the arrhythmia was not inducible. During follow-up, Holter-examination was negative and the patient remained asymptomatic. The pulmonary vein tachycardia is a supraventricular arrhythmia that can occur at any age, but the diagnosis based on the ECG is not always simple. Detailed electroanatomical mapping is very important in the diagnosis of this type of arrhythmia, although it can be verified with conventional electrophysiological methods as well. Focal ablation may be a therapeutic option; however, total isolation of pulmonary veins can be more effective.     

电损伤致心脏损害的心电图及心肌酶谱变化

目的探讨电损伤时患者心电图表现类型及心肌酶谱变化。方法对1998~2004年收入院的71例电损伤患者的心电图类型,以及其血液心肌酶谱的变化进行分析。结果电损伤患者心电图异常常见表现可大致分为4类:①心脏窦房结功能异常引起的心率失常。②心脏电冲动传导异常。③心脏缺血或心肌细胞的损害表现。④出现心脏异位搏动。心律失常30例患者中合并有心肌酶谱异常者23例,占76.67%。结论电损伤心电图表现复杂多变,既可以表现为心律失常亦可以表现心肌缺血和心肌损害。临床上应注意做必要的心电图的检查和心电图监护。     

Cardiovascular events in the course of tetanus: a prospective study on 30 cases in the infectious diseases clinic, in the Fann teaching hospital, Dakar

OBJECTIVES: This prospective study had for aim to determine the frequency and characteristics of cardiovascular events in the course of tetanus. PATIENTS AND METHODS: From September to December 2002, we studied all patients over 4 years of age presenting with tetanus without any documented underlying disease. RESULTS: Thirty cases were included (mean age 36+/-20 years; sex-ratio 2.3). Seventy-three per cent had a mild-gravity tetanus (stage II of Mollaret) upon admission. One hundred and seventeen ECG were recorded and 93.3% of the patients had more than one abnormality: arrhythmia (24 cases), prolonged QT interval (23 cases), ventricular hypertrophia (17 cases), and atrial hypertrophia (4 cases) especially left (3 cases), failure of AV conduction (3 cases), ST segment depression (3 cases), left and right axis deviation (3 cases), baseline undulation (3 cases) and repolarization disturbances (1 case). All patients had a normal Doppler echocardiographic examination. The mean hospitalization stay was 11.6+/-1.4 days and complications were noted in 60%; sinus tachycardia in apyrexia (5 cases), instable BP (5 cases), excessive sweatiness in apyrexia (1 case), and access of bradycardia with sudden cardiac arrest (2 cases). 8 patients died (26.7%). Six patients with cardiac autonomic dysfunction died, the case fatality rate being statistically higher in this group (P=0.007). A prolonged QT interval, sinus tachycardia and left ventricular hypertrophia were statistically more frequent at the acute phase of the illness. CONCLUSION: The case fatality rate of tetanus is still high, due among others to autonomic dysfunctions.     

Idiopathic ventricular tachycardia, an arrhythmia with good prognosis

Three patients, one experiencing palpitations and two complaining of chest pain in stressful situations, appeared to have monomorphic wide complex tachycardia. After excluding channelopathy, structural abnormalities and ischaemia of the heart, this arrhythmia was classified as idiopathic. Symptoms disappeared in one patient after using metoprolol, a β-adrenoceptor blocker. The other two patients were treated with radiofrequency ablation of the focus from which the tachycardias arose. Idiopathic ventricular tachycardia mostly arises from the right ventricular outflow tract. The diagnosis is made upon history taking, including family history, echocardiography, 12-lead ECG, exercise testing and 24-hour Holter monitoring. The prognosis is excellent and sudden cardiac death is rarely seen.     

Successful hybrid therapy combined with oral bepridil and ICD in a patient with amiodarone refractory life-threatening ventricular tachyarrhythmia associated with ischemic cardiomyopathy

A 68-year-old man was admitted to our hospital for the treatment of angina and ventricular tachyarrhythmia. A coronary and left ventricular angiography showed coronary artery disease and ischemic cardiomyopathy with severe left ventricular dysfunction. A percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty was performed successfully in the right coronary artery and his angina symptoms disappeared. However, ventricular tachycardia (VT)/ventricular fibrillation (VF) occurred spontaneously and converted to sinus rhythm with direct current shock (300 J). Oral amiodarone (200 mg/day) and continuous intravenous infusion of nifekalant and lidocaine were started. In addition, a dual chamber implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) for his VT/VF was implanted. However, VT/VF occurred repeatedly after discontinuation of nifekalant. After the administration of bepridil (200 mg/day), VT/VF was completely prevented without nifekalant administration. The hybrid therapy with ICD and oral bepridil is very useful for the treatment of amiodarone resistant ventricular tachyarrhythmia.     

影响冠状动脉旁路移植术手术死亡的危险因素分析

目的：观察分析影响冠状动脉旁路移植术手术死亡的危险因素,对预防检查和治疗方案提供针对性的帮助和改善。方法：回顾性分析本院心血管科2010年1月-2013年12月收治住院并接受冠状动脉旁路移植术的137例冠心病患者的临床资料,选择可能导致患者死亡的危险因素为研究对象并调查收集资料,进行单因素与多因素分析,选出影响冠状动脉旁路移植术手术死亡的危险因素。结果：137例接受冠状动脉旁路移植术的患者手术中有5例患者死亡,占总数的3.65%。单因素与多因素分析显示影响术后死亡的危险因素包括：年龄、围手术期心肌梗死、心功能不全、室壁瘤、心力衰竭、左主干病变大于50%、心律失常、肺动脉瓣反流、二尖瓣反流、心源性休克、左心室射血分数、术前血红蛋白值、术前肌酐值和合并主动脉瘤手术。手术前后针对带有以上单个或多个危险因素的患者进行重点监测,以减少患者死亡率。结论：影响冠状动脉旁路移植术手术死亡的危险因素较多,需及时干预。     

In-hospital prognosis of right ventricular myocardial infarction

AIM: To identify prognostic risk factors for in-hospital outcome of right ventricular myocardial infarction (RVI). METHODS: A retrospective study of 20 patients admitted with acute myocardial infarction with a RVI defined by ST segment elevation > or = 1 mm in V3R and V4R leads. RESULTS: The mean age was 62 years. RVI was associated with an inferior myocardial infarction in 18 patients. Half of the patients had hemodynamic complication on admission (cardiogenic shock in 4 cases, right ventricular failure in 6 cases) and third degree atrio-ventricular block was present in 5 patients. Sixteen patients (80%) received thrombolysis and 3 went to an emergency angioplasty. The in-hospital mortality was 25% caused by a cardiogenic shock in 4 patients and a ventricular fibrillation in 1 patient. Statistic analysis showed that cardiogenic shock on admission, the absence of thrombolytic therapy and the low ejection fraction of the left ventricle were associated with a high in-hospital mortality (p = 0.004, p = 0.03, p = 0.03 respectively). CONCLUSION: In-hospital outcome of RVI is characterized by hemodynamic complications leading to a high incidence of mortality. Thus RVI must be diagnosed quickly and maximal therapeutic efforts must be done to procure the opening of the occluded coronary artery.     

胺碘酮治疗急性心肌梗死后室性心律失常的临床疗效分析

目的:研究胺碘酮治疗急性心肌梗死后室性心律失常的临床疗效。方法:急性心肌梗死后室性心律失常患者作为本次研究对象,共200例,根据其入院顺序对其进行分组,其中包括观察组100例、对照组100例,观察组应用胺碘酮治疗、对照组应用常规治疗。结果:观察组治疗后左心房内径(45±5)mm、E/A(0.99±0.32)、总有效率、不良反应发生率与对照组具有差异,P<0.05。结论:急性心肌梗死后室性心律失常在治疗过程中应用胺碘酮治疗,取得显著效果。     

10-year experience with the surgical treatment of ventricular tachycardia following acute myocardial infarction

From 1980 to 1988 direct arrhythmia surgery was performed in 121 patients suffering from postinfarction drug-refractory ventricular tachycardia (VT). By 1986 the initially high in-hospital mortality of 26% (18 of 69 patients) had decreased to 1.9% (1 of 52 patients). The 3-year actuarial survival of patients operated since 1986 is 90%. From 1985 the results of surgical therapy of VT have improved: 86% of the patients remained arrhythmia-free without drugs; none died suddenly. Residual left ventricular function was related to the prognosis, but the interval between the last myocardial infarction and time of surgery or the surgical technique were not. These results demonstrate that direct surgery has become a valuable method in the treatment of postinfarction VT, at least in patients with sufficient residual left ventricular function.